本研究以台灣《壹週刊》的影劇新聞為例，以批判論述分析法（Critical Discourse Analysis）的思考精神為啟發，從性別角色、發言權、新聞的語言特色等面向分析《壹週刊》文本。接下來，以明星、經紀人／宣傳的和小報記者的訪談，釐清台灣小報影劇新聞的產製方式，以及明星體系小報文化當中的運作過程，從中分析小報影劇新聞中誰掌握了發言權，明星和經紀人會使用哪些媒體策略來獲得正面助益。 　　本研究結果發現，小報媒體在全球不同文化間依循著類似的軌跡發展，從單元、圖片與題材編排的類似手法，將明星八卦、醜聞、性等細節無限制放大，透過主觀、嘲諷的口語敘事與大量圖片，讓讀者看到明星報導的幕後感與故事性。小報記者參與新聞製作時的立場是正向高度肯定的，因為小報調查式的新聞手法需要長時間籌畫、收集資料、蒐證，因此，記者認為小報才是為讀者揭發社會真相、真正敢言的媒體。另一方面，記者與明星的互動關係是多種權力交織而成的動態協商，多數時間記者掌握了報導發展的詮釋空間，但是，佔上風的角色會隨著藝人實力產生變動。操作過程中，經紀人為了徹底保護明星形象，將明星視為必須保護的文化商品，控制了明星對外發言的權力，也拉開了明星和媒體的距離。面對小報新聞可能造成的傷害，通常經紀人會預先設定立場、準備模板答案，來維護明星聲望在小報文化的侵入下能順利運作。 / Taken the entertainment news of Next Magazine as the example, the main research frame is inspired by Critical Discourse Analysis. The study analyzed the text of Next Magazine from the roles of gender, the voices and the linguistic characters of news to clarify the production logic of Taiwanese tabloid news. Next, from the interviews of entertainers, agents /publicists and tabloid journalists, the study tried to figure out how celebrity news production and Star system work within tabloid culture. Who take the initiative of speech and utilize what kind of strategy to manipulate media relations. The study found that, the tabloid media has developed along a similar path even in different cultures around the world. By using similar manners of the arrangement of units, images and subjects, the tabloids unlimitedly enlarge the details of the gossip, scandals and sex affairs of entertainers; additionally, a colloquial description in a subjective and mocking way and plenty of pictures are utilized to give readers a feel of behind-the-scene and narrative to the entertainers’ news. Nowadays, tabloid journalists hold a positive attitude toward the manner of digging out newsworthy materials, which requires a long time planning, information-gathering and evidence-collecting. On the other hand, the interaction between journalists and entertainers is a dynamic negotiation established by a variety of powers. What’s more, the agent may regard stars as a cultural goods, then control the power of speech of stars in order to completely protect the media image of stars. At the same time, agents block the normal communication between stars and media. To prevent the harm caused by tabloid, the agents might pre-set position and answer the template answer to maintain the reputation of stars.

雲端技術在各產業發展迅速，在汽車產業，特別是豪華車廠也進入雲端應用的戰國時代。豪華車輛的功能，因車身區域網路CAN-BUS的廣為應用，車上系統與系統之間能以封包方式的溝通，不僅速度加快、可以儲存紀錄，更可以依人性化需求，給予程式上的軟性調整。豪華車廠的服務體系，在維修車輛的同時，已有別於一般尚未大量使用車身區域網路的車廠。而隨著無線通訊的發達，車上工程程式的存取，也可以經由3G及無線網路來進行，這個動作，成為改變了服務廠體系的關鍵，車輛不需一定要回到服務廠，才能進行相關的維修或診斷動作，也因為這樣雙向溝通的能耐，雲端服務人員可突破區域性限制，對車輛進行服務（如遠端解鎖、搖控發動等）。 進一步可預期，更多的應用程式可經由無線通訊，被安裝在車上，想像在不久的將來，我們只需記住自己的鑰匙編碼，到任何一部具有車身區域及無線網路的車輛上，就可以馬上使用你的電子信箱，你的Car App store，也可以將你個人化的設定做轉移，如：你習慣的乘坐的位置、習慣收聽的電台，甚至是你的駕駛模式等，這些都可以透過隨機存取功能的應用程式來實現。 本論文透過行動研究員的身份，採用質性研究方法，經過長時間的田野調查，從汽車雲端技術的組織、雲端技術在服務廠的維修應用、相關人員的工作形態與技能、使用者的行為模式等，做一全面性的資料搜集與整合，並逐一追溯每一細節，分析服務體系創新的元素為何，並透過進一步推論，找出對於其他豪華車廠、其他產業公司之間的啟示，並由此發現，經由雲端維修的應用，可以預見從汽車產業打開的新事業服務平台。 / The fast development of cloud computing has enabled applications in different industries. For the automotive industry, the competitions for cloud computing is particularly intensive in the luxury car sector. This is due to that CAN-BUS local area network specifically designed for in-car communication is widely implemented and utilized for data recording, transmission and management. A lot of services provided by the car manufacturers and dealers can be integrated with this system for more user friendly approaches. For example through the connectives of 3G and wireless network, related maintenances and diagnoses can be carried out over a distance, therefore the cloud network service providers do not need to be on-site for supports. This breakthrough also diminishes the location barrier, and improves the service efficiencies (e.g. remote unlock service and remote engine start service). A peek into the future, there will be more applications enabled by the wireless connectives between the vehicles and the cloud networks. Imagine that by simply remember a set of P-I-N number, the user will be able to access personal email accounts, on-line Car App store accounts, frequently used GPS maps, and preferred driver setting such as seat positions, favor radio channels and engine driving models in the near future. All these are independent of which car the user is actually driving. This thesis is developed through qualitative researches over a long period of field studies from a leading luxury car manufacturer in the industry. It has in-depth discussions on the organization infrastructures, technologies and service flows required to enable cloud computing services related to the after-sale supports and maintenances in the automotive industry. The skills and on-job awareness particular to the front-line staffs and back-end supportive staffs are highlighted, and will be analyzed with different users’ use scenarios. Over these step-by-step examinations, the key elements for service innovation will be identified. To take one step further, these findings will also be related for their implications to other luxury car manufacturers and industries. This is to justify that through the applications of cloud services in the vehicle maintenances, it opens the way for service innovation in service network platform.

本文建立小型開放經濟體系的VAR模型，利用符號限制法（Sign Restrictions）認定財政政策衝擊，評估台灣財政政策的總體經濟效果。符號限制法係利用對衝擊反應函數做符號限制的方式認定財政衝擊，對關心的變數如：實質GDP、民間消費、民間投資、貿易收支等變數對財政政策衝擊的反應則不設限制，讓資料來回答。本研究參酌Mountford and Uhlig（2009）及Ho and Yeh（2010）的方式認定總合供給衝擊、總合需求衝擊、貨幣政策衝擊、政府支出衝擊以及政府收入衝擊。研究結果發現，政府支出衝擊對民間投資短期會產生排擠效果，中長期（二十季）則有提振的效果。政府支出衝擊引發短期名目利率上漲，國外資金流入，實質有效匯率上升，貿易收支因而下跌。政府支出衝擊對於實質GDP一開始有正向效果，但排擠效果短期會使實質GDP下跌，一旦政府支出帶動中長期民間投資後，對實質GDP有正向效果，但並不顯著。 政府收入衝擊短期對實質GDP、民間消費、民間投資有正向效果，中長期的效果為負。若以政府支出衝擊細項來看，政府消費支出衝擊對實質GDP有顯著提振的效果，政府投資支出衝擊對於實質GDP的助益十分有限。

本研究旨在瞭解國民小學教師發展班級文化之現況，並探討不同背景變項的國小教師在發展班級文化上所呈現的差異情形。本研究之研究目的如下：(一)探討國民小學教師發展班級文化之內涵與現況；(二)瞭解國民小學教師發展班級文化與教師班級經營效能之關係；(三)瞭解國民小學教師發展班級文化與班級經營效能之預測情形；(四)根據研究結果提出建議，以提供教育行政機關、國民小學教師及未來研究者參考。 為達成上述研究目的，本研究採用問卷調查法收集並分析資料。研究工具係研究者自編之「國民小學教師發展班級文化與班級經營效能問卷」，並以台北縣、台北市、基隆市、桃園縣、宜蘭縣之公立國民小學級任教師為研究對象。所得資料以平均數、標準差、t考驗、單因子變異數分析、薛費法事後多重比較、皮爾森積差相關分析及多元逐步迴歸分析等統計方法進行分析。 本研究之主要發現與結論如下： 一、班級之組織特性適合運用形塑發展班級文化。而發展班級文化大致可從五個向度進行：(1)發展班級文化環境；(2)孕育班級文化活動；(3)營造班級文化特色；(4)凝聚班級文化共識。(5)激發班級成員表現。 二、國民小學教師發展班級文化的實際情形尚佳。國民小學教師所知覺發展班級文化的行為中，以「激發班級成員表現」的得分最高，亦即教師們在發展班級文化時，也能對學生投以高度關懷，增加學生的價值感。 三、國民小學教師背景變項中，性別、年齡、服務年資、學校所在地在發展班級文化問卷上均有顯著差異，而最高學歷、職務及學校規模無顯著差異。 四、知覺不同發展班級文化程度之國民小學教師，其在班級經營效能上的表現有顯著差異。 五、國民小學教師透過發展班級文化的認知與作為，可以提高其班級經營效能。教師發展班級文化及其各向度，與教師班級經營效能及其各向度間呈現顯著的正相關。 六、國民小學教師發展班級文化對班級經營效能有預測作用。 最後，根據本研究之文獻分析、研究結果分析與討論，提出幾點建議，以供教育行政機關、國民小學學校行政、國民小學教師及未來相關研究之參考。 / The purposes of this study are to understand the current situation of elementary school teachers’ developmental classroom culture and how different teacher backgrounds are reflected in the developmental classroom culture. The major concerns of this study were as fellows: (1) to investigate the current situation of teachers’ developmental classroom culture in elementary schools, (2) to analyze the relationships between teachers’ developmental classroom culture and classroom management efficacy, (3) to explore the predictive power of teachers’ developmental classroom culture on their classroom management efficacy, (4) to provide reference and suggestions based on the conclusions suggested by the survey data. The investigation was based on questionnaires which were distributed at 100 elementary schools in Taipei county, Taipei city, Kee-Long city, Tao-Yuang county, and Yi-Lang county. The data was analyzed statistically employing the method of descriptive statistic, t-test, one-way ANOVA, the Scheffé method, correlation analysis, and multi stepwise regression analysis. The major findings are as fellows: 1. The characters of the organization in the classroom are adaptive to shape and form the developmental classroom culture. And the developmental classroom culture is approximately to be possible to carry on five parts: (1) develop the classroom culture environment, (2) breed the classroom culture activity, (3) build the classroom culture characteristic, (4) condense the classroom culture, (5)stimulate the members of the class to act. 2. The current situation of elementary school teachers’ developmental classroom culture is good. There is high perception for teachers’ developmental classroom culture among the elementary school teachers. 3. Significant differences exist among the gender, age, service years, and school location for teachers’ developmental classroom culture. 4. Significant difference exists among high, middle, and low teachers’ perception of teachers’ developmental classroom culture for their classroom management efficacy. 5. Significant positive correlation exists between teachers’ developmental classroom culture and their classroom management efficacy. 6. The classroom management efficacy can be predicted by the teachers’ developmental of classroom culture. Based on the results of this study, some suggestions are made for educational administration, the elementary school administration, the elementary school teachers and future study.

本文主要解釋農村基礎教育為何長期受制於經費不足的制約，在有限的教育資源下，偏遠地區農村學校又何以出現校際差異與教育資源分配的不均等。透過回顧中國農村基礎教育發展的歷史過程，本文認為1950年代以來分權化的教育財政制度，使農村中小學不僅仰賴地方政府財政撥款，更強調學校自身資源汲取能力的重要性。但在基層財政能力有限的情況下，導致偏遠農村基礎教育長期陷於經費不足的困境，也使農村學校呈現階層化發展。 在教育經費財政撥款不足的情況下，學校資源汲取能力成為教育發展的關鍵，而決定學校資源汲取能力很重要的因素，在於學校所處教育層級的位置。層級化的農村教育體系，將學校之間劃分成上下不同層級，處於最高層級的示範學校比層級最低的村小，具有更強的資源汲取能力，造成有限的教育資源呈現階層化流動。晚近在學生人數減少的衝擊下，由於學生人數多寡直接影響學校規模大小，決定資源汲取能力並影響學校存廢，更形強化層級化的教育體系。 目前中國推行的改革措施，若無法徹底改變由地方負責農村基礎教育經費的財政制度，便無法打破既存的層級化教育體系，促進教育資源分配的均等。無足夠經費的教育改革措施，將阻礙農村基礎教育改革，最終導致農村中小學的兩極分化，產生資源相對集中的示範學校與資源相對匱乏的普通學校。

本文試圖為當前現實主義中，國際政治理論發展的問題與瓶頸，作一概略的檢視、提出可能的倡議，並進行實證研究加以檢驗。本文發現攻勢與守勢現實主義之爭，是理論發展上不必要的誤會，現實主義內的理論爭議，其實仍是分析層次的問題：單元層級的解釋混亂繁瑣而難以驗證，但體系層級基於權力分配結構的解釋，卻也不盡圓滿。因此，本文嘗試在現實主義的物質能力傳統中，對體系穩定的變動提出「體系穩定的互動解釋」與「體系穩定的結構解釋」之新嘗試，以求在名稱上貼近解釋倡議的實質內容，跳脫過去攻勢、守勢現實主義理論名稱劃分的漩渦，並作為未來建立國際政治理論的可能選擇。 本文指出，互動能力的概念，不僅是新的解釋來源，也是界定體系範疇的前提，未來的國際政治理論應利用攻守平衡的解釋邏輯，在結構之外的互動能力解釋來源中，開發科技與地理等兩項解釋變數；並發掘結構解釋來源中，絕對的權力分配作解釋變數，再分別從此導出推論；而有關穩定的意涵，也應從戰爭的避免，擴大為對和平的威脅。本文的實證研究範圍訂在一六四八年至今的歐洲乃至全球體系，本文將先分別呈現各項解釋變數在各個時代的變化，以及依據推論所應出現的結果，再對照實際上體系穩定的變異狀態，以檢驗各項推論。整體而言，本文所進行的實證研究大致上是獲得了相當的正面結果。 / The purposes of this thesis are: examining the current obstructions in Realist theory of international politics, proposing alternatives, and conducting empirical studies. The thesis finds that, the debates between Offensive and Defensive Realism are unnecessary. The level of analysis problem is still crucial: unit level explanations are complex and hard to test, but system level explanations base on the structure of relative power distribution are not satisfactory either. Thus, to get rid of the offensive and defensive labeling, the thesis proposes two alternatives within the Realist material tradition: “interaction” and “structure” explanations on the stability of the international system. The thesis argues that, interaction capacity is both a source of explanation and the precondition of a system. In the future, the theory of international politics should take offense-defense balance as logic of explanation to explore technology, geography, and absolute power distribution as independent variables. In addition, the concept of stability as a dependent variable should also be expanded. Stability is not merely the avoidance of war, but the threat to peace. The scope of the qualitative empirical studies are European and global international systems from 1648 to present. In general, the thesis finds rather positive results to support the interaction and structure explanations.

本文探討的主題是人口因素對國家競爭力的影響。首先將檢視歷來重要的國家競爭力理論中關於人口因素的論述，包括IMD的「世界競爭力年報」、WEF的「全球競爭力報告」以及波特的「鑽石體系理論」，綜合整理這些理論關於人口因素影響國家競爭力的層面，來研析兩岸各自的人口現況及特徵對兩岸競爭力的影響。 本論文全文分為陸章，分析架構與章節安排如下： 第壹章「緒論」。說明研究動機與目的，研究途徑與方法、研究範圍與限制，研究架構以及國內外相關文獻回顧與評述。 第貳章「國家競爭力中的人口因素」。本章擬以「人口問題」為主軸，探討「國家競爭力」中的人口因素，建構形成「人口問題與「國家競爭力」研究構面。首先回顧重要的國家競爭力理論，接著再逐一檢視國家競爭力理論中有關人口因素的論述、人口因素如何影響國家競爭力的形成，以作為下文分析兩岸人口條件對各自競爭力影響的基礎。 第參章「中國大陸人口政策、現況及問題」。本章論述探討中國大陸之人口政策、人口概況，並對人口問題所造成之影響行基本分析，以簡要說明其人口現況。 第肆章「我國人口政策、現況及問題」。本章論述探討我國之人口政策、人口概況，並對人口問題及影響行基本分析。 第伍章「兩岸人力及人才資源之互動及比較」。比較分析當前兩岸在人力資源、人才素質層面的優劣，以及加入世界貿易組織後對兩岸人力及人才的影響，並比較兩岸的人力資源政策之良窳。 第陸章「人口因素對兩岸競爭力之影響」。分析當前兩岸人口現況及問題對各自競爭力造成的影響，分別探討兩岸各別具有的優勢及劣勢，以及增強競爭力的機會和對未來發展的挑戰。 第柒章「結論與建議」。就本研究做一綜合結論。藉由前面章節的探討提出研究發現及未來發展建議，及後續研究方向。

本文以1999年第4季至2011年第3季24家銀行的追蹤資料，分析銀行資本與金融控股體系對銀行放款管道的影響。全體樣本銀行的實證結果顯示，沒有顯著證據支持放款管道的存在。銀行淨值及調整成本對放款有顯著的影響，支持銀行資本管道存在。另外，銀行加入金融控股體系之後，調整成本的影響增加。 大型銀行樣本的實證結果顯示，大型銀行放款管道的作用不顯著；但是，銀行資本管道呈現顯著影響。小型銀行放款管道及資本管道皆沒有顯著證據支持兩者存在，但非存款負債對小型銀行放款的影響顯著。除此之外，小型銀行在金融控股體系下，短期投資及非存款負債對放款的影響顯著。由此結果可知，大小型銀行皆可藉由資產負債的調整來抵銷貨幣政策的衝擊，維持放款的成長。

台灣筆記型電腦代工廠商從1990年代開始，經過多年努力已經成為全球最重要的筆記型電腦代工業者，掌握超過90%的市場。然而近年代工廠商卻面臨低毛利，以及蘋果替代品和歐美市場景氣衝擊而腹背受敵以致出貨大幅下滑的困境。本研究希望藉由某個案A公司的立場，探討台灣筆記型電腦轉型平板電腦，如何在總體及產業環境下，藉由本身優劣勢的分析，配合環境的各種機會與威脅，建立一個創新而本身可以掌控的雲端運算生態體系，同時帶來相對獲利較佳的營運模式。 本研究透過檢視總體環境的雲端運算趨勢與全球英語的發展，以及分析筆記型電腦、平板電腦、印度軟體代工產業、以及蘋果iPad的商業模式等產業環境因素，整理出台灣筆記型電腦代工廠所面對的環境機會與威脅。透過對個案公司的各種內在優劣勢分析，作出以下對台灣筆記型電腦代工業者的策略建議： 1. 降低筆記型電腦代工比重，尤其是適度減少Ultrabook投入，以挪出資源給新產品。 2. 增加伺服器等相關產品線的投入，轉型為雲端硬體供應商。 3. 發展在雲端運算與相關生態體系業者的合作夥伴關係，包括與印度軟體代工業者的合作。 4. 選擇平板電腦適合的行業用產業，先從小範圍的行業用雲端運算，例如雲端英語教學，作為培養實力與經驗的起點，藉以熟悉雲端運算的商業模式，同時尋求保持良好的營運利潤水準。 / After 20 years of endeavor, Taiwanese notebook PC, or Laptop, ODMs have gained more than 90% of world share in terms of annual notebook PC shipment. However, these ODMs have been facing detrimental challenges which the profit margin is getting slimmer, and even worse is their customers have been losing markets due to both the world economy downturn, and severe challenges from Apple’s so-called “iDevice” since 2010. Through the approach the case study of a notebook PC ODM who is diversifing from notebook PC to tablet PC industry, and through SWOT analysis, I hope to figure out some feasible solution to bail the ODMs out with some innovative and profitable business models. By scrutinizing the trends of Cloud Computing and Global English under the macro environment, and the current industry status of notebook PC, tablet PC, Indian software ODMs, Apple’s iPad and its business model, we intend to figure out the overall opportunities and threats from the macro environment for the notebook PC ODMs who are keen to diversify into tablet PC field. Also, through the research to identify the internal strengths and weakness of the case company, the summary and suggestion to Taiwanese notebook PC ODMs are as follows: 1. Lower the percentage of notebook PC lines among their products portfolio. Ultrabook is not suggested to have heavy investment on. 2. Allocate sufficient resources to develop cloud-related equipments such as servers and tablet PCs. 3. Develop the crirical compentence set which are necessary for Cloud Computing, through the close partnership with major ecosystem participating companies. The cooperation between Taiwanese hardware ODMs and Indian software ODMs are highly recommended. 4. Start with one small but manageable ecosystem, such as English teaching through cloud, and get familiar with the business model and ways of sustaining profits.

中國自第十一屆三中全會朝改革開放發展，住房制度改革前以前蘇聯為目標，透過工作單位制實施福利分房制度，然而實物配給制發展產生諸多問題，如：收租失衡、分配不公、住房存量不足等制度運作結果，因此隨著經濟改革的同時，住房制度也朝向透過商品化與市場化解決住房問題。中國於1998年正式停止福利分房制度，朝市場化轉型過程中，亦同步發展住房保障制度，包括：建設廉租房及經濟適用房等保障性住房、建立多層次保障性住房體系、推廣公積金制度等措施，試圖在市場運作之外保障人民安居權利。在中國住房制度轉型過程中，重慶於2010年以公共租賃住房為核心，建立一套保障性住房體系，整合既有的商品房市場，試圖保障性住房與商品房市場雙軌並行的體制，並在制度運作上以國有資產投入建設、由土地儲備中心提撥建設用地，透過諸多政策手段快速發展住房雙軌制，重慶的住房制度設計亦被稱為住房的「重慶模式」，在政策設計上體現「具有中國特色的社會主義市場經濟」的目標。 重慶的住房模式在短短幾年間引起學界關注，主因在於近年中國城市面臨高房價的困難，雖自1998年即開始推動各種保障性住房，但在各城市的運作中面臨許多困難，對社會弱勢保障效果有限。重慶近年在住房制度設計上形成住房保障與商品住房雙重運作體系，透過各種推動公共租賃住房及其他保障性住房，為中國各城市乃至世界各國面臨居住問題者所關注。有鑑於目前尚未有完整探討重慶住房制度改革的文獻，對住房的重慶模式也未有完整的討論，因此本文以中國住房制度改革做為背景脈絡，探討重慶住房改革歷程，分析重慶保障性住房政策與商品房市場的政策設計，進一步聚焦住房的「重慶模式」運作內容，整理分析重慶住房制度超越其他城市建立雙軌制的因素，並探討重慶住房保障體系能在幾年內快速建設的關鍵，為後續研究中國住房改革及重慶住房雙軌制者提供研究發現。 / As China went through the progress of economic reform during late 1980’s, the housing policy also started to change. It was used to be welfare housing distribution system in the past years, however, many problems raised in practice, such as insufficient charge in rent, unfair distributions, or insufficient housing units. Therefore, the housing policy started to practice commercialization and marketization, in order to resolve the old problems. Chinese government officially stopped the welfare housing policy in 1998. During the transformation to commercialized housing market, the Chinese government also developed indemnificatory apartments with multilayer protections, including the construction of low-rent housing, affordable housing and public housing accumulation fund. The government attempted to provide dual housing system by investing constructions, providing land for housing and other policies. The most well known case is the “Chongqing model” The goal of their policy is to realize “the socialism market economy with Chinese characteristics”. The “Chongqing model” drew a lot of attention in academia in very few years. The main reason is the rising housing price in the cities in China. Although indemnificatory apartments project formed since 1998, the practical operation is problematic with limited protection for people with lower social status. By having public rental housing and other secured housing, the city government of Chongqing has developed a dual system with both secured housing and commercialized housing. Their achievement is known by other Chinese cities and the rest of the world. This thesis will address the background of the reform of Chinese housing policy, the progress of the reform of the housing policy in Chongqing , the analysis of the policy design and the operation of their policy. The reason why the “Chongqing model” is better than other cities in China will be discussed as well. We hope that we will provide the key of the fast and growing development of the Chongqing’s housing system, to people who are interested in reform of Chinese housing policy and the dual housing system in Chongqing.