This research overview describes the potential of children’s literature in English and how it can be used in teaching for grades 1 to 3, including preschool, to make students aware of gender norms and gender stereotypes. This topic is important due to the Swedish school's value-based mission. One way that the teacher can pursue this mission is through children's literature. The teacher selects which literature they use in the classroom and can therefore control the gender norms mediated in the books. In order to provide a backdrop for the two research questions the background chapter describes the history and role of children's literature and how gender norms are mediated through children’s books. Different concepts such as children's literature, gender and norms are described to provide a theoretical basis and answer the research questions. The research overview answers the two research questions about how teachers work with children's literature and the potential affordances of children's literature to make students aware of gender norms and gender stereotypes. The discussion first describes the research overview’s patterns and then discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the methods. The discussion also describes appropriate methods for grades 1 to 3, including preschool, in an EFL and ESL context. This research overview concludes that more research is needed on how children's books are used and can be used in EFL or ESL contexts to make students aware of gender norms and gender stereotypes.

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Syftet med detta arbete är att öka kunskapen om jämställdhet och genusnormer kopplat till barnlitteratur. Vi har använt metoden barnlitteraturanalys för att undersöka hur karaktärerna skildras utifrån ett genusperspektiv. Undersökningen baserades på tre verk som valdes utifrån topplistan för barn- och ungdomslitteratur 2023. Detta val grundas på att det är många barn som läser de böckerna. Utifrån analyserna framkom det både karaktärer som är stereotypt porträtterade samt normbrytande. De tydligaste dragen som upptäcktes var att särskilt mammorna porträtteras stereotypiskt. Utöver detta framställs kvinnorna som normbrytande då de är ledare. / The purpose of the study is to increase knowledge about equality and gender norms in children’s literature. Children’s literature analysis was used as the method. In the analysis, we examined how characters are depicted from a gender perspective. The study was based on three books selected from a top list of children’s and youth literature 2023. The reason for selecting books from the top list is because many children encounter these books in some way. It was found in the analysis that characters are both stereotypical and norm breaking. The most prominent aspects were that adults, especially mothers, were stereotypical portrayed. Furthermore, women are depicted as leaders, which is norm breaking.

Narratives are regarded as a mirror of reality and therefore contain established norms and values which can be passed on to children. For that reason, the aim of the study is to analyse what norms and values can be detected in three popular children’s books, selected by pupils in grades 4–6, in the hope that they can be useful in school work with basic values. Reading literature brings a greater understanding of both the world and the individual. Since characters have a great influence on children, the study analyses the leading characters in the books Sam och Sigge, Diamantmysteriet and Nidstången. Among other things, the analysis gives examples of what is considered right or wrong, what a relationship should look like, how girls or boys are expected to behave, how people and animals should be treated, and that it is wrong to steal. In this way the selected books can be discussed in different ways in connection with values education in school.

This study has been conducted as a literary analysis of four chapter books for children in the early years of compulsory school: Magister Tutnäsa, Vilken fullträff, Astrakan, Sune och tjejhatarligan, and Alva och Dum-Julia. The aim has been to analyse four teacher characters from a gender perspective. The study has focused on the teachers’ personal characteristics and whether these are typically female or male. Another aim has been to study how the character reinforces or runs against stereotyped gender patterns. Stephens’s and Andræ’s matrices of femininity and masculinity in literature have been used. The result shows that all the teachers in the analysed books are portrayed in a nuanced way. The characters display examples of both gender stereotypes and gender-transgressing characteristics. Stereotyped gender patterns are something that school is supposed to counteract. This can be done by working with literature. For this reason, another aim has been to show how teachers can purposefully use literature in the school’s work for gender equality.

Le nombre d’auteurs contemporains qui écrit pour les adultes et pour les enfants va croissant, à tel point que la critique anglophone a forgé le terme de crosswriters pour les désigner. Ce travail se propose d’observer ces va-et-vient entre L’école des loisirs et les Éditions de l’Olivier de 1991 à 2011. Ces circulations répondent à d’importants enjeux éditoriaux et témoignent du rôle crucial des éditeurs dans l’accompagnement des écrivains. Cette thèse s’intéresse plus particulièrement à Christophe Honoré et Manuela Draeger (un des hétéronymes d’Antoine Volodine). Tous deux usent singulièrement du crosswriting puisque certains de leurs textes pour enfants et de leurs textes pour adultes se répondent au point qu’un inter-dit peut siéger dans le blanc qui sépare ces deux corpus. Ce phénomène d’intratextualité, adossé à un geste de polyadresse, remet en cause l’intransitivité supposée de la littérature car pour être décrypté, ce dit en suspens appelle un lecteur transgénérationnel. Cet inter-dit est le lieu où se jouent des transitions d’un âge vers un autre, des transmissions d’une génération à une autre... Mais c’est aussi le lieu de ce qui ne passe pas et vient trouer l’œuvre pour faire écho au trauma individuel ou collectif. Et si c’est toujours le texte pour adultes qui délègue au texte pour enfants ce qui ne peut être articulé dans une langue adultocentrée, ces transferts ne viennent jamais suturer la béance du dispositif intratextuel mais explorent en littérature jeunesse d’autres rapports à la langue et disent quelque chose de l’être de langage que nous sommes. / The number of contemporary authors who write both for adults and children keeps rising, so much so that anglophone criticism has coined the term crosswriters to label the phenomenon. This work proposes to observe back-and-forth crossings between L’école des loisirs and Éditions de l’Olivier between 1991 and 2011. What motivate these crossings are important editorial stakes that attest to the crucial role played by publishers in guiding their authors. This dissertation will look more specifically to Christophe Honoré and Manuela Draeger (one of Antoine Volodine’s heteronyms). Both writers resort to crosswriting in singular ways as some of their children’s books and books for adults respond to one another to such an extent that what I call an “inter-diction” lodges itself in the interstice that divides their respective corpuses. This phenomenon of intratextuality, supported by a gesture of polyaddress, calls into question literature’s supposed intransitivity given that, in order to be decrypted, this suspended diction calls for a transgenerational reader. This inter-diction is the stage where are performed transitions from one age to another and where occur transmissions from one generation to the next. But it is also the site of what does not pass, of what punctures the work in an echo to individual or collective trauma. And if it is always the texts written for an adult readership that devolve to those for children what cannot be articulated in an adultocentered language, these transfers never seek to suture the abyss opened by intratextuality but rather explore through children’s literature alternative relations to language, thereby teaching us something about the linguistic beings that we are.

I den här studien har jag undersökt vilka berättelser unga och barn möter genom barn- och ungdomslitteratur och även på vilka sätt som denna typ av litteratur finns tillgänglig att läsa. Studien innehåller även ekonomiska aspekter. Jag har utgått från dessa frågeställningar: • Hur kan olika skrift- och ordval möjliggöra inkludering i text? • Hur kan litteratur göras tillgängligt för flera olika lässätt? • Hur ser representation av icke normativa människor ut i barn och ungdomslitteratur? Jag har valt att arbeta med just dessa frågeställningar eftersom vi i skolan arbetar med berättelser, texter och sagor under hela skolgången och har skyldighet att ge våra elever en demokratisk grund och material som de kan känna igen sig i och relatera till. Material och metoder som vi väljer måste vara tillgängliga för alla oberoende av funktionsvariationer. Undersökningen har resulterat i en bok som är skriven på ett sätt där alla karaktärerna är avidentifierade, utan några fysiska, biologiska eller funktionella attribut. Genom denna avidentifiering får läsaren möjlighet att läsa in sin egen karaktär eller sig själv i berättelsen och skapa egna bilder. Boken är tillgänglig, inte bara utifrån inkludering i läsningen och berättelsen, utan även genom att en kan ta till sig texten med hjälp av olika lässätt. Den är skriven i alfabetsskrift, i punktskrift och finns som ljudbok. Under undersökningen, med avseende på lässätt, har det blivit allt tydligare att barn- och ungdomslitteratur kan vara svårt att få tag på som inläst material och att det är nästan omöjligt om en inte har tillgång till appar som till exempel Legimus. Angående representation i det begränsade antal sagor, biografier, berättande faktaböcker eller påhittade berättelser som jag använt, så finns sällan personer som anses utanför normen, inte ens i litteratur som utger sig för att vara inkluderande.

In this study, 10 children’s books with water as a theme, for 1-6-year-olds have been reviewed through a content analysis, to get knowledge of how chemistry and physics are anchored and used in the books text. The results of the analysis showed a very weak use of science concepts while more everyday-words linked to water were used frequently. During the analysis, some texts in the books were considered, to be able to implement science concepts without disturbing the text flow. Why it seemed to have been avoided can possibly be linked to the different language usage and the society’s relationship to these.

A partir de minha tradução para o português brasileiro de The Magic Pudding (1918), novela infantil australiana escrita e ilustrada por Norman Lindsay, o objetivo desta dissertação é demonstrar as peculiaridades da tradução de literatura infantil ilustrada. Portanto, este estudo analisa o papel das ilustrações na tradução, enquanto levanta questões sobre a adaptação literária em uma época em que novos meios e tecnologias de leitura competem com o livro impresso pela atenção infantil. Como O Pudim Mágico é a primeira tradução da novela para o português, e devido à importância das ilustrações na narrativa, é proposta uma tradução estrangeirizada para que elementos da cultura e da natureza australianas, especialmente alimentos e animais, permaneçam visíveis no texto de chegada. Pelas mesmas razões, tanto o texto propriamente dito quanto as ilustrações são tratados como textos, respectivamente, verbal e pictórico, em oposição aos peritextos verbal e pictórico acrescentados ao texto de chegada. Este estudo é dividido em quatro capítulos: 1) apresentação da biografia e obra do autor, bem como do contexto em que The Magic Pudding foi escrito, seguida pelo resumo detalhado da novela, uma discussão sobre as peculiaridades da tradução para crianças e, baseadas principalmente em Lawrence Venuti e Gérard Genette, as justificativas para a abordagem estrangeirizante com o emprego de elementos peritextuais; 2) apresentação das estratégias de Javier Franco Aixelá para a tradução de itens culturais-específicos para discutir o tratamento de nomes próprios contendo significados culturais; considerando o leitor-alvo, é sugerido o acréscimo de elementos peritextuais, tais como novas ilustrações combinadas com um prefácio verbal, a fim de evitar o emprego de notas de rodapé; 3) análise da influência da ilustrações de Lindsay na tradução, com sugestões para o tratamento do texto verbal de chegada; 4) discussão sobre tópicos de adaptação e transmidiação de literatura infantil, com sugestões para tratar os textos verbal e pictórico na transposição de O Pudim Mágico de meio impresso a digital; com base principalmente nos estudos de Lars Elleström e Ellen McCracken, dispositivos digitais de leitura como o Amazon Kindle e o Apple iPad são analisados, concluindo-se que o texto-alvo é considerado uma tradução em formato impresso, uma remidiação em formato para Kindle e uma transmidiação em formato para iPad. / Based on my unpublished translation of The Magic Pudding (1918), Australian children’s novel written and illustrated by Norman Lindsay, this thesis aims at demonstrating the peculiarities of translating illustrated children’s literature. Therefore, it analyses the role of the illustrations in the translation while raising questions on literary adaptation at a time when new reading media and technology compete with the printed book for children’s attention. Given that O Pudim Mágico is the first translation of the novel into Portuguese and due to the importance of the illustrations in the narrative, I propose a foreignised translation to preserve Australia’s cultural and natural elements, in particular foods and animals, visible in the target text. For the same reasons, both the text proper and the illustrations are regarded as texts, respectively verbal and pictorial, in opposition to the verbal and pictorial peritexts added to the target text. This study is divided into four chapters: 1) a presentation of the author’s biography and oeuvre, as well as of the context in which The Magic Pudding was written, followed by a detailed summary of the novel, a discussion on the peculiarities of translating for children and, mainly based on Lawrence Venuti and Gérard Genette, a justification for the foreignising approach with the employment of peritextual elements; 2) a presentation of Javier Franco Aixelá’s strategies to translate culture-specific items in order to discuss the treatment of proper names that hold cultural meanings; considering the target reader, the addition of peritextual elements, such as new illustrations combined with a verbal preface, is suggested as a means to avoid the employment of footnotes; 3) an analysis of the influence of Lindsay’s illustrations on the translation with suggestions for the treatment of the verbal target text; 4) a discussion on issues of adaptation and transmediation of children’s literature, with suggestions for treating the verbal and pictorial texts in the transposition of O Pudim Mágico from printed to digitised media; based mainly on the studies by Lars Elleström and Ellen McCracken, digital reading devices such as Amazon Kindle and Apple iPad are analysed to conclude that the novel’s target text is deemed to be a translation in print format, a remediation on Kindle and a transmediation on iPad. Keywords: Adaptation. Australian Literature. Children’

Pour construire la paix dans le monde, Tomi Ungerer raconte ses mythes personnels et impersonnels, tel Janus. Durant son enfance, il a été choqué par la Deuxième Guerre mondiale et endoctriné par les nazis : depuis lors, il est comme un témoin de l’Histoire. Dans cette recherche, nous étudions son art provocateur et éveilleur à travers les albums qu’il a réalisés à destination des enfants. L’artiste rebelle s’arme de son « T », sa hache graphique et identitaire, afin de proposer de nouvelles fables face à une société qu’il juge absurde. Dans son racontage-montage, la poétique du « O » est à la fois une forme parfaite et cosmologique, et un rythme infini, répétitif, tourbillonnant. Cette poétique concerne la forme, le mouvement, l’observation, la voix, mais aussi la vacuité que les rythmes du « M » organisent dans de multiples métamorphoses. Il s’agit du rythme de la vie et du vivre ensemble. Son racontage-montage est mécanique, musical et thématique, il est effectué dans un style bref, avec l’humour et le rire, mais aussi profond, avec une voix juste et plurielle que le « I » des identités et de l'Histoire pluralise vocalement. Ainsi, la reprise des lettres de son prénom engagerait la poétique des albums de Tomi Ungerer, celle d’un raconteur double puisqu’ils ne sont pas réservés aux seuls enfants et constituent une œuvre majeure de la littérature. / To spread peace in the world, Tomi Ungerer tells his personal and impersonal myths, such as Janus. During his childhood, he was traumatized by the Second World War and also brainwashed by the Nazis: he has thus witnessed History. In this research, we study his provocative and awakening art through the albums he made for children. The rebellious artist armed himself with his “T”, his graphic and identity ax, in order to oppose his new fable to a society he regards as absurd. In its telling-editing, the poetics of the “O” symbolizes a perfect and cosmological form, but also an infinite repetitive, whirling rhythm. This poetics concerns form, movement, observation, voice, but also depth, with a fair and plural voice the “I” of identities and History vocally pluralizes. Thus, the letters of his first name would reflect the poetics of the picture books of Tomi Ungerer, the double storyteller, since his picture books are not only intended for the children but also constitute a major work of literature. / 세계의 평화를 건설하기 위해, 토미 웅게러는 야누스 신처럼 개인적인 동시에 보편적인 신화를 이야기한다. 어린시절, 그는 제 2차세계대전에 충격을 받았고 나치의 정권 아래 학교 교육을 받는다. 그때부터 그는 역사의 증언자이다. 그러므로 본 연구는 그의 선동 예술과 그가 들려주는 그림책을 분석한다. 강요된 복종을 거부하는 이야기꾼 웅게러는 부조리한 사회를 반대하는 새로운 우화를 이야기 하기 위해 그래픽과 정체성을 나타내는 도끼를 상징하는 그의 이름 Tomi의 이니셜 ‘T’는 예술적 힘을 상징한다. 그는 ‘이야기 합성’ 안에서 완벽하고 우주적인 형태와 영원히 반복적이고 소용돌이같은 리듬으로 ‘O’ 시학을 이야기 한다. 이는 ‘달의 시학’이자 ‘시간의 시학’이다. 이 시학은 형태, 운동( mouvement), 관찰, 목소리, 공(vacuité) 과 동시에 끊임없이 변화(metamorphoses) 를 상징하는 ‘M’의 리듬이다. 이는 삶과 모두가 평화롭게 살기 위한 멜로디와 리듬이다. ‘이야기 합성’은 유머와 웃음의 간결한 문체의 메커니즘과 그림을 통한 음악적, 테마적 오브제들의 함축적 요소들은, 정체성( identité)과 다중적 목소리 이야기의 ‘I’로서 간결함과 다중적인 깊은 의미가 축적되어 있다. 그러므로 작가의 이름을 상징하는 알파벳 문자는 토미 웅게러의 ‘존재적 시학’을 상징하며, 그림책이 단지 어린이 전용이 아닌 문학 전반의 작품성을 구성하는 그림과 글로서의 종합적 예술장르의 가치를 가지며, 그림책 작가는 그래픽언어와 텍스트언어의 경계를 넘나드는 이중(겹)으로 표현하는 이야기꾼이다.