Syftet med denna litteraturstudie har varit att ta reda på vad forskning säger om hur elevers lärande kan synliggöras och stödjas med formativ bedömning, samt hur elevers delaktighet i lärandet kan stöttas med formativ bedömning i NO-undervisning i skolans tidigare år. Metoden för detta arbete har varit en systematisk litteraturstudie vilket innebär att sökning och analys av tidigare forskning har genomförts på ett systematiskt sätt. Litteraturen har sökts i databaserna Summon, ERIC Ebsco, avhandlingar.se, DiVa och NorDiNa. Sökresultatet mynnade ut i åtta vetenskapliga artiklar som ligger till grund för studien. För att synliggöra och stödja elevers lärande visade sig bland annat klassrumsprocesser, gruppdiskussioner, elevarbeten, lärarens ämneskompetens, tydliggörande av mål samt begreppsanvändande vara betydelsefulla faktorer i relation till formativ bedömning. Formativ bedömning väcker intresse som en metod gynnsam för lärande, och fler studier behöver göras för att öka kompetensen och säkra kvalitén med denna metod.

In Swedish primary school, the subjects geography, history, social studies or citizenship education and religion are integrated and known as one school subject called civic orientation. Through history, the civic orientation is characterized as a subject with a strong role to bring up a specific form of citizen. In civic orientation, there is mandatory content which the teacher must relate to. The mandatory content is based on certain views of children’s abilities and needs and thus sets the framework which either enables or limits the children. But the teacher also has the freedom to add content based on his/her own personal view of children’s needs and interests, and at the same time the curriculum also leaves room for interpretations. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the child in primary school is described, or what representations of the child are dominating in the civic orientation curricula. Furthermore, the aim of this study is to compare these representations to what three different teachers express when they motivate their didactic choices in civic orientation. The purpose of the comparison is to see whether the teachers are maintaining or questioning these representations of the child when they relate to the content expressed in the civic orientation curricula. The result shows that the content of the curricula is based on ideas that the child is socially and cognitively immature and therefore in need of simplification and protection. The teachers contribute to both questioning and maintaining these ideas, but their statements also reflect structural conditions of the school.

Historien är speglad av bedrifter från både män och kvinnor som på ett eller annat sätt gjort avtryck och fortfarande påverkar det samhälle vi lever i idag. Utifrån det perspektivet borde både kvinnor och män finnas med i historieläromedel och bli uppmärksammade men istället är det många olika kategorier av kvinnor som lyser med sin frånvaro. Syftet med studien var att belysa hur kvinnor framställs i historieläromedel för åk 1-6 utifrån ett intersektionalitetsperspektiv. I studien analyserades sex historieläromedel från årskurs 1-6, tre från årskurs 1-3 och tre från årskurs 4-6, i fyra steg. Metoden som användes för att analysera historieläromedlen var Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys. Den fördjupade analysen i studien utgick från två delar av Faircloughs tredimensionella modell diskursiv praktik och text. Resultatet av granskningen visade att kvinnors representation i historieläromedel är begränsat och behöver utvecklas till olika kategorier av kvinnor för att bli mer inkluderande.

Den här studien syftar till att undersöka lärares strategier att kommunicera med och stötta nyanlända elever, i årskurs 1–3, i deras lärande av det naturvetenskapliga språket, då främst naturvetenskapliga begrepp, samt synliggöra de möjligheter lärare ger nyanlända elever till att använda sitt förstaspråk i naturvetenskapsundervisningen. Undersökningen genomfördes med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer av sex verksamma lärare i årskurs 1–3 för att besvara studiens två frågeställningar: vilka anpassningar anger lärare att de gör i NO-undervisningen för att stötta nyanlända elevers lärande av det naturvetenskapliga språket, då främst naturvetenskapliga begrepp?, samt på vilket sätt anger lärare att de ger nyanlända elever möjligheter att använda sitt förstaspråk i sin interaktion och kommunikation med lärare och klasskamrater i NO-undervisningen?. Studien utgår dels från ett pragmatiskt perspektiv på lärande, som anser att praktik och teori vävs samman i skolan, och dels ett sociokulturellt perspektiv på lärande, där människan anses vara en social varelse som kommunicerar med hjälp av olika medierande verktyg. Studiens insamlade material har analyserats utifrån en innehållsanalys vilket innebär att mönster, likheter och skillnader har upptäckts och kategorier identifierats. Studiens resultat visar att de huvudsakliga strategierna lärarna anger att de använder sig av i NO-undervisningen för att stötta nyanlända elevers begreppsförståelse, är bildstöd och digitala medier, för att förklara olika begrepps innebörd. Ytterligare andra strategier som upptäcktes genom denna studie är: stöttning med hjälp av studiehandledaren, pedagogiska anpassningar (möjligheter och begränsningar till att använda förstaspråket/vardagliga språket), sociala anpassningar (känsla av trygghet), kooperativt arbete samt praktiskt arbete. Ett resultat som utmärkte sig utifrån studien är i vilken utsträckning nyanlända elever ges möjligheter att använda sitt förstaspråk i NO-undervisningen. Trots samtliga lärares medvetenhet om vikten av förstaspråkets användning i naturvetenskapsundervisningen för nyanlända elevers språkutveckling och begreppsförståelse, anger lärarna att kommunikationen på förstaspråket avtar och inte anses vara lika prioriterad så fort eleverna utvecklar ett fungerande svenskt språk. / <p>NO</p>

The purpose of this paper is to investigate historical consciousness through how pupils perceive history as a school subject. Jörn Rüsen´s three dimensions, the political, the cognitive and the aesthetic, of history culture has been applied in order to highlight pupils communicated historical consciousness. Historical consciousness can be regarded as the impact our interpretations of our past has on our understanding of the present and expectations of the future. Characteristic of historical consciousness is historical time and story. Historical time is subjective and builds on experiences and expectations in which all time dimensions operates in a contemporary era, and the story is a linguistic form of historical consciousness where we communicate experiences of the past, the present and expectations for the future. Pupils in grade 2 and 3 have been interviewed to clarify their perception and interpretation of history. The three dimensions of historical culture show that it is a politically contradictory story that takes precedence over the history of teaching. The results of the analysis show that the pupils historical consciousness is limited to the past and the present, while the future has not been explicitly addressed in the teaching. At the same time, the dimensions of historical culture have highlighted that the pupils themselves have the capacity to activate and develop their historical consciousness. Aided by imagination and the creation of stories the pupils allow themselves to approach the future through their own experiences and interpretations of the past. This sets a framework for expectations and dreams of the future. The same framework enables the pupils to approach the past by entering imaginative worlds interpreted as a resemblance of life in the historical past.

Syftet med denna studie var att ta reda på hur lärares utbildning, kompetens och intresseför teknik påverkar den undervisning som genomförs i teknikämnet. I studien har jag använt mig av en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Jag har intervjuat sex lärare från tre olika skolor som ligger i samma kommun. Tidigare forskning i ämnet existerar, vilket presenteras i de kommande delarna bakgrund och tidigare forskning. Resultatet i studien visar att bristande eget intresse och bristen på utbildning och fortbildning inom teknikämnet påverkar undervisningen och de didaktiska valen.

The purpose of this research was to explore the three smashes attacking tactics wich is used by professional table tennis players all over the world. While analysing the game of world‘s elite and top lithuanian men and women players such videotapes of 2005 were used during this work: World Cup (Belgium, October), Lithuania‘s Top 12 competition (Kaunas, December), The Women Euroleague (Kaunas, November). This research incorporates an analyse of 20 players: 6 world men elite players and 6 lithuanian men top players, 4 world class and 4 Lithuanian women players. During the time of research 20 issues were explored: after concluding the results it was estimated how many points are being won by tree smashes attacking conception – completing the service, accepting the service, after completing the serve and winning the point by the third smash, after accepting the service and winning the point by the third smash. Also, it was backhand and forehand smashes explored concerning their effect by using three smashes conception. It emerged that world‘s elite men players win 59,33% points by using three smashes conception while lithuanian men top players win 69,83% points by using the same tactics in the game. World class women players are able to win 75,50% by using an attacking tree points concept, while lithuanian top women players achieve the result of 73,00% by using the same style. World top class players during the first three points win about 33,99% by using their forehand and... [to full text]

The tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is believed to play a role in human lung cancer induced by tobacco smoking. NNK biotransformation may involve the enzymes prostaglandin H synthase (PHS)-1, PHS-2 and cytochrome 450 (CYP) 2F. PHS activity is thought to be important in extrahepatic tissues, where CYP activity is low. The CYP2F subfamily contains a single functional enzyme in humans (CYP2F1) and goats (CYP2F3); these enzymes are preferentially expressed in the lung, with little or no expression in other organs. The role of these enzymes in the pulmonary biotransformation of NNK was investigated. 4.2 µM [5-3H]NNK was incubated with human lung microsomes under NADPH-dependent and arachidonic acid-dependent conditions. Metabolites reflective of NNK α-carbon hydroxylation, N-oxidation and carbonyl reduction were detected in the presence of NADPH, and metabolite levels for all three biotransformation pathways were lower in the presence of arachidonic acid compared with NADPH (p<0.05, N=4). Incubation of microsomes with the PHS-1 selective inhibitor SC-560 and the PHS-2 selective inhibitor NS-398 did not change NNK biotransformation either in the presence of NADPH or in the presence of arachidonic acid (p>0.05, N=4). Incubation of [5-3H]NNK with ovine PHS-1 or PHS-2 did not result in formation of α-carbon hydroxylation or N­-oxidation metabolites; 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) was measurable only in the presence of PHS-2. Incubation of goat recombinant CYP2F3 with [5-3H]NNK resulted in formation of keto acid, keto alcohol and NNK-N-oxide (65.0%, 17.5% and 30.0% (µmol enzyme)-1 minute-1, respectively). Metabolite formation was inhibited by 3-methylindole (3-MI), a mechanism-based inactivator of CYP2F3. Based on an N value of 3, incubation of human lung microsomes with 3-MI inhibited N-oxidation (p<0.05) but did not alter NNK bioactivation or carbonyl reduction (p>0.05). However, when metabolite formation was examined in lung microsomes from different individuals, decreases in NNK biotransformation (ranging from 19.6 to 68.5%) were observed and were more pronounced in some patients than others, suggesting inter-individual variability in CYP2F1 activity. These studies demonstrate the ability of CYP2F to biotransform NNK and suggest inter-individual variability in the importance of CYP2F1 for this activity in human lung. They also strongly argue against the involvement of PHS enzymes. / Thesis (Master, Pharmacology & Toxicology) -- Queen's University, 2007-12-30 16:12:58.228

Studies described in this thesis were at aimed at characterizing the mechanisms involved in the pulmonary carcinogenicity of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), by addressing two critical determinants of carcinogenicity; biotransformation and DNA repair. The contributions of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A13 and CYP2A6 to NNK biotransformation in human lung microsomes were investigated. Based on total bioactivation and detoxification of NNK and its keto-reduced metabolite, 4 (methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), subjects could be classified as either high or low bioactivators and detoxifiers. Data from all of 29 individuals revealed no correlations between levels of CYP2A mRNA, enzyme activity or immunoinhibition and the degree of total NNK bioactivation or detoxification. However, subgroups were identified for whom CYP2A13 mRNA correlated with total NNK and NNAL bioactivation (n=4) and NNAL detoxification (n=5). Although results do not support CYP2A13 or CYP2A6 as predominant contributors to NNK metabolism in lung of all individuals, CYP2A13 appears to be important in some. The involvement of nucleotide excision repair (NER) in the repair of NNK-induced DNA pyridyloxobutylation was assessed. Extracts from NER-deficient cells were less active at repairing pyridyloxobutyl (POB) adducts on plasmid DNA than were extracts from normal cells, and NER-deficient cells were more susceptible to 4-(acetoxymethylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNKOAc)-induced cytotoxicity, demonstrating the participation of NER in the repair of POB-DNA adducts. The role of DNA repair in contributing to inter-organ susceptibility to NNK-induced carcinogenesis was investigated. POB adduct repair was greater in extracts from mouse liver than lung, and activities in lungs of NNK-treated mice were lower than those of saline-treated mice, while repair was 3 times higher in livers of NNK-treated mice relative to control. NNK treatment decreased incision of POB adducts by 92 % in lung extracts and increased incision by 169 % in liver extracts. In addition, NNK altered the levels and binding to POB damage of key incision proteins. These results suggest that lower NER incision activity and NNK-mediated alterations in levels and activities of incision proteins contribute to the relative susceptibility of mouse lung to NNK-induced carcinogenesis. / Thesis (Ph.D, Pharmacology & Toxicology) -- Queen's University, 2008-11-13 14:10:01.603

Thèse (Ph. D.)--Université Laval, 2007. / Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 18 sept. 2007). Bibliogr.