二十一世紀是個資訊快速傳遞與蓬勃發展的世紀，在網際網路的推波助瀾下，使人類在資訊的掌握與應用上更為便利與快速。舉凡資料檢索、電子商務、視訊會議、大眾傳播、線上遊戲、電子化政府，無不受到資訊社會深刻的影響；但在另一方面，網際網路也成了各種犯罪行為的溫床，諸如網路垃圾郵件、網路色情、網路智慧財產、資訊隱私權、駭客入侵、網路咖啡店的不當經營等等，不但影響現實社會秩序，更直接衝擊資訊社會未來的發展。 因此，層出不窮的網路問題使法律的立法與執行成了關注的焦點，這可以從近幾年的法律修正即可窺之，例如著作權法以及刑法的針對網際網路而做的相關修正，但是這些法律真能遏止這些行為的成長趨勢嗎？我們從歷年的司法案件調查中，可以發現答案是否定的。換句話說，法律並未如預期般的發揮它的功能，而且似乎也無法單獨依靠法律來解決所有問題，那麼是不是有其他諸如教育或是科技工具的應用可以配合呢？因此，本研究將把焦點集中在校園網路，來探索校園學術網路規範實際狀況，並且從法律社會學的理論做為研究路徑，探討目前校園資訊教育落實的情況，這樣的探討包括從法律社會學的視角，以及從現實社會實際狀況的觀察；並進一步反思校園學術網路規範產生現實與理想的落差因素。最後則提出其他面向的思考，做為未來校園資訊教育實施的建議，依序說明如後： 第一章 緒論 就本文之研究背景、動機與目的與研究方法加以說明。 第二章 校園網路規範相關研究 分別就目前網路法律教育、校園學術網路之管理、網路犯罪現況以及法律規範實行狀況加以分析。 第三章 校園網路規範之相關問題—從法律社會學的功能結構理論來觀察 首先說明法律社會學理論的研究主軸，並且就傳統法學研究與法律社會學研究、法律社會學派與其他法學派加以比較；其後介紹法律社會學理論的歷史脈絡，以此開始觀察功能結構理論。透過結構面、功能面以及法律功能的理解，進一步省思功能結構理論在個人價值觀以及法律文化的觀察。 第四章 從法律文化觀察校園學術網路規範 透過對功能結構理論的理解以及反思，本章從個人主觀利益的考量以及法律文化的角度來觀察校園網路環境。亦即從個人對法律主觀的需求來了解法律的目的，並且透過對歷史發展上法律文化的理解，近一步推展至網路時代的法律文化，並且延伸至校園網路的法律文化；其後並觀察校園網路社會默許的規則，以及提出社會學上新治理觀與對話機制的建立，透過對話溝通以及批判思考理論的應用，除了能夠帶動所有參與者間互動反思的機會，還能有效解決糾紛。 第五章 結論 綜合本文之研究心得，指出現行網路規範缺乏對個人主觀利益的衡量，以及校園學術網路法律文化的觀察，使得規範所能發揮的空間有限。在另一方面，透過對站規或版規的形成，以及網路所塑造出的複數主體交錯環境，產生一種新的自我驅動、自我維生的機制，反而能夠務實地解決彼此的問題。除此之外，透過一來一往的溝通對話，進而使得學生自己培養理性的思辯能力。因為透過參與者的意見交流，除了引發主體的自我省覺之外，更能據此建立一個全新的思考方向。在這樣一個「解構」與「建構」的過程，學生的批判思考、教師的批判思考、校方的批判思考都將引發出來，並透過「公開討論」的方式，充分展現交流的目的，使得規範得以發揮整合的功能，期能供立法省思及校園實務之參考。

本研究旨在探討1975至2006年間，台灣地區12所大學學術生產力之概況，透過各校被WOS資料庫蒐錄的文獻數量，進一步觀察不同領域中學校、學門，以及個別系所學術生產力的分佈情形，並以書目計量學三大作者學術生產力定律，加以驗證機構學術生產力之可行性，最後利用文獻成長模式檢視12所大學文獻成長情形，進而呈現其研究主題之逐年變遷。 研究結果得知台灣地區學術生產力普遍存在不均現象，多集中於台灣大學；而在自然科學與社會科學領域學術生產力之表現，最多產學門分別為電子與電機工程學門，以及管理學門；研究結果亦顯示合作研究已成為當前學術生產力的主要模式。其次在定律驗證，得知本研究與三大作者學術生產力定律均不相符，究其原因在於高生產力機構數量遠多於低生產力機構，並呈現機構之間學術生產力的極端現象，而與定律不相吻合。最後以文獻成長模式印證台灣地區12所大學整體學術生產力成長情形，可知其融合線性成長、指數成長以及邏輯斯第成長等模式，且目前仍處於蓬勃發展的階段；而近30年來研究主題的變遷，是以電子與電機工程和管理主題為研究主流。 本研究結果在為台灣地區學術生產力提供一個概括呈現，並協助高等教育評鑑對於不同領域及學門的學術生產力概況有一背景瞭解，以作為日後對於不同學科的評鑑參考。 / The main purpose of this study is to explore the scholarly productivity of 12 universities in Taiwan from 1975 to 2006 based on the theoretical perspectives of the bibliometrics, such as productivity of academic discipline, productivity of school, productivity of department, and the growth of literature. The distributions of institution productivity were examined using the Lotka’s, Price and 80/20 Laws. A total of 130018 bibliographic records were retrieved from the SCIE, SSCI, and A&HCI databases. The results of this study revealed that the productivity of institution in Taiwan existed uneven ordinarily, mostly concentrated in National Taiwan University. In scientific field, the most productive academic discipline was Electronics and Electrical Engineering. In social scientific field, the most productive academic discipline was Management. However, the results of this study also showed that coauthorship was major research model. Furthermore, the examination of Lotka’s law was found to be inapplicable. The KS Test is also utilized to test the invalidity of observed distributions. Price’s square root law and 80/20 law were found to be inapplicable to the distribution of institution productivity. The reason was the number of high productivity institutions was more then the number of low productivity institutions. Finally, the growth of literature in 12 universities had been identified. It was demonstrated that the growth of literature was fitted by linear, exponential, and logistic models. Moreover, the overall growth rate is in a vigorously up-growing trend. Nearly 30 years, the mainstream of research was electronics and electrical engineering and management. The results of this study may apply the overview of the scholarly productivity based on 12 universities in Taiwan from 1975 to 2006 and be the background knowledge for evaluation of high education, in order to understand what difference among different academic disciplines.

台海兩岸，自一九四九年對峙至今，五十餘年，在二十世紀末的歐洲諸國，逐漸放棄了它們所倡導的主權國家觀，而邁向跨國界的統合。想想歐洲的成功，身為同文同種的中華民族，是不是應該開始思考，除了戰爭之外，有沒有其他的選項，有沒有和平的可能?要和平，勢必要經過談判階段，而台灣要如何與中共談?談什麼?中共會採用何種策略?要如何創造雙贏局面!本文試圖探索這些問題，為兩岸老百姓謀一個美好的未來。 一九三五年，中共經過國軍五次圍剿，幾乎已危在旦夕，而西安事變，卻給予了扭轉的時機；一九三七年七月中日之戰爆發，中共更是藉著抗日民族統一戰線，來發動群眾，壯大發展根據地。一九四五年八月抗戰勝利，國府雖是戰勝，但已耗損殆盡，而中共卻是茁壯成長，「北平談判」呈現出優劣的對比，讓中共予取予求。 一九九三年的「辜汪會談上使海峽兩岸從武力的敵對轉而以談判解決問題，意味著某種程度的和解與情勢緩和。但令人遺憾的是，在會談後的不到半年，中共「國務院」竟以七種文字發表「台灣問題與中國的統一」白皮書，不得不讓人相信中共的善變。因此，吾人可以體會，一次的「辜汪會談」雖然開啟了兩岸溝通的大門，但並不能保證大門將永遠的敞開。 中共談判風格的形成，馬列思想是其理論，統一戰線是其運用，中國文化是其根本。在談判行為上，向來先行提出原則，要求對方接受，若要談判成功，只有自己讓步。在談判策略運用上，可謂多變靈活，無論主動或被動的接受談判，並不是為了要解決爭端，求取勝利才是主要目的。在談判技巧方面，最擅長運用媒體，無論在國共鬥爭或「辜汪會談」期間，傳播媒體都不自覺成為其宣傳員。 如今兩岸關係正處在十字路口，如何化解僵局，將成為二十一世紀初國際關注焦點。兩岸關係是前進抑或倒退，關鍵就看雙方執政當局能否展現真誠，從穩定兩岸關係的角度來看，對話、協商仍然是最佳方案。惟有拋棄政黨之私及意識型態，以談判代替對抗，攜手合作，兩岸關係才有一個光明燦爛的未來。 關鍵字：兩岸關係；國共和談；辜汪會談；談判風格；談判行為；談判策略；談判戰術；談判技巧；兩岸三通；三通談判；一個中國；全球化。

本篇論文主要探討新創科技公司產品創新分工網路之現況與績效，新創科技公司之兩大核心資源為創新與技術。公司成長與獲利通常來自技術商品化之價值，一般而言公司很少可完全依賴內部資源進行獨立創新。創新社群以技術為核心，社群中的組織必須顯著地參與一項新技術的商品化工作，主要辨認指標是垂直互補性資產與資訊流通。產業分工網路是企業內部組織和企業彼此間的結合型態，用以產生附加價值，其價值鏈活動是透過良好的協調以造成差異化或成本降低。資訊科技是改變價值活動的執行方式及價值鏈活動中各種連結的性質，影響競爭範圍並塑造新產品。 本研究以國內研發新產品或技術之新創科技公司為研究對象，以個案方式運用分析模式將企業之內外在因素、SWOT及產業能力作深入分析，並訪談中小企業實證研究分工網路活動，探索新創科技公司產品創新分工網路之現況以及產業系統(研究/製造)供應鏈績效，研究結果發現： 1、台灣產業仍屬於「不完全的概念設計與試製生產分離型」分工網路。新創科技公司之產品普遍缺乏品牌形象，且因資源缺乏，無法以全球市場為行銷對象，在設備上的投資、產品與製造的選擇上沒有自主性，限制台灣人才的創新能力及新創科技公司之成功。 2、新創科技公司在產品創新上提昇產品之附加價值，製程上依賴中小企業的「專業分工」及「彈性互補」，充分利用體系資源，調整出最佳效率。但在成熟市場中，採取追隨者的競爭腳步以及成本領導策略，因此無法將產品附加價值回饋於產業分工體系。 3、台灣中小企業普遍在資訊化方面嚴重落後，無法在新的且分散化的產業分工中，以虛擬、組織模組化的分工原理運作，因此人工成本優勢喪失後，其「彈性」、「快速」的核心競爭能力亦在衰退中。 4、中小企業與新創科技公司因價值鏈之市場顧客面不完整，以供應鏈管理觀點檢討發現：管理方法、產品流程、風險與獲利架構、文化與態度觀念、變革升級等構面皆尚待加強。 / I his thesis is mainly in finding out the reality and performance on the network in division of labor for product innovation of a technology startup company. The two core resources of a technology startup company are innovation and techniques. The growth and earning of such company normally come from the value of technology commercialization. Generally, such company could hardly rely on its internal resources completely for independent innovation. Innovative community centers on techniques and the community organization must involve in the commercialization of a new technique significantly, and the main identifying indicator is the vertical complementary assets and the information flow. Industrial network in division of labor is the connecting pattern of the international organization of a business entity with other business, which is for creating added value. The value chain activities are made through sound coordination to generate differentiation and cost-down.Information technology is for changing the performing manner value activities,as well as the natures of connection among various chain activities. It serves to affect the scope of competition and to form new products. This research targeted at the technology startup companies involved in the research and development of new products or new techniques, and case study approach is employed to analyze the internal and external factors of a company,SWOT and industrial capacity with analytical modes. Face to face interview with medium and small enterprises were conducted to empirically demonstrate the activities of the network in division of labor, and to investigate the reality and industrial system (research / manufacturing) supply chain performance of new innovative network in division of labor. The findings are: 1.Industries in Taiwan are still in the stage of“Incomplete Conceptual Design and Pilot Production Separated Network in Division of Labor”level.Technology startup companies are generally lack of brand image. And, with the lack of resources, they are unable to target at the global market for marketing. There is less autonomy in the investment in equipment and options of products and manufacturing. These have limited the talents in Taiwan in their innovation capability and the success of technology startup companies. 2.The technology startup companies promote the added value of their innovative products, and in manufacturing, they rely on the specialization and flexible complement of medium and small enterprise to adjust to the best efficiency by fully utilize the system resources. However, in a matured market, they adopted the follower approach and cost-lead strategies, that they could not feed back the added value of products to the system in division of labor. 3.Generally the medium and small enterprises are having serious information gap, that they are unable to employ the diversification principle in the new and spread-over industrial diversification with virtual, organization modular.Therefore, after losing the labor cost advantage, the core competitiveness in flexibility and speed are also in their way down. 4.Medium and small enterprise, and the technology startup companies have the short of incomplete customer dimension in their value chain, it is found,in the view point of supply chain management, they need to strengthen and improve their managerial approach, product flow, risk and profit structure,culture and attitude and changes and upgrading. Subject Terms (Key Word)： - technology startup company - technology commercialization - network in division of labor - innovation community - value chain - supply chain management

新經濟體系的來臨，以技術為基礎的新創科技公司如雨後春筍般的出現，這些新創科技公司的價值已非過去龐大的有形資產，取而代之的是無形資產，如專利權、商標權、著作權、授權契約或公司的研發團隊等，然而傳統的財務報表係儘反映公司過去的財務狀況和經營成果，對於自行研發而非外購的智慧財產權，卻無法認列在財務報表上，使得公司的價值被嚴重低估，有潛力的公司無法獲得所需資金而功敗垂成，十分可惜。 本研究係以實際經營管理的觀點切入，探討以智慧財產權做為融資擔保標的時所會遭遇到的困難為何？再經由所得知的實際困難找出智慧財產權融資所需營運機制和可行之營運模式。 由於智慧財產權融資大部份的風險都處於資金供給方，因此融資可行與否大致上都決定於資金供給者必須在那些條件具備的情況下才願意接受以智慧財產權做擔保的融資模式，因此本研究主要探討的問題從資金供給者的角度出發，主要研究的資金供給對象為國內銀行和創業投資公司。 透過次級文獻蒐集、集體焦點訪談、個別訪談和郵寄問卷等方法得到主要發現如下： 一、國外智慧財產權融資尚在起步階段，且西方國家與東方國家有關智慧財產權的營運模式皆不盡相同。 二、國內缺乏智慧財產權融資實際個案，雖然有關智慧財產權融資擔保有其基本法源可茲適用，但相關配套法規欠缺。 三、國內創業投資公司多以整體性評估新創科技公司，除少數新創科技公司（如生物科技公司）外，智慧財產並非單一關鍵性考量因素。 四、智慧財產權融資模式對創業投資公司有其間接性影響，其中有關鑑價機制和技術交易市場為創業投資公司所關切重點。 五、國內傳統銀行以利差為主要獲利來源之營運特性使智慧財產權融資高風險之融資形式不易為銀行所接受。 六、銀行本身缺乏智慧財產權鑑價能力和管理能力，此為銀行承做智慧財產權融資首要解決之務。 七、銀行傾向以政府保證的方式來進行智慧財產權融資，以降低本身所承擔風險。 八、以目前整體的環境而言，智慧財產權融資在智慧財產權觀念上、鑑價機制、管理能力、交易市場和法令規範等方面有著許多實行上的困難有待解決。 由以上可知智慧財產權融資以目前各方面的環境而言具有高風險性，其可行性的營運模式建議分為短期和長期來看： 一、初期營運模式： 1、初期政府可用保證基金的形式來分散資金供給者的風險。 2、初期可先透過國外的鑑價機制和交易市場來進行。 二、遠期營運模式： 建立具有國際化的鑑價機構和交易市場，根據「契約自由化」原則，只要交易雙方對於契約內容達成一致性的決議，則交易即可完成，以促進自由市場高流動性的運作。 關鍵字：智慧財產權融資、新創科技公司、創業投資公司、銀行、鑑價機制、技術交易市場、信用保證基金、關鍵要素。 / By the coming of the new economy, high-tech start-ups are mushrooming like bamboo shoots after a spring rain. The value of high-tech start-ups does not base on hard assets, but of their principal assets. The principal assets contain both the intangible assets and intellectual property right (IPR), such as patent, trademark, copyright, license contract as well as R&D team. However, traditional financial statements record only the past financial profile and operating results of companies. They've invested large amount of money on R&D, and therefore, to obtain the IPR. But the right obtained can not be shown on the financial statements. As a result, a large number of high-tech start-ups are underestimated, and unfortunately, most of the potential high-tech start-ups were not able to survive due to the inability to find the fund needed. From the view of the practical operating management, this study discusses problems that should be confronted when operating the financing IPR. Moreover, according to the problems found, the study anticipates by offering the operating mechanism and feasible business models for financing IPR. As we know, the majority of risk lies in the fund suppliers when financing IPR, so mostly the feasibility of financing IPR depends on fund suppliers that will receive IPR as collateral under a certain number requirements possessed. Thus, the study will then offer suggestions mainly in terms of fund suppliers, and the focus will be on domestic banks and venture capitalists. Based on the literature review, group focus interview, individuall interview, posted survey and so on are conducted for the study. Some of insights are derived as bellow: 1. For overseas countries, the financing IPR is just at the beginning period. There are differences in the business models of financing IPR between western countries and eastern countries. 2. There are few real cases about financing IPR in Taiwan although there are some basic laws to apply for financing IPR. Nevertheless, more related regulations are needed. 3. Most of the venture capitalists evaluate high-tech start-ups in an overall way. Hence, excluding a small numbers of high-tech start-ups such as bio-tech companies, IPR is not the only key evaluation factor. 4. The model of financing IPR has an indirect influence to venture capitalists. They emphasize more on the valuation mechanism and the technology marketplace. 5. The profit of traditional banks in Taiwan comes from the interest. From the conservative operating system, these banks are hard to accept the financing IPR that is with high risk. 6. The domestic banks are in short of the IPR valuation and IPR management capabilities. Thus, these problems should first be solved, and then the financing IPR will be able to be taken into action. 7. The domestic banks are in favor of reducing risk by getting guarantee from the government. 8. In terms of the whole financial environment in Taiwan, there are lots of difficulties in the concepts of IPR, valuation mechanism, management capability, technology marketplace, laws and decrees and so forth to be confronted. Above all, financing IPR has high risk in Taiwan at the moment. Therefore, this paper recommends that feasible business models of financing IPR should be divided as follow: 1. Short-run business model: (1) Diversify the risk of the fund suppliers from the guarantee fund offered by the government. (2) Finance IPR by foreign valuation mechanism and technology marketplace. 2. Long-run business model: First, more efforts should be put to set up our own international valuation institutions and technology marketplace. Second, the financing IPR should be taken by contract liberalization principle in compliance with the mechanism of the free market. When both sides agree to the contract, then the deal will be done. By doing so,the IPR financing will be highly promoted at the same time. Key words: Financing IPR, High-tech Start-ups, Venture Capitalists, Domestic Banks, Valuation Mechanism, Technology Marketplace, Credit Guarantee Fund, Key factors.

隨著企業越來越重視資訊科技服務管理及流程效能的議題，加上過去兩年由國內外資訊大廠所倡導的ITIL觀念也漸漸成形，部分大型企業已開始依據ITIL所定義的資訊處理流程，逐步導入於其企業內部作業流程中。除了ITIL標準與解決方案外，如何有效地建置CMDB 成為實施ITIL重要的一環。 根據itSMF於2006提出的分析，導入ITIL時，企業主要面臨的幾項挑戰，包括： 1. 組織成員是否願意接受、付出及執行。 2. 高階管理階層是否願意支持、並提供足夠的資源。 3. 如何將ITIL整合到現有的管理流程、執行及評價ITIL的成功價值。 4. 設計及具體呈現ITIL的執行過程。 5. 如何建立一個合適的組織架構、如角色定位、責任及權利劃分……等。 6. 如何獲得及整合各種支援技術或工具。 ITIL 所強調「IT 即業務，業務即IT」的資訊化社會之成形，也是必然的發展方向。從各學術期刊文獻中可以找出以ITIL 為研究主題之學術論文，然而，卻難以找到以ITIL 之核心 CMDB為探討主題之學術論文。本研究從探討台灣製造業電子化特性，佐以各家導入CMDB的方法論，透過案例分析探討導入CMDB 之方法論，推論出台灣製造業導入CMDB前考慮之特性以及更適合台灣的製造業之CMDB之導入方法論。藉由此四大階段的CMDB導入方法，能協助資訊部門在導入 CMDB時能有一個指引可遵循，能夠有效率的導入CMDB，達到Quick Win的目標。效益包括： 1. 依據ITIL或BSM 藍圖，找出企業IT 服務管理問題所在。 並由台灣製造業商業模式，製造模式及運籌模式推出製造業導入CMDB前考慮的特性，得出核心服務並定義服務模型，依重要狀況先後導入。 2. 從四家CMDB導入方法整理出四大階段，此四大階段導入方法符合製造業快速得出成效的要求，並定義每一階段步驟、里程碑及產出文件。 3. 台灣製造業可將此方法論做為導入CMDB 之參考。其他產業亦可將此方法論做為參考。企業可根據實際情況，決定自那個階段切入。 / As the concept of ITIL is widely being promoted across various industries, the topics of IT Service Management and Process Availability are becoming the focal points for many enterprises. Many large enterprises have already implemented ITIL-compliant processes throughout their internal IT organizations. Among many ITIL-related projects, the effective and efficient implementation of CMDB is of particular importance. Nevertheless, it is hard to find research conducted on CMDB, the integral component of ITIL, even though there is no shortage of academic literature on ITIL subject alone. This thesis seeks to define the pre-implementation requirements and implementation methodologies of CMDB that are most suited to manufacturing industries in Taiwan through the application of case studies. The focus on business priority is no doubt the next step in the IT evolution. This paper seeks to assist IT organizations accomplishing the goals of implementing CMDB effectively and efficiently, and define the critical success factors needed to achieve quick wins. The benefits include: 1. Explore the issues within the enterprise IT Service Management with the help of ITIL or Business Service Management Blueprint. Define CMDB’s pre-implementation requirements, implementation phases, and the resulting service models while considering the unique business model and strategy-making processes of Taiwanese manufacturing industries. 2. Consolidate the four CMDB implementation phases necessary to achieve quick-wins from four CMDB implementation cases, and define the procedures, milestones and deliverables of each phase. 3. This four-phase methodology can act as the reference to CMDB implementation not only to Taiwanese manufacturing industries, but other industries as well. Enterprises can decide the most suitable phase to initiate the CMDB project as they see fit.

知識管理在二十一世紀已成為世界的潮流，深深影響了人類的經濟活動，組織知識亦躍升成為企業內最重要的資產，在全球化的趨勢中為企業提供競爭力的泉源。現今大部份的知識管理系統研究，均從企業管理的角度，針對知識管理模型、知識管理成功因素等問題進行探討，但對於製造工廠基層中實際存在的核心知識管理方法，卻未見有相關的研究加以探討。在製造業中，企業最寶貴的工程製造技術知識是散佈在生產製造流程的各個工作程序與人員中，企業必須有系統的收集彙總後，始能有效運用、發展與持續企業的競爭力。 / 知識管理重在知識的分享，本研究建立的「製程整合知識庫」為知識的分享建立良好的基礎，對於新晶圓廠建廠生命週期運轉階段的製程技術移轉工作亦能提供協助，利用相似性移轉的方法，將「製程整合知識庫」完整移轉至新晶圓廠，可以提高製程的穩定度、提昇產品的良率，達到穩定製程的移轉安裝工作、縮短新晶圓廠量產運轉所需時間的目的。此外，對於營運中的工廠而言，「製程整合知識庫」也可協助檢視生產線上的缺失，以提昇產品品質與生產效率。

當代「日本中國認識」1945年二次大戰結束面臨一次重大轉折。戰後開始的「中國研究」主要受到日本對於自身認同重建的看法；以及冷戰國際架構的影響。本文藉由「系譜學方法」，回溯戰後半世紀以來，日本對中國的研究角度經過什麼樣的變化？中日研究群體如何開展及互動？本文發現日本當地中國研究的典範演變，最初是因應西方現代學科的需要，以建立歷史理論與史觀。戰前以東洋史學與區域調查為主要典範。此兩種團體延續到戰後成為史學與區域研究兩種系譜。戰後初期（1945-54）佔有主要論述空間的是左派革命史觀研究群體，主要學術產出是實態調查、社會史方面的資料。第二階段（1955-64）是馬克思主義者對近代化論者，延續戰爭責任論爭中的研究主體問題。第三階段（1965-74）是隨著日本自身發展與文革演進，研究者依照對文革態度而分裂，自此主流是對經濟、政治、國際關係的研究。第四階段（1975-84）民國史觀強調社會主義中國與傳統中國以及中國與周邊國家的「雙重連續性」，這兩個思考脈絡最後集成為溝口的基體論與濱下的體系論。另外出現以近代化（民主化經濟發展）短暫的成為主要論述，之後隨著前兩者理論對西式近代的否定，開始找尋「亞洲價值」。第五階段（1985-94），面臨昭和年代與冷戰結束兩個重要分期，日本學界提出新亞洲學，強調區域多元性以及混成亞洲統合兩大觀念。新亞洲學中，不可避免的也繼承了戰前亞洲學的基本要素。綜觀而言，本研究不僅能提供對中國研究途徑更多的參考面向，也能為台灣的中國大陸研究學界提供更多元的研究方法，更能有助於對當代東亞局勢的瞭解。 / Modern “China studies” (sinology, modern china study, etc.) in Japan began in 1945, the end of Pacific War. It was in a very complicated situation because on the one hand, it must take mission on the revival of national confidence. On the other hand, it was influenced by post-war international system. This article attempts to analyze “Japanese China study” from a genealogical perspective. The article also tries to depict the “genealogy” of academic communities of Japanese China study and their research approaches. It is found that the paradigm change began in the need of discipline modernization,in order to build their historical theory and historical views. Two mainstreams before WWII are “touyougaku (orientalism)” and “regional study”. They became two major studies, “history” and “regional science” after war. In the first period (1945-54), the leading group “revolution historian’ (Marxist or lefters) accomplished much research about “village investigation” and social history. In the second period (1955-64), Marxist (lefters) and Modernist debated the question of “research subjectivity” regarding war responsibility. In the third period (1965-74), researcher groups were affected by Culture Revolution, and became radical. After this deep confliction, they became neutral,and advocated to study economics, politics, and international relations of China. In the fourth period (1975-84), “R.O.C. perspective” emphasized “double continuity “ existing between socialist China and traditional China, and between core and periphery China, consisting of “Mizokuchi theory” and “Hamashita theory”. On the other hand, modernization (development theory) also rose up, considering Asian value as opposite of Western value. Therefore, in the fifth period (1985-94), facing the end of Showa period and cold war, scholars start to assert New Asianism, emphasizing diversity and cooperation among Asian countries. We could discover that New Asianism is similar to wartime Asianism, which is a symbol of Japanese China study that time. This study will not only clarify the Sinology in other culture, but also bring more approaches for scholars in Taiwan. / 日本における「中国研究」の最大な分岐点は1945年である。戦後の中国研究には、日本の自己認識を立て直す考え方が含まれている。さらに、冷戦時代の国際関係もまた中国研究に影響を及ぼしている。この状況の下で、中国研究は複雑な様相を呈している。本研究は、系譜学的方法を以って、この半世紀において、日本における中国研究が、どのような研究視点を採ってきたのか、また、学界がどのように形成され、内部にどのような会話・論争を経てきたのかを分析する。日本における中国研究のパラダイムは、最初は欧米の現代学科を真似て、自国の歴史理論や史観を発見しようとするものである。戦前の主なパラダイムは東洋史学と地域研究で、戦後その二つ系譜も続けている。戦後初期（1945－54）に、左派（革命史観）グループは主流で、実態調査や社会史に多くの力を入れていた。第二時期（1955-64）に、マルクス主義者と近代化論者は戦争責任の問題に沿い「研究者主体」について論争した。第三時期（1965-74）に、日本自身の経済発展や中国の文革の影響により、研究者グループが分裂し、激しい批判も出た。その後、一変して、「無価値」の経済や政治、外交など、つまり、「国情研究」が主流になった。第四時期（1975-84）に、民国史観や基体論、朝貢体系論など、社会主義中国と旧中国との「連続性」や中国中心と周辺国家との「連続性」に着目した研究が現れた。そのほか、アジア的な近代化論も大勢になり、「アジア価値」は再び脚光を浴びた。第五時期（1985-94）に、昭和時代と冷戦の終わりとともに、地域多様性とアジア協力を強調する「新アジア学」も出た。新アジア学と「戦前アジア学」が多くの共通性があるため、同じ系譜に属することを本研究によって解明できる。本研究は、台湾におけるこれまで中国研究に対して、新たな研究方法を紹介し、示唆的な観点を与えることが予想される。

如果你是一名技術創業家，你會選擇在台灣創業，抑或直接到美國創業？如果台灣要成為技術創業家的「天堂」，這座天堂會是長成什麼模樣？若以美國創業環境作為現今台灣「打造創業天堂」的學習典範，台灣應如何「布置」這一座創業天堂？ 知識經濟時代，以知識、技術為基礎而進行之創業活動勢必與智慧財產權密切相關，因此本研究即藉由對於與智慧財產作價投資有關的幾項重要議題，包括智慧財產作價投資之概念、智慧財產作價投資與國內投資、智慧財產作價投資與國際投資、我國研發能量之釋放與科技基本法、智慧財產作價投資之會計處理、智慧財產作價投資之租稅問題、智慧財產作價投資之契約與章程等，進行研究及探討，最後針對美國Google公司之技術創業進行個案研究。內容相當廣泛，涉及法律、投資、會計、租稅、契約、評價、智慧財產、技術移轉等面向，並於探討上述議題後，對於台灣現狀提出如下之政策配套及法令修改建議，期許營造台灣成為一座鼓勵創新及創業活動的技術創業天堂： 一、 公司法應允許投資人得以「勞務」出資，建議放寬公司法第156條第5項對於出資種類之限制，並輔以「勞務作價股份銷除制度」作為配套。 二、 公司法應允許得銷除特定股份，而非一體性地等比例銷除，建議修改公司法第168條，賦予公司得以章程規定就特定股份為銷除之權限。。 三、 智慧財產評價之進行，應嚴守於「評價當時」智慧財產權所具有的價值，詳細區分「智慧財產/技術」與「勞務」之不同，而非將經勞務提供後所帶來的經濟價值一併計算在內。 四、 公司法應允許包括「發起設立時」、「募集設立時」，及「發行新股時」等，均得以智慧財產作價投資，建議對於公司法第131條、第156條及第272條之適用要件，予以一致化。 五、 技術並非法律上所規範之權利客體，建議將公司法第156條第5項所稱「技術」修改為「智慧財產」。 六、 對於擁有龐大智慧財產的公立學校及政府機關，應為其尋思解套方法。建議立法規定公立學校及行政機關得另成立一法人組織或基金會，將其所擁有之智慧財產權全部移轉至該智權控股機構或基金會中，由該組織或基金會來運用該些智慧財產權。 七、 現行政府之對外投資政策及法令仍處於管制經濟之思維，建議應加快我國對外投資自由化之腳步。 八、 科技基本法將智財權下放予執行單位，而行政院及各主管機關又訂定辦法對於執行單位之各項智權運用活動課以程序上之繁瑣要求，包括公開、公正之程序，境外實施需事前經主管機關許可等等，此些限制實已造成「智財之不完全下放」現象，嚴重阻礙以智慧財產作價投資建構技術創業天堂之實現。 九、 關於專利權及專門技術之攤折問題，建議應委請公正單位評估該技術之有效生命週期，同時提出該專利權及專門技術之「可能享有年限」，以作為會計上攤折之依據，並顧及企業營運上財務報表資訊之如實揭露。 十、 針對課稅時點之問題，由於作價投資所取得之股票，乃是「財產形式之轉變」，投資人實際上並未獲取所得，必須等到賣出股票時才有所得產生，故建議應於「股票轉讓時」始進行所得稅課徵。 十一、 技術創業要成功，重點是技術移轉要成功，因此，技術移轉之內容及方法便需於契約中詳加規範。 十二、 美國矽谷地區，創業人擁有創新與創業精神，並持續進行技術研發；學校提供創業所需資源、人脈予新創公司及創業人；而創投公司及天使投資人的資金挹注及管理要求與導入，更是新創公司成功的重要因素。此外，整體的外在大環境，包括冒險精神、會計制度、公司制度、租稅制度、法令制度及專業服務機構等等，都是營造創業天堂所不可或缺的要素。 / If you are a technology entrepreneur, will you start your business in Taiwan or in the U.S.? What is the Paradise for technology entrepreneurs if Taiwan chooses to become one? What should Taiwan provide in the environment if Taiwan takes the U.S. as a model of Entrepreneurship Paradise? In the era of knowledge-based economy, any start-up based on knowledge and technology will be closely related to issues of intellectual property. The thesis will focus on several important issues about investment with contribution of intellectual property as equity, such as its concept, domestic and international investment with contribution of intellectual property as equity, industrialization and commercialization of R&D results in Taiwan and the Science and Technology Basic Law, accounting procedures and taxation issues, contracts and regulations of investment with contribution of intellectual property as equity. The thesis will also illustrate with the case study of Google. The discussion tries to elaborate the issue from various aspects, including law, investment, accounting, taxation, contracts, technology evaluation, intellectual property and technology transfer. The thesis concludes with the following suggestions for governmental policy and law on the issues discussed, to build a paradise, friendly to innovation and start-ups, for technology entrepreneurs in Taiwan. 1. Labor should be recognized as an investment in Company Act. The limitation of investment category of Article 156 (5) should be expanded and be complemented with an elimination system of labor equity. 2. Elimination of specific shares, instead of elimination by ratio, should be allowed in Company Act. The thesis also proposes to amend Company Act Article 168 to authorize the enterprise to eliminate specific shares. 3. The evaluation of intellectual property should faithfully reflect its value for the time being. It should also distinguish the difference between the value of intellectual property/ technology and of labor, instead of a compound evaluation of both. 4. The investment with contribution of intellectual property as equity should be allowed when a company is established by means of promotion and by means of offer as well as when it issues new stocks. The applicable conditions of Company Act Article 131, 156, and 272 should be unified. 5. The term “technology” should be changed into “intellectual property” in Company Act Article 156 (5), given that “technology” is not an object of right defined by law. 6. There should be more channels for public universities and governmental institutions for the release of intellectual property. The government or legislators should enable public universities and governmental institutions to establish an institution or foundation and to transfer/ license their intellectual property to the institution for better use. 7. The government should abandon economic controlling measure through policy and regulation about overseas investment and speed up the liberation. 8. Science and Technology Basic Law authorize intellectual property rights to the executives. However, the Executive Yuan and other authorities set up orders and regulations on procedures about the application of intellectual property, including “public and fair procedure,” “overseas execution permission,” and so on. Those orders and regulations violate the spirits of Science and Technology Basic Law and prevent Taiwan from the Paradise for entrepreneurs. 9. Life cycle of patent and know-how should be evaluated by impartial organizations. The prediction of possible effective year of said patent and know-how should be taken for depreciation and amortization in accounting and be publicized as financial information of a company. 10. The investment with contribution of intellectual property should be taxed when stocks are transferred because such investments are transformation of asset types and the investors do not obtain actual income until the stocks are sold. 11. The success of a technology start-up depends on the success of technology transfer. Hence, the content and method of technology transfer should be defined in detail in the contract. 12. The entrepreneurs in the Silicon Valley in the U.S. possess the spirits of innovation and entrepreneurship and keeps on technology research and development. The universities provide resources and personnel network for start-ups and entrepreneurs. Financing, introduction and demand of effective management from Venture Capitals and Angel Funds are the key factors for the success of start-up companies. Besides, the environment, including venture spirits, accounting and taxation system, company structures, law and regulation, and professional institutions, are indispensible for the establishment of the Paradise for entrepreneurs.

學術研究機構向來是科技創新的主要動力來源，許多與人類生活息息相關的發明多半來自於學術研究機構此一孕育創新的搖籃。此外，一個國家的學術研究能量往往也反映了該國的技術能力與競爭力，因此世界各國無不投注大量資源於大專院校及研究機構，期望除了學術產出之外，亦能將原始的創新概念透過研發活動轉化為智慧財產，並進一步將其商業化，滿足市場需求，實現知識之最大價值。 我國之學術研究能量並不落於美、歐、日等主要技術領先國之後，從我國政府投注於學術研發活動之經費、歷年發表於SCI、EI等期刊論文以及取得美國專利之數量等科技發展成果指標便可說明此點，然我國於1999年通過與美國拜杜法案意義相當之科技基本法至今已滿九年，各學研機構之專利申請量雖有成長之勢，然而2007年實際之智慧財產權收益卻僅佔研發總投入費用的0.87%；2005年全國技術貿易額收支比僅達0.23，與美、日、英等國相較，實可謂差強人意，顯見我國在研發成果商業化上已面臨一定瓶頸。 在知識大爆炸方興未艾的二十一世紀，可以預見的是將有越來越多的研發成果持續產出，學研機構花費於取得並維護智慧財產之費用亦將持續提高，如何在產出的眾多研發成果及專利中，篩選出真正有商業化潛力之標的，以將有限的人力、時間、資金等資源投注於其上並轉化為實質的經濟效益，將是學研機構進行研發成果商業化時的重要課題；此外，在學研機構法人化之潮流下，若未來大學等學研單位須自行負擔大部份資金之籌措時，此一評估機制將更顯重要。另，在資訊高度不對稱的情況下，技術需求方難以辨認技術供給方之技術是否為適合之交易標的，因此若能建立一套商業化可行性評估機制，亦能使雙方間之資訊交流更為順暢，促進技術之移轉與商業化。 因此，本研究嘗試提出一研發成果商業化可行性評估機制，以供學研機構進行內部評估，使國內「悶住」的研發能量得以透過有效的評估機制而活化。又，由於不同科技領域所適用之商業化可行性評估方式將有所差異，而生物科技領域為二十一世紀科技發展中之重要領域，且列為政府政策下的重點發展產業之一，加以作者本身之相關學經歷背景，是以本研究選擇生物科技領域研發成果為討論之重點。 本研究分別從5W的角度來探討研發成果商業化可行性之評估機制，分別是進行商業化可行性評估之目的(Why)、進行商業化可行性評估之時點(When)、商業化可行性評估之執行者(Who)、評估所需資訊之取得(How)以及進行商業化可行性評估時所需考量之因素(What)，最後建立一研發成果商業化可行性評估機制，作為本研究之核心概念以及後續個案探討之依據。 此外，本研究針對研發成果商業化可行性評估之各項構面進行介紹，並提出學研機構於進行評估時在各構面應考量之重要項目與問題。依所建立之評估機制與架構流程，將評估構面分為技術、智慧財產、市場、法規與財務五大構面，並以技術與智慧財產構面為探討之重點。 由於本研究之研究對象為學術研究機構，且以生物科技領域為重心，故由大專院校、基礎研究機構及應用研究機構中各挑選一具代表性之單位作為個案研究對象，分別為國立陽明大學、中央研究院以及財團法人工業技術研究院，透過與各機構之研發成果管理專責單位進行訪談，深入了解其運作機制與現況，以期綜覽各類型學研機構之研發成果商業化可行性評估機制，並得出研究發現及建議。 根據個案研究之發現，本研究對於國內學研機構之整體建議，主要包括：研發成果商業化可行性評估機制應依機構之目的、性質、智財管理現況加以擬定；研發成果商業化可行性評估之構面應配合研發成果之性質及開發階段而設定，並以技術構面為基礎，智財構面為樞紐連結市場與法規構面之評估，最後以財務構面進行統合；而學研機構若欲採外部審查方式執行評估工作，須考量可能之缺失；此外，研發成果商業化可行性之評估應由具備跨領域能力之團隊加以執行，並應使具備產業經驗與市場背景之人員有一定程度之涉入；再者，生物科技領域研發成果因其本質上之特殊性，故於進行商業化可行性評估時，有諸多因素需加以考量；最後，政府可主動協助建立專業之機構或團隊，提供學研機構進行研發成果商業化可行性評估甚至後續之技術行銷服務，以有效符合規模經濟、範疇經濟與專業、客觀之考量。 / Academic and research institutes are the origins of technology innovation. Many of the significant inventions were devised in these cradles of innovation. Academic and research power can often indicates the technology capability and competency of a nation. Every government invests vast resources to universities and research institutes in order not only to make academic publication but also to realize the maximum value of the knowledge through converting the innovative ideas into intellectual properties (IP) and further commercializing the R&D achievements to meet the market needs. The academic researches in Taiwan can compete with the technological leading countries such as the U.S, Japan, and E.U. countries, in terms of some science and technology indicators like R & D expenditure, SCI / EI publications, and the number of U.S. patent granted. Nevertheless, the actual revenue generated by IP in 2007 was only account for 0.87% of the total R&D input and the coverage ratio of technology balance of payments was only 0.23 in 2005. The fact indicates that there were some barriers on the path of R&D commercialization in Taiwan. In the 21st century of knowledge explosion, it is predictable that more and more R&D achievements will be generated from academic institutes and the expenses devoted to the acquisition and protection of IP will keep rising. Therefore, it will become a critical issue in academic institutes to sieve out the targets of the higher commercial potential from numerous R&D results and patents so as to concentrate the time, human and financial resources on those targets for its further commercialization. Moreover, under the highly asymmetrical information situation during the technology trading, technology buyers have difficulty in identifying whether the technology is a suitable trading target or not. A well-established feasibility evaluation mechanism will also stimulate the interflow of information and promote the technology transfer and commercialization. Accordingly, this thesis will try to establish a feasibility evaluation mechanism (FEM) for commercialization of R&D achievements in academic institutes in order to activate the stuffy R&D energy in Taiwan. Biotechnology is one of the most important fields of technology in the 21st century and thus be the main concern of the discussion of this thesis. This thesis will investigate the feasibility evaluation mechanism for commercialization of R&D achievements on a “5W” basis, including the purposes of evaluation (why), the time of evaluation (when), the executives of evaluation (who), the information needed in the evaluation process (how), and the factors that should be taken into consideration in the evaluation process (what). Accordingly, a feasibility evaluation mechanism for commercialization of R&D achievements will be established as the central concept of this study and as the ground of follow-up case analysis. In addition, each aspects of feasibility evaluation as well as the significant issues and questions of each aspect will be illustrated in this study. According to the feasibility evaluation mechanism and framework established in this study, there are five main evaluation aspects including the technical aspect, intellectual property aspect, market aspect, legal aspect, and financial aspect. The main subjects of this study were the academic institutes in biotechnology field in Taiwan, the National Yang-Ming University, the Academia Sinica, and the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI). These institutes are chosen as the subjects of case study standing respectively for the higher education institute, basic research institute, and the applied research institute. By way of interviewing the personnel of R&D achievements and IPR management department in the institutes in question, the feasibility evaluation mechanism implemented by different types of academic institutes was investigated to delineate the key findings, followed up with some practical advices. The overall advices proposed by this study for the academic institutes in Taiwan were summarized as follows: (1) The feasibility evaluation mechanism for commercialization of R&D achievements should be devised in accordance with the purpose, the nature, and the IP management status of each institute. (2) The feasibility evaluation should be set to match up the development stage of the R&D achievements and take the technical aspect as the groundwork, IP aspect as the pivot connecting to the market and legal aspect, and the financial aspect as an integrated result. (3) Evaluation executed by external parties may be of some defects that should be taken into consideration. (4) The feasibility evaluation for R&D commercialization should be executed by multi-disciplinary team and the industry-experienced or market personnel should as well participate in the evaluation process. (5) Due to the characteristics of biotechnology, many special factors should be involved in the evaluation process. (6) The government may actively assist in setting up a professional organization or team to provide feasibility evaluation and even the further technology marketing services to meet the consideration of economies of scale/ scope, specialty, and objectivity.