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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
441

The first and second proofs for the world's pre-eternity in al-Ghazali's Tahafut al-falasafah

Mall, Zakariah Dawood 08 1900 (has links)
The Philosophers such as ibn-Sina had maintained that time and space were co-eternal with Allah, emanating by necessity from His Attributes, and not being the results of a deliberate act of creation. This must be the case, for otherwise nothing would have been present to induce Him to create the world after a period of non-existence. Al-Ghazali's refutation of this is that Allah had decreed in pre-eternity that the world would materialize at a future, predetermined date, selecting an instance for its birth from a myriad like-instances by exercising His Free Will and manifesting therewith a cause with a delayed effect. The Philosophers' explanation of local phenomena as resulting from the perpetual motion of the spheres is flawed, since perpetual celestial motions would result in perpetual, not transient phenomena. Time, the measure of motion, does not extend beyond the physical realm. Time, and hence motion, is finite. / Religious Studies and Arabic / M.A. (Ancient Languages & Cultures)
442

報紙報導立法院新聞型態及與客觀事實之比較

張景為, ZHANG, JING-WEI Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在探討報紙如何報導立法院總質詢的新聞,並將報紙所呈現的「符號事實」 ,與客觀事實的立法院公報比對分析,以了解兩者之間的差異。 研究的時門為民國七十六年主法院之七十九、八十兩會期的總質詢;研究對象為中央 日報、中國時報及自立晚報,三家報社所刊載兩個會期所有總質詢的純新聞,並與兩 會期中有關總質詢詢答紀錄的公報進行比對;研究方法為內容分析法。 本研究欲探討兩大問題: 壹、報紙呈現的符號事實為何? 1.不同報紙所呈現總質詢的議題內容有何不同? (1) 不同報紙對立委及官員所提議題類別的報導型態有何不同? (2) 不同報紙對立委及官員所提議題的言論導向報導上,有何不同? 2.不同報紙如何報導訊息來源人物? (1) 不同報紙如何報導不同屬性立委(黨籍、類型、資深程度、所屬委員會)的新 ? (2) 不同報紙如何報導立委及官員的新聞? 貳、報紙呈現的符號事實與客觀事實的比較有何不同? 1.不同報紙報導不同屬性立委的新聞與客觀事實比較有何不同? 2.不同報紙報導立委及官員的新聞與客觀事實比較有何不同?
443

社論的論證結構分析 / The Analysis of Argument Structures in Editorials

朱灼文, Chu, Chuo-wen Unknown Date (has links)
本論文以兩篇結論對立的社論為個案,藉由形式語義學設計出將論說性篇章刻畫成一階謂詞邏輯符號的論述分析程序,使自然語言中對真實宣稱或正當宣稱的爭論還原成真值語義和論證形式有效性的判斷,從而具體地挽救被歧見所破壞的溝通行動。設計過程初擬了處理語篇命題結構、複合語句成分、回指關係、量號轄域歧義、因果語句、隱性前提推論、和引述結構的實用方案。 / By the means of formal semantics, this thesis used two opposite editorials as cases to design a discourse analysis procedure which translates expository-argumentative texts into formulae of first-order predicate logic. The procedure reduces disputes in natual language about truth or rightness claims into judgements on truth values and validities of argument forms, thus the communicative actions disabled by quarrels can be practically redempted. The designing drafted feasible treatments for propositional structures of discourses, compound sentential constituents, anaphoras, quantifier scope ambiguities, cause-and-effect statements, inferences for absent premises, and quotation structures.
444

客語潛能補語構式之事件概念與論元體現:認知模型與構式理論之整合 / Event conception and argument realizations of Hakka potential complement constructions: Integration of cognitive-constructional models

強舒媺, Chiang, Shu Mei Unknown Date (has links)
本論文主要採用Jackendoff (2002)之平行結構(parallel architecture)來展現客語潛能補語各次構式在音韻、句法以及語意結構的共性與殊性,並據此呈現此構式於抽象性連續體(continuum of schematicity)上由「完全能產性」(fully productive)、「半能產性」(semi-productive)至「完全獨特性」(fully idiomatic)各區段之分佈狀態,進一步歸納出此構式家族之構式基模(constructional schema)以及繼承階層體系(inheritance hierarchy)。在構式語法精神下,每個構式皆是「形式-功能」之組合,Jackendoff (2002)之平行結構極為精細且縝密地描繪構式之「形式」面向。而為了檢視論元角色如何體現於客語潛能補語構式,認知語法中對事件概念之處理方式是不容忽視的,因此,為了補強平行結構在呈現構式「認知功能」面向之不足,本論文將Langacker (1991)認知模型中「行為鏈」(action chain)、「撞球模型」(billiard ball model)、「舞台模型」(stage model)等認知概念整合至平行結構中,用以顯示說話者對事件之概念化如何影響客語潛能構式之論元體現,進一步檢視此構式形式與功能之象徵性關係在連續體上之展現。藉由構式理論與認知模型之整合,本研究為語言形式與功能之對應提供一縝密之分析模式,並得以反思構式語法之應用性與發展性。 / Adhering to the constructional view claiming that every construction is a form-function pairing, this dissertation provides a detailed analysis of the correspondence between linguistic manifestations and speaker's construal of events. The main focus of this study is on the interactions between argument realizations and event conception in Hakka potential complement constructions. In order to show more vividly the subtle interfacing relationships among phonological, syntactic and semantic structures, this study adopts Jackendoff's (2002) parallel architecture to present clearly the degree of schematicity of Hakka PC constructions. On the other hand, further integrating the cognitive representations such as action chains and stage model from Langacker's (1991) Cognitive Grammar into the parallel architecture crystallizes the symbolic relations between the constructional form and function. Members of Hakka PC constructions are shown to be distributed on a continuum of schematicity, from fully productive cases, to semi-productive cases, and finally to fully substantive cases. Moreover, all subconstructions form a family, organized in an inheritance hierarchy in which the one at the lower level inherits general qualities from its inheritor, and at the same time possess its own uniqueness. Integrating the cognitive and the constructional models, this dissertation proposes a fine-grained and full-fledged analysis of both the regularities and the idiosyncrasies of Hakka PC constructions.
445

Wissenschaftlicher Realismus / Scientific Realism

Tschepke, Frank 08 January 2004 (has links)
No description available.
446

Object marking in the signed modality : Verbal and nominal strategies in Swedish Sign Language and other sign languages

Börstell, Carl January 2017 (has links)
In this dissertation, I investigate various aspects of object marking and how these manifest themselves in the signed modality. The main focus is on Swedish Sign Language (SSL), the national sign language of Sweden, which is the topic of investigation in all five studies. Two of the studies adopt a comparative perspective, including other sign languages as well. The studies comprise a range of data, including corpus data, elicited production, and acceptability judgments, and combine quantitative and qualitative methods in the analyses. The dissertation begins with an overview of the topics of valency, argument structure, and object marking, primarily from a spoken language perspective. Here, the interactions between semantics and morphosyntax are presented from a typological perspective, introducing differential object marking as a key concept. With regard to signed language, object marking is discussed in terms of both verbal and nominal strategies. Verbal strategies of object marking among sign languages include directional verbs, object handshape classifiers, and embodied perspective in signing. The first study investigates the use of directionality and object handshapes as object marking strategies in Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language (ABSL), Israeli Sign Language (ISL), and SSL. It is shown that the strategies generally display different alignments in terms of the types of objects targeted, which is uniform across languages, but that directionality is much more marginal in ABSL than in the other two languages. Also, we see that there is a connection between object marking strategies and the animacy of the object, and that the strategies, object animacy, and word order preferences interact. In the second and third studies, SSL is investigated with regard to the transitive–reflexive distinction. Here, we see that there are interactional effects between object handshapes and the perspective taken by the signer. This points to intricate iconic motivations of combining and structuring complex verb sequences, such as giving preference to agent focusing structures (e.g., agent perspective and handling handshapes). Furthermore, the use of space is identified as a crucial strategy for reference tracking, especially when expressing semantically transitive events. Nominal strategies include object pronouns and derivations of the sign PERSON. The fourth study provides a detailed account of the object pronoun OBJPRO in SSL, which is the first in-depth description of this sign. It is found that the sign is in widespread use in SSL, often corresponds closely to object pronouns of spoken Swedish, and is argued to be grammaticalized from the lexical sign PERSON. In the final study, the possible existence of object pronouns in other sign languages is investigated by using a sample of 24 languages. This analysis reveals that the feature is found mostly in the Nordic countries, suggesting areal contact phenomena. However, the study also shows that there are a number of derivations of PERSON, such as reflexive pronouns, agreement auxiliaries, and case markers. The use of PERSON as a source of grammaticalization for these functions is attributed to both semantic and phonological properties of the sign. This dissertation is unique in that it is dedicated to the topic of object marking in the signed modality. It brings a variety of perspectives and methods together in order to investigate the domain of object marking, cross-linguistically and cross-modally.
447

A morfossintaxe do português brasileiro e sua estrutura argumental: uma investigação sobre anticausativas, médias, impessoais e a alternância agentiva / Brazilian Portuguese morphosyntax and its argument structure: an investigation of anticausatives, middles, impersonals and the agentive alternation

Carvalho, Janayna Maria da Rocha 18 April 2016 (has links)
Esta tese estuda quatro construções que tiveram/estão tendo mudanças em sua sintaxe no português brasileiro (PB). São elas: anticausativas, como em (1) O prato (se) quebrou: médias, como em (2) Essa roupa (se) lava fácil, o membro inacusativo da alternância agentiva, (3) Essa roupa lavou (*se) ontem e impessoais, como (4) Nesse lugar (se) vende bota. Afirmo que as mudanças nas estruturas desses eventos possuem uma origem em comum: a perda de SE que nucleia um tipo de projeção Voice específica. Essa projeção de Voice pode ou não projetar um especificador em que um argumento implícito pro é alocado. Quando essa projeção de Voice tem o especificador projetado, origina-se a interpretação de que um humano é responsável pelo evento. Essa é a interpretação em médias e impessoais com SE. Nos casos em que a projeção de Voice não tem o especificador projetado, a leitura que se tem é de um evento espontâneo que aconteceu sem que um Agente o promovesse, como em anticausativas. Em relação a esse argumento implícito em alguns dos eventos tratados, no Capítulo 2, demonstro que uma série de diferenças dos eventos estudados em relação a outras línguas românicas está relacionada ao tipo de argumento implícito projetado em Voice. O argumento implícito em PB é forte, comportando-se como um DP e funcionando como um interventor em função da sua constituição. Em contraste, o argumento implícito em espanhol, por exemplo, é fraco e não é um interventor em relações de Agree de uma sonda com mais de um argumento (nos casos em que essas relações são lícitas). Essa característica é responsável por diferenças significativas entre os eventos com SE do PB e de outras línguas românicas, algumas das quais foram exploradas nesta tese. Um caminho analítico empregado em vários dos capítulos desta tese é cotejo das variantes marcadas e não marcadas dos eventos estudados acima. No Capítulo 3, lido com anticausativas marcadas e suas contrapartes não marcadas e demonstro que nada mudou na estrutura desse evento com a perda de SE. Isso é esperado, já que anticausativas só possuem um argumento e SE tem o único papel de nuclear Voice. No Capítulo 4, estudo médias marcadas e não-marcadas e demonstro que houve uma alteração substancial na sintaxe desses eventos. Médias não-marcadas não possuem nenhum argumento implícito e são inacusativas para todos os testes relevantes. Isso mostra que as médias não-marcadas em PB se distanciam de médias não-marcadas do inglês, por exemplo, que são descritas como sentenças transitivas. Nesse caso, a perda de SE levou à perda de Voice. No Capítulo 5, estudo o membro inacusativo da alternância agentiva, exemplo em (4), e mostro que, apesar de esse tipo de evento não se combinar com SE, o que aponta que não há Voice nucleada por SE nas sentenças que expressam esse tipo de evento, elas são um subproduto da existência de médias inacusativas não-marcadas no PB. Isto é, sentenças como Essa roupa lavou ontem são uma generalização dos contextos em que uma estrutura como Essa roupa lava fácil pode entrar. Nesse sentido, essas sentenças também estão relacionadas com a perda de um tipo de Voice específico no PB, mas de uma forma indireta. Por último, no Capítulo 6, estudo sentenças impessoais e mostro que a variante não-marcada é talvez um dos eventos estudados nesta tese em que mais houve mudanças, porque essas sentenças sinalizam também uma mudança em TP. Ao contrário de médias e o membro inacusativo da alternância agentiva, todavia, sentenças impessoais necessitam de um argumento externo. Em sentenças como Nesse lugar (se) vende bota, o locativo é o especificador de Voice. Esse elemento é usado nesse tipo de sentença locativa justamente porque locativos geram leituras existenciais. Em suma, este estudo descreve uma série de mudanças em eventos do PB que acontecem, em última análise, em virtude da perda de morfologia nessa língua. O estudo contribui, assim, para dois debates maiores: i) de que forma mudanças de parâmetro podem afetar os eventos da gramática; ii) se eventos são melhor descritos por abordagens lexicais ou sintáticas. Os resultados aqui reportados mostram que mudanças de parâmetros podem afetar eventos, embora não essa não seja uma característica definidora do parâmetro pro-drop, por exemplo. Além disso, os dados do PB mostram que eventos concebidos como fruto de alternâncias lexicais em muitas abordagens atuais, como anticausativas e médias, mudam de acordo com tendências sintáticas da língua e são melhor tratadas em abordagens sintáticas em virtude disso. / In this thesis, I study four constructions that have changed in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), namely anticausatives, as in (1) The plate (se) broke; middles, as in (2) These clothes (se) wash easily; the unaccusative member of the agentive alternation, (3) This cloth (*se) washed yesterday and impersonals, as in (4) In this place (se) sell boots. I argue that all these changes are related to the loss of a Voice projection whose nucleus is the clitic SE. The said projection can or cannot project a specifier, in which pro is merged. When pro is present, the interpretation of an entity responsible for the event originates. This is found in middles and impersonal sentences with SE. As anticausatives are spontaneous events, in this particular case, this type of Voice does not project a specifier. In respect to the implicit argument in some of these events, in Chapter 2, I show that several contrasts among these events in Romance languages can be accounted for if there are different types of implicit arguments. Whereas the implicit argument in BP is strong, i.e. it behaves as a regular DP and intervenes in Agree relations, in Spanish it is a weak implicit argument and does not intervene when the probe enters in a relationship with more than one goal. These constituency differences are responsible for the differences between events with SE in BP and other languages, some of them are treated in this thesis. Throughout the analysis, I compare the SE-variant with its alternative realization without the clitic. In Chapter 3, I deal with marked anticausatives and their unmarked counterparts. I claim that nothing really changed in this case despite the loss of SE. This is expected, since Voiced anticausatives do not project an implicit argument. In Chapter 4, I deal with marked and unmarked middles, showing a substantial change in their structure. There is no implicit argument in unmarked middles and they behave as generic unaccusative for all relevant tests. This shows that unmarked middles in BP differ from English middles, which are normally analyzed as transitive or unergatives. In this case, the loss of SE led to the loss of Voice. In Chapter 5, I study the unaccusative member of the agentive alternation, exemplified by (3). I argue that, although SE is not licensed in this type of event, which shows that there is no Voice in it, they are a byproduct of unmarked middles in BP. In other words, sentences like This cloth washed yesterday (lit.) are a generalization over the contexts in which This cloth washes easily is licensed. For this reason, these sentences are also related to the loss of a specific type of Voice in BP, albeit in an indirect way. Finally, in Chapter 6, I study impersonal sentences. The unmarked variant of this type of event is perhaps the most affected one, since the changes do not affect only Voice, but also T. Unlike middles and the unaccusative member of the agentive alternation, however, impersonal sentences need an external argument. In sentences such as (4), the locative is the specifier of Voice. This element is used because locatives generate existential readings. To sum up, this study describes a series of changes in BP events that happened ultimately due to the loss of morphology in this language. This study contributes to two major debates: i) in which way changes of parameter can affect events; ii) if events are better described by lexical or syntactic approaches. The results reported in this thesis indicate that parametrical changes can affect events, even though this is not a defining property of the pro-drop parameter. In respect to (ii), BP data shows that events traditionally treated by lexical approaches, as anticausatives and middles, are tied in with general morphossyntactic changes in the language and are thus better explained by syntactic approaches.
448

A aplicação da teoria do fato consumado às tutelas sumárias concedidas contra o Poder Público

Cavalcanti Neto, Antonio de Moura 02 February 2016 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio de Moura Cavalcanti Neto.pdf: 1566983 bytes, checksum: 13d32595adf825086320591e5d34cf6b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-02 / This paper aims to discuss mainly the legality of the theory of the accomplished fact. The jurisprudence always refers to such theory as an exceptional circumstance, but it is not enough to close the debate regarding the issue. On the contrary, it is important to stress that the exceptional being has nothing to do with being legal. This argument has been only used in lawsuits filed against Public authorities, which demonstrates that, in cases where the public authority is not the defendant, there would be no accomplished fact. This conception indicates clearly that the legal institutions that permeate the debate about accomplished fact have been inserted in the context of liquid modernity , in which the rigid rules of behavior give way to personal desires of each agent. The problem is more serious when the debate involves decisions issued by the Judiciary, once, in a democratic State, such decisions cannot prevail on the Legislative Power s expressions. Concerning the issue subject of this paper, the manifestations of the Legislative Power are clear and fruitful: regulate the summary injunction with depth as well as the juridical fact. If the current jurisprudence has a penchant for removal of these concepts clearly defined in the name of principles, there is no way to note something about the accomplished fact without making a foray brief about the theory of principles discussed in the works of Humberto Avila, Marcelo Neves, Robert Alexy and Ronald Dworkin. If this is essential, so is the definition of what is an accomplished fact, that is and how the natural, physical or social events are held in the legal world without any normative implications (chronological time, the practice of acts during the term the summary trust, good faith in the action of the measure applicant and so forth). After this time, the argument of the accomplished fact has to be compared with the corresponding assumptions and with those established by the jurisprudence itself, in an analytical study to allow, with some confidence, understand what effectively it comes and keeps compatibility with the juridical discourses rationality. Based on the analysis made in this paper, it is allowed a clear conclusion towards the lack of legality of the theory the accomplished fact, which it should not be relied upon in the litigations against the Public authorities for suffering from lack of normative justification and democratic argument. It is an argument of authority, subjective and uncontrollable that, without a critical perspective, can preserve the legal system situations that are remarkably strange / Questionar a juridicidade da teoria do fato consumado é o grande objetivo do presente trabalho. A referência sempre viva na jurisprudência de que se trata de situação excepcionalíssima não basta para fechar a discussão. Muito pelo contrário, o ser excepcional não tem nada a ver com ser jurídico. Esse argumento é utilizado unicamente em demandas contra o Poder Público, demonstrando que, se não fosse ele o demandado, não haveria fato consumado. Isso demonstra com clareza que os institutos jurídicos que permeiam o debate foram inseridos em um contexto de modernidade líquida, em que as rígidas regras de conduta cedem lugar aos desejos pessoais de cada agente. O problema é mais grave, entretanto, quando estão em discussão decisões do Poder Judiciário, que em um Estado Democrático de Direito, em regra, não podem anular as expressões do Poder Legislativo. Na temática, as manifestações do Legislativo são claras e férteis: regulam as tutelas sumárias com profundidade, bem como o fato jurídico. Se a jurisprudência tem se inclinado pelo afastamento desses conceitos tão bem definidos em nome de princípios, não há como constatar algo a respeito do fato consumado sem fazer uma breve incursão na teoria dos princípios, a partir das obras de Humberto Ávila, Marcelo Neves, Robert Alexy e Ronald Dworkin. Se isso é indispensável, também é a definição do que é o fato consumado, em que consiste e como os fatos naturais, físicos ou sociais são mantidos no mundo jurídico sem qualquer incidência normativa (o tempo cronológico, a prática de atos durante a vigência da tutela sumária, a boa-fé na ação do requerente da medida etc). Após esse momento, o argumento do fato consumado precisa ser cotejado com as premissas fixadas e com aquelas estabelecidas pela própria jurisprudência, em um estudo analítico que permita, com alguma segurança, compreender do que efetivamente se trata e se guarda compatibilidade com a racionalidade do discurso jurídico. Feita essa análise, é permitida uma conclusão clara no sentido da carência de juridicidade da teoria do fato consumado, que não deve ser invocada nas lides contra o Poder Público por padecer de falta de justificação normativa e argumentação democrática. É argumento de autoridade, subjetivo e incontrolável que, sem uma perspectiva crítica, pode preservar no sistema jurídico situações que lhe são notavelmente estranhas
449

Arguição de descumprimento de preceito fundamental no Direito Tributário

Nóbrega, Sávio Salomão de Almeida 26 November 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-12-17T11:53:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Sávio Salomão de Almeida Nóbrega.pdf: 1954865 bytes, checksum: aff34c7170a832c476fd926cb350d130 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-17T11:53:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sávio Salomão de Almeida Nóbrega.pdf: 1954865 bytes, checksum: aff34c7170a832c476fd926cb350d130 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-11-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / It is stated that the limitations on the power to tax contained in article 150 of the Federal Constitution are, in fact, fundamental rights of taxpayers, because they play a dual function in the subjective plane continue to act as a guarantee of individual freedom; and on the objective plane have assumed an institutional dimension from which their content must be functionalized for the attainment of the purposes and values proclaimed constitutionally. It is also pointed out that they also derive from the fundamental rights of freedom and property contained in Article 5 of the Constitution, giving them normative density or specific meaning in the field of taxes. This association is possible due to the opening clause inscribed in paragraph 2 of article 5 of the Constitution. It is shown that if legality, isonomy, nonretroactivity, priority, the prohibition of tribute with confiscatory effect and immunities are fundamental rights, they will also constitute fundamental precepts. It is maintained that noncompliance with these guarantees of the taxpayers by act of the Public Authority makes it possible to join the Supreme Court by means of the Arrangement of Non-compliance with Basic Precept, covered by Article 102, paragraph 1 of the Federal Constitution and regulated by Law n . 9,882 / 99. In the end, it is demonstrated that by means of the non-compliance argument, any act or omission of the Public Power, whether normative or non-normative, abstract or concrete, prior or subsequent to the Federal, State or Municipal Constitution, and from any body or entity of the Legislative, Executive and Judiciary / Afirma-se que as limitações ao poder de tributar constantes do artigo 150 da Constituição Federal constituem, na verdade, direitos fundamentais dos contribuintes, porque desempenham uma dupla função no plano subjetivo continuam a atuar como garantia da liberdade individual; e no plano objetivo assumiram uma dimensão institucional a partir da qual seu conteúdo deve funcionalizar-se para a consecução dos propósitos e valores proclamados constitucionalmente. Aponta-se que também decorrem dos direitos fundamentais da liberdade e propriedade constantes do artigo 5º da Constituição, conferindo-lhes densidade normativa ou significado específico no campo dos tributos. Essa associação mostra-se possível por força da cláusula de abertura insculpida no § 2º do artigo 5º da Constituição. Demonstra-se que se a legalidade, a isonomia, a irretroatividade, anterioridade, a vedação ao tributo com efeito confiscatório e as imunidades configuram-se direitos fundamentais, configurarão, também, preceitos fundamentais. Sustenta-se que o descumprimento dessas garantias dos contribuintes por ato do Poder Público faz surgir a possibilidade de ingresso ao Supremo Tribunal Federal por via da Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental, encampada no artigo 102, § 1º da Constituição Federal e regulamentada pela Lei n. 9.882/99. Ao final, demonstra-se que por meio da arguição de descumprimento controla-se qualquer ato ou omissão do Poder Público, seja normativo ou não normativo, abstrato ou concreto, anterior ou posterior à Constituição, federal, estadual ou municipal, e proveniente de qualquer órgão ou entidade do Legislativo, Executivo e do Judiciário
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Théorie bidimensionnelle de l'argumentation: définition, présomption et argument à fortiori

Goltzberg, Stefan 20 June 2011 (has links)
La thèse propose une nouvelle théorie de l’argumentation – bidimensionnelle – reposant sur deux paramètres :la force et l’orientation. Quatre types de marqueurs sont identifiés, articulés autour de ces deux paramètres. <p>Le chapitre 1 porte sur le réductionnisme topique :la théorie selon laquelle tous les arguments sont défaisables, c’est-à-dire réfutables.<p>Le chapitre 2 retrace l’histoire du réductionnisme logique :la théorie selon laquelle tous les arguments valides sont indéfaisables. L’argument étudié est la définition.<p>Le chapitre 3 présente la théorie bidimensionnelle, qui explique à la fois les arguments défaisables et indéfaisables.<p>Les chapitre 3 et 4 sont une application de la théorie bidimensionnelle de l’argumentation.<p>Le chapitre 4 étudie l’argument appelé présomption. <p>Le chapitre 5 offre un traitement nouveau de l’argument a fortiori.<p> / Doctorat en Philosophie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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