En plus de ce qu’il avait écrit auparavant sur la libido dans le Traité du libre arbitre, Augustin a consacré deux passages de la Cité de Dieu à la question de l’affectivité. Dans ces deux textes, qu’on trouve aux livres IX et XIV, il s’affronte aux théories stoïciennes et platoniciennes et s’efforce de montrer la particularité de la conception chrétienne de l’affectivité, en liant les affects à la volonté ; ainsi réintégrés dans l’ordo amoris qui structure l’univers augustinien, les affects sont bons si l’amour qui les motive est orienté vers le bien véritable. Toutefois, dans ces textes, Augustin ne détaille pas ce que sont les affects : il n’en définit aucun, il n’analyse pas les relations qu’on peut établir entre eux. Pourtant, si l’on envisage l’ensemble de son œuvre, on découvre des descriptions variées d’affects nombreux. Ce travail cherche à rendre compte de l’affectivité augustinienne. Il découvre la structure essentielle qui la supporte, qui n’est pas l’ordonnancement de la volonté au bien, mais d’abord l’espérance d’atteindre lavie heureuse. Cette espérance éloigne tout à fait la pensée d’Augustin de celle des philosophes stoïciens ou néoplatoniciens. Elle permet de penser l’affectivité dans sa relation au langage, de comprendre que les affects sont portés par la voix, le souffle, le rire ou les larmes, et comment ils forment eux-mêmes un langage, qui raconte le cheminement (peregrinatio) vers la vie heureuse. / First in De libero arbitrio, then in De ciuitate Dei, Augustine describes his theory of affectivity. In books IX and XIV of De ciuitate Dei, he objects to the Stoician theory of apatheia and the Platonician dualism. He points out the Christian idea of affectivity, which considers the affects depending on the will. In this way, emotions are parts of the Augustinian ordo amoris. They are good if they reveal a true love of the good. In these texts however Augustine does not explain what kind of emotions heis thinking about. He gives no definition of them and does not analyse their interconnections. But in the rest of his writings, we can find various descriptions of several emotions. In this work we try to appreciate Augutine’s affectivity, by understanding that it is not predicated on the good will, but on the hope in the beata uita. This hope makes the thought of Augustin different from Stoician or Neoplatonician philosophy. From this point of view, we can understand how affectivity is linked tolanguage, how emotions are embodied by the voice, the respiration, the laughter and the tears, and how they are also a langage, which tells us the peregrinatio to the uita beata.

The psychological effects of combat experience on war veterans has been widely documented, ever since what is now called posttraumatics stress disorder (PTSD) was discovered in soldiers and given names like shell shock, battle fatigue and war neurosis.

Forskning visar att sexuellt våld är särskilt svårt för både utsatta och behandlare att närma sig och de flesta får ingen professionell hjälp för sin utsatthet. Särskild brist på kunskap verkar prägla området sexuellt våld i parrelationer. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur behandlares känslomässiga upplevelser i arbetet med sexuellt våld påverkar behandlingsarbetet med personer som har utsatts för eller utövat våld i parrelationer. Genom intervjuer med behandlare som arbetar specifikt med våld i nära relationer, och därmed kan antas möta många som både utsätts för och utövar sexuellt våld i parrelationer, kan studien bidra till att belysa en del av de utmaningar och svårigheter som arbetet med sexuellt våld kan föra med sig. Studien visar att sexuellt våld är ett område som kan väcka negativa känslor hos behandlarna. De som arbetar med utsatta talar något mer om psykisk smärta och vanmakt, medan ilska och skam framför allt nämns av de som arbetar med förövarna. Det sexuella materialet skapar en känsla av intimitet i behandlingsrummet som behandlarna ibland är oroliga för ska upplevas som invaderande av klienterna. Behandlarna talar om vikten av att kunna härbärgera klienternas svåra upplevelser, men det framgår också att det ibland är särskilt svårt att härbärgera sexuellt våld. Behandlarna upplever ibland en svår balansgång i arbetet med sexuellt våld, som bland annat handlar om att aktivt lyfta material som kan väcka skam och känslomässig smärta och samtidigt upprätthålla allians. Trots många berättelser om ett gott arbete med det sexuella våldet leder dessa utmaningar ibland till situationer när behandlarna mer eller mindre medvetet undviker att arbeta aktivt med det sexuella våldet. Behandlarna kan vilja skydda sig själva eller sina klienter från de negativa känslor och den kontrollförlust som samtal om sexuellt våld kan innebära. Det kan också handla om att skydda behandlingsrelationen från det potentiella hot som skam och sexualitet kan innebära. / Studies shows that sexual violence is a particulary difficult subject for both victims and professionals to talk about, most victims do not get any professional help to work through the experience. There is a particular lack of knowledge och research regarding the area sexual violence in partner relationships. The aim of this study is to investigate if counsellors affective responses in working with sexual violence influences how they deal with sexual violence in treatment. Through interviewes with counsellors who work specifically with violence in partner relationships, and thereby can be assumed to meet many both victims and perpetrators of sexual violence, the study contributes to put light on some of the challenges and difficulties that the subject brings. The study shows that sexual violence is an area that can trigger negative affects in counsellors. Those who work with victims speaks somewhat more about psychic pain and powerlessness while anger and shame chiefly is mentioned by those who work with perpetrators. The sexual content contributes to a feeling of intimacy in treatment whitch the counsellors sometimes worry will be percieved as invading by klients. The counsellors talk about the importance to harbour the difficult experiences of the klients, but also about the sometimes added difficulty to harbour sexual violence. They also experience a sometimes hard balancing act between lifting material that can be shameful and painful on one hand, and keeping the alliance intact on the other. Those challanges sometimes contributes to situations where the counsellors, more or less deliberately, avoids workning actively with the sexual violence. The councellors sometimes want to protect themselves or their clients from the negative feelings or the sense of loss of control that the sexual and violent material may entail. It can also be a matter of protecting the treatment relationship from the threat that shame and sexuality may entail.

Ce mémoire s’intéresse au rôle que jouent les deux aspects « irrationnels » de l’âme humaine, l’epithumetikón et le thymoeidês, au sein de la cité platonicienne. Ce qui nous intéresse plus particulièrement est la question de savoir si ces parties de l’âme peuvent être éduquées dans le cadre du programme éducatif octroyé par la cité. Par la suite, nous examinons la philosophie éducative platonicienne telle qu’elle est exposée dans la République et les Lois afin de découvrir si les appétits et les affects peuvent être éduqués dans le cadre d’un programme pédagogique structuré. Notre analyse vise à répondre aux deux questions suivantes : i) si les aspects irrationnels de l’âme sont candidats à recevoir une éducation, de quel type serait-elle ? Et (ii) quel impact aura une telle éducation sur eux ? Bien que la République et les Lois esquissent une paideia qui vise à atteindre un même but (à savoir, produire des citoyens vertueux), lorsque nous analysons sa caractérisation dans chaque dialogue, nous nous apercevons que l’irrationalité ne joue un rôle essentiel que dans les Lois. Notre analyse révélera donc que, dans son ensemble, le programme pédagogique platonicien possède en effet une certaine unité méthodologique : il vise à former les meilleurs citoyens possibles. Or, la République Platon se concentre sur l’aspect « divin » de l’éducation (la formation des meilleurs dirigeants), tandis que dans les Lois le philosophe se penche plutôt sur la possibilité de fournir une éducation plus populaire, adaptée à la mesure de l’humain ; une paideia qui s’adresse à la plus grande partie des citoyens qui composent la Magnésie et les persuade de suivre la loi. Cependant, en dépit de ces particularités, nous conclurons que le parcours musical et gymnique est non seulement l’outil par excellence pour éduquer l’irrationalité, mais aussi le fondement même de toute la paideia platonicienne. / This dissertation examines the role that the two irrational aspects of the human soul, the epithumetikón and the thymoeidês, play in the Platonic City. What interests us is determining whether irrationality can be educated within the framework of the educational program granted by the city or not. To assess this, we will examine Plato’s educational philosophy as outlined in both the Republic and the Laws to clarify whether appetites and affections can be educated. Thus, our analysis seeks to answer the following two questions: (i) if the irrational aspects of the soul are potential candidates for education, what kind of education would this be? Furthermore, (ii) what would be the effect of such an education? Although both the Republic and the Laws outline a paideia that pursues the same goal (namely, to breed virtuous citizens), when analyzing the characterization of this educational program in each dialogue, it seems that irrationality only plays a determining role in the Laws. Therefore, we will claim that while the Platonic educational program possesses a certain methodological unity (for it aims to form the best possible citizens), the latter operates differently in both dialogues: while in the Republic Plato focuses on the “divine” aspect of education (the training of the best leaders), in the Laws he is keener on providing a popular education, one tailored to immediate human needs. A paideia that can indeed appeal and entice the large mass of ordinary citizens who make up Magnesia to follow the law willingly. Following this line of thinking, we will conclude that despite these methodological particularities, music and gymnastics are not only the primary way for educating irrationality, but also the very same foundation of the platonic educational program.

[pt] Democracia formas de governo em Espinosa e Maquiavel: outra perspectiva sobre a Modernidade analisa os meios através dos quais a tradição espinosano-maquiaveliana, uma alternativa a outras vertentes teóricas da Modernidade, compreende os fundamentos jurídico-constitucionais que sustentam as formas de governo e, particularmente, a democracia, bem como suas estratégias de conservação. Pretende-se responder ao seguinte questionamento: em que medida esta tradição oferece alternativas para a compreensão dos alicerces das formas de governo e, em particular, da democracia, de modo permitir o entendimento dos meios necessários à conservação daqueles princípios constitucionais que sustentam o Estado de Direito? Acredita-se, como hipótese, que a duração de uma forma de governo instituída exige a incorporação da dinâmica conflitiva dos afetos às estruturas que promovem a gestão dos assuntos comuns do Estado, o que permitiria a canalização da potência constituinte e, consequentemente, ofereceria meios para o aperfeiçoamento da própria forma de governo. Este estudo alinha-se à vertente das pesquisas de caráter eminentemente compreensivo, uma vez que se volta a um exame qualitativo dos conceitos traçados a partir da teoria crítica da fortuna. Ante a variação das circunstâncias, a conservação da dinâmica afetiva de um governo democrático requer um retorno aos princípios para promover a reintrodução do desejo de liberdade, uma vez que a república deve estar aberta à participação e livre de meios que concentrem as decisões a gestão dos assuntos comuns do Estado, mantendo-as sempre abertas as discussões, bem como os próprios canais de decisão à população. / [en] Democracy and forms government by Spinoza and Machiavelli: another perspective of the Modern Era analyzes the means by which the Spinoza- Machiavelli tradition presents itself as an alternative to the mainstream constitutional thought developed after their works. The understanding of the constitutional foundations that support not only democracy, but the other forms of government as well intends to demonstrate its conservation strategies by answering the following question: to what extent does this tradition offer alternatives to improve the understanding of the forms of government and, in particular, of democracy? In order to allow an understanding of the means necessary for the conservation of those constitutional principles that maintain the rule of law, it is believed that every government needs to incorporate the conflictive dynamic of the affects to its structures and, therefore, promote a plural management of the political affairs. This is the basis which would offer means for the improvement of the form of government itself. Methodologically, this study develops a qualitative examination of the concepts drawn from the critical theory of fortune in order to comprehend the varying circumstances that allow the preservation of that democratic dynamics that governments require. In this matter, a return to those principles experienced by past democratic experiments should clarify the means to the reintroduction of the desire for freedom. Throughout the opening to the participation that involves the absence of means that concentrate decisions in the just a few people, every form of government keeps power in its population hands.

[pt] Essa dissertação busca compreender os efeitos e afetos gerados por narrativas e contranarrativas transnacionais do HIV e da Aids, partindo de expoentes da chamada virada afetiva ou emocional nas Relações Internacionais que se dedicam ao estudo da circulação de emoções, e da produção de economias afetivas, por meio de narrativas. Partindo do entendimento de que narrativas constituídas por figuras de linguagem, como a metáfora e a metonímia, são produtoras de afecções ou emoções que materializam as superfícies dos corpos individuais e coletivos, serão analisados dois conjuntos de narrativas do HIV e da Aids que desde a década de 1980 tentam fazer sentido da origem do vírus e do estado clínico. No primeiro conjunto, exploraremos como narrativas transnacionais constituídas por metáforas e metonímias como peste gay, câncer rosa e o grupo de risco dos 5Hs (homossexuais, heroinômanos, haitianos, hemofílicos e hookers) se proliferaram, e junto com elas circularam emoções que produziram efeitos de fronteira, afastamento, discriminação e exclusão. No segundo conjunto, exploraremos como outra economia afetiva, impulsionada por contranarrativas que buscam ressignificar as narrativas do HIV e da Aids, é produzida por organizações não governamentais LGBTQIA+, pela UNAIDS, por blogs ou comunidades sociais online, obras cinematográficas, ou testemunhos de personalidades com HIV. Surgida em um contexto marcado por informações mais concretas sobre a infecção e o aparecimento de medicamentos mais eficazes ao controle viral, essa economia afetiva luta contra a sedimentação de emoções negativas em pessoas que vivem com HIV e se vale de estratégias narrativas como a aplicação de novos termos para explicar o HIV e a Aids, a desassociação de termos metonímicos, implicando que o HIV não é Aids e Aids não é morte, e de termos metafóricos, desconstruindo a ideia de peste gay ou câncer rosa. Em uma tentativa de tecer as narrativas do HIV e da Aids com movimentos de contestação e ressignificação da epidemia das narrativas, essa pesquisa busca compreender as contranarrativas como imposições urgentes de uma nova construção do que o HIV e a Aids que desfaça efeitos de fronteira e produza possibilidades de afecções outras, que aproximem e conectem. / [en] This master thesis seeks to understand the effects and affects generated by transnational narratives and counter-narratives of HIV and AIDS, based on exponents of the emotional turn in International Relations that are dedicated to the study of the circulation of emotions, and the production of affective economies, through narratives. Starting from the understanding that narratives constituted by figures of speech, such as metaphor and metonymy, are producers of affections or emotions that materialize the surfaces of individual and collective bodies, we will analyze two sets of HIV and AIDS narratives that since the 1980s have tried to make sense of the origin of the virus and the clinical condition. In the first set, we will explore how transnational narratives constituted by metaphors and metonyms such as gay plague, pink cancer – associated to the gay community, and the 5Hs risk group (homosexuals, heroin addicts, Haitians, hemophiliacs and hookers) proliferated, and along with them circulated emotions that produced border effects, estrangement, discrimination, and exclusion. In the second set, we will explore how another affective economy, driven by counter-narratives that seek to resignify HIV and AIDS narratives, is produced by LGBTQIA+ non-governmental organizations, UNAIDS, online blogs or social communities, cinematic works, or testimonies of HIV personalities. Appearing in a context marked by more concrete information about the infection and the appearance of more effective drugs for viral control, this affective economy fights against the sedimentation of negative emotions in people living with HIV and uses narrative strategies such as the application of new terms to explain HIV and AIDS, the disassociation of metonymic terms, implying that HIV is not AIDS and AIDS is not death, and of metaphoric terms, deconstructing the idea of gay plague or pink cancer. In an attempt to weave HIV and AIDS narratives with movements of contestation and resignification of the epidemic of narratives, this research seeks to understand counter-narratives as urgent impositions of a new construction of what HIV and AIDS is that undoes border effects and produces possibilities of other affections, that bring together and connect.

The attrition rate of enlistees in basic combat training is of particular concern to all Branches of the military due to the high cost associated with recruiting and training a new enlistee. Each year the military loses hundreds of millions of dollars invested in enlistees whom never make it to their first duty station. Investigators have extensively examined the impact of physiological injuries on the rate of enlistee discharge from basic combat training. Also, investigators have reported that alcoholism, adjustment disorders, mood disorders, and personality disorders were among the leading hospital discharge diagnostic categories for enlistees during the 1990s; especially, within the first six-months of service. Additionally, investigators have reported that the transition process from civilian to military in basic combat training tends to be very stressful and anxiety provoking for enlistees. However, little data has been gathered to assess the relationship of enlistees' physiological and perceived stress levels and their attrition rate. A study was conducted of 155 soldiers during their nine-week basic combat training at Fort Jackson, South Carolina. Salivary amylase testing was used as an objective measure of physiological stress, and the Multiple Affects Adjective CheckList Revised (MACCL-R) was use as a subjective measure of perceived stress. It was hypothesized that enlistees with higher levels of stress would also have a higher level of depression and hostility resulting in performance degradation. The results of linear regression analyses and multivariate pairwise correlation showed a statistically significant positive relationship among perceived stress, hostility and depression levels. Additionally, the analyses showed that for the soldiers participating in this study, coping style moderated their perceived stress experience. Those participants who were able to modify their coping mechanism to meet the physically and mentally demanding challenges of basic combat training tended to be more confident in successfully completing training. Moreover, they were less likely to receive disciplinary action. The military training command has requested follow up studies to expand upon this current study to encompass the various training cycles over a one-year time period. / Ph. D.

<p>This thesis deals with the importance of managing employees’ thoughts and feelings in relation to organisational learning. To visualise and to identify affections within organisations is of major importance since most of our actions and the decisions we make are steered by our emotions rather than rational thinking.</p><p>In this work we show that employees’ thoughts and feelings can be managed by implementing the cognitive therapeutic process into the organisational setting. In comparison to the more traditional way of managing problems within organisations, i.e. the two activities of problem identification and problem solving, the cognitive therapeutic process also addresses the importance of identifying associated feelings and underlying automatic thoughts in relation to an occurrence or a situation.</p><p>Consequently, the overall purpose of this thesis has been to develop an approach for improving the quality of organisational learning processes which should stimulate employees’ contribution and facilitate the identification of their thoughts and feelings in relation to their work. As a result, ‘The Affect Based Learning Matrix’ (TABLe MATRIX) was developed. TABLe MATRIX can be used either in a paper-based or in a Web-based format and identifies and analyses individuals’ affections in relation to an organisational occurrence or change, a subject or a problem. Our empirical investigations show that TABLe MATRIX contributes to improving the output of organisational learning processes since unspoken negative emotions make people passive in finding new solutions. TABLe MATRIX has been evaluated by interviewing thirteen operational development representatives within eight different branches and also by testing the paper-based version at two large organisations within retail fast moving consumer goods and within education.</p>

Cette thèse vise à cerner les raisons historiques, intellectuelles et affectives de l’importance que reçoit le problème de la vulnérabilité individuelle dans la culture politique des sociétés modernes. Il s’agit de tenter de comprendre pourquoi et par le concours de quelles transformations normatives et structurelles nous en sommes venus, comme citoyens, à attendre de l’État qu’il nous protège des affres de l’existence. L’oeuvre philosophique de Thomas Hobbes, fondée sur une anthropologie individualiste où l’homme apparaît mû par deux affects, le désir et la crainte, nous paraît être la première formulation théorique de ce problème de la vulnérabilité, et à ce titre, nous posons qu’elle a été déterminante pour l’institutionnalisation d’une rationalité politique proprement moderne. De manière à saisir quelles ont pu être les conditions de possibilité de la philosophie de Hobbes, de même que son influence sur l’imaginaire politique occidental, il nous faut tenter de comprendre non seulement pourquoi l’affectivité humaine a pu se trouver ainsi posée comme enjeu du gouvernement, mais comment elle est aussi liée, de manière générale, au fonctionnement des institutions sociales, lequel est historiquement contingent. Il en va ainsi d’une interrogation, que nous poursuivrons dans un relevé des principaux concepts à l’aide desquels Sigmund Freud, Norbert Elias, Max Weber et Michel Foucault ont pensé les modalités du façonnement social et historique de la subjectivité, et par le biais de laquelle nous espérons expliquer pourquoi le « type d’homme » sur lequel s’appuie le régime libéral moderne implique le vécu d’une expérience affective marquée par un rapport tendu entre le désir et le sentiment de la vulnérabilité.

Cette thèse de doctorat étudie la séparation des époux princiers sous ses différentes formes, ainsi que les pratiques mises en oeuvre par les conjoints de la haute noblesse en de telles occasions. L’expression séparation conjugale permet de désigner des cas de figure divers : suspensions plus ou moins durables de la cohabitation entre mari et femme, ou désunions définitives, ces situations étant judiciairement sanctionnées ou non. La recherche s’appuie sur l’observatoire privilégié que constituent les couples mariés de la deuxième Maison d’Orléans aux XIVe-XVe siècles, car les vies maritales de ces ducs et duchesses permettent d’envisager un échantillon très diversifié de situations. Cette analyse permet de montrer que mariage et vie de couple renvoient à des réalités complexes, bien plus diverses que ce que suggèrent les prescriptions de l’Église et des laïcs sur le lien matrimonial et la vie conjugale. L’objectif de ce travail est également d’améliorer notre compréhension de la structure mari-femme et du fonctionnement des couples dans l’aristocratie princière. L’étude éclaire par conséquent les solidarités à l’œuvre entre les époux, lorsque ceux-ci se retrouvent séparés sans que cette situation ait été provoquée par leur volonté de ne plus se côtoyer. Elle montre que le couple se définit avant tout par des liens économiques entre mari et femme. La thèse permet aussi, en retour, de souligner les marges d’action dont peuvent disposer les conjoints, l’un par rapport à l’autre et dans la société, lorsqu’au moins l’un des époux entend mettre fin à la vie commune ou au mariage. / This PhD thesis deals with the topic of marital separation in its various forms; it aims at analyzing the behaviors which are implemented by spouses of higher nobility on such occasions. The phrase marital separation may be used to designate a wide range of configurations: for example, when husband and wife, though still married, are not living together, or when a marriage comes to an end, all these situations being reached through a legal process or not. This research is especially based on a thorough analysis examining the couples of the Second House of Orleans in the 14th and 15th centuries, as the marital lives of these Dukes and Duchesses provide a large sample of possible cases of separation. The research shows that the realities associated with marriage and married life are much more complex than what ecclesiastical and secular rules suggest on these matters. Another purpose of this thesis is to improve our understanding of the conjugal structure in princely aristocracy and of how married couples work. Therefore, the study sheds light on the solidarities shared by spouses when their separation does not derive from their own will to part. It shows that married couples are primarily defined by economic bonds between husband and wife. This work also highlights the possible autonomy enjoyed by spouses, in society and towards each other, in the cases where at least one of them intends to adjourn cohabitation or wants to put an end to their marriage.