Main topic of this work is to analyze language elements used in the legend from baroque period and that from the complete conception on the gross information contents this work and characteristic features of phonetics and morfology. No research in the field of syntax and lexicology was made at this point (our final work would be to extensive). The complete interpretation refers to father Jiří David´s baroque legend Medicus Hercinius, {\dots} dated 1713. First part we apply to common informations about the author, about the period, in which he lived and wrote his legend, and about his contemporaries. We describe the legendistic literature and conditions to her expansibility in our country, the life of saint Gunther then and the substance of whole David´s work in general. There are important informations about noted humanismus and baroque authors in next two chapters. We describe individual phenomens of two language levels phonetics and morfology then, especially with regard to theory and practice. Principal aim of my work is to contribute to o deeper understanding of Czech language from the late baroque.

This dissertation presents the results of a research that had as general objective to investigate the existing relations, in the understanding of the graduates of the degree in mathematics of the Federal Institute of Alagoas - IFAL, between the disciplines of geometry addressed in the teacher training and the geometric contents of high school level. This is a case of study research, that investigates 6 graduates in mathematics from IFAL, campus / Maceió, who work in the public school system. The data analysis, of a qualitative nature, was used of different techniques for the collection: documentary analysis, questionnaires and interviews. The theoretical contribution was focused on the theme of teacher training, teaching knowledge and geometry teaching. For a Teacher Training - Tardif (2014) and Imbernón (2011), mainly; Training of mathematics teacher was mainly based on Moreira and David (2014), Nacarato and Paiva (2008), Cury (2001); and in the teaching of geometry, studies Lorenzato (1995), Pavanello (2002) among others. From the documentary analysis and the subjects' speeches, it was possible to identify the content approach in the formation of the graduates through the theorems, axioms and demonstrations, according to the graduates favor a broad visualization of the contents of high school, before even entering the classroom. On the other hand, this approach is less used in their pedagogical practices, since the approach in textbooks begins intuitively, in addition to the students of basic education demonstrate a little bit of masterying while using i the arguments and / or demonstrations, hindering the gradual advance in geometric knowledge. / Esta dissertação apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa que teve como objetivo geral investigar as relações existentes no entendimento de egressos da licenciatura em matemática do Instituto Federal de Alagoas – IFAL, entre as disciplinas de geometria, abordadas na formação do professor; e os conteúdos geométricos do ensino médio. Trata-se de um estudo de caso, com seis egressos da licenciatura em matemática-IFAL, campus/Maceió, que atuam na rede pública de ensino. A análise de dados de natureza qualitativa utilizou-se de diferentes técnicas para a coleta: análises documentais, questionários e entrevistas. O aporte teórico teve como foco as temáticas: formação de professores, saberes docentes e ensino de geometria. Para a formação de professores, utilizaram-se – Tardif (2014) e Imbernón (2011) como principais contribuições; para formação, especificamente, do professor de matemática as discussões pautaram-se em Moreira e David (2014), Nacarato e Paiva (2008) e Cury (2001); e para abordar o ensino de geometria, teve-se como fundamentos os estudos de Lorenzato (1995) e Pavanello (2002). A partir das análises documentais e das falas dos sujeitos foi possível identificar como resultado que a abordagem dos conteúdos na formação dos egressos se deu por meio de teoremas, axiomas e demonstrações, o que segundo os egressos, favoreceu para que houvesse ampla visualização dos conteúdos do ensino /médio, antes mesmo de adentrarem na sala de aula como ingressos do curso. Por outro lado, constatou-se que essa abordagem foi pouco utilizada nas práticas pedagógicas desses sujeitos, visto que a abordagem nos livros didáticos iniciou-se de forma intuitiva, além dos alunos da educação básica demonstrarem pouco domínio de argumentação, o que dificultou o processo de desenvolvimento do conhecimento geométrico destes.

Trata-se de um estudo exploratório de natureza qualitativa e quantitativa para minimizar o poder de alguns mitos existentes na escola, entre eles: \"ensinar língua portuguesa equivale a ensinar gramática\", que pressupõem uma série de atividades voltadas para um \"aluno ideal\". Nesse sentido, investigar-se-á, por meio da análise do discurso, as representações sobre norma gramatical que povoam o imaginário dos alunos do ensino médio e a auto-avaliação desses alunos sobre suas produções escritas. Tais propósitos são decorrentes de resultados de avaliações nacionais e internacionais (PISA, 2000, 2003) em que foram constatados sérios problemas relacionados à proficiência em leitura e escrita de alunos após 8 anos de escolarização no ensino fundamental. Visando contribuir para tornar o ensino de língua materna voltado para o \"aluno real\", foram confrontados diferentes pontos de vista sobre a TV para buscar subsídios ao possível uso da TV na escola. Vale ressaltar que a discussão sobre os mitos foi necessária para abrir espaço a outras práticas educacionais. Tendo em vista que a linguagem televisual apropria-se do contexto sócio-cultural em que está inserida e que é um \"mostruário de pluralidade lingüística\", poderá ser um recurso tecnológico significativo para o desenvolvimento de habilidades de oralidade, leitura e escrita no ensino fundamental. O quadro teórico congrega pesquisadores voltados ao imaginário (Carvalho et alii, 1998; Porto e Fonseca, 1998; Teixeira, 2005), à linguagem televisual (Fishe, 1987; Rocco, 1988; Machado, 1997;Citelli, 2002) e ao ensino e aprendizagem de língua materna (Neves, 1990; Preti, 1995; Semeghini-Siqueira, 1997; Castilho, 1998; Bagno, 2000; Marcuschi, 2001; Perini, 2001). Como proposta metodológica, foram elaborados 3 instrumentos, contendo questões abertas e fechadas, e selecionados 4 grupos de sujeitos a fim de recobrir as diversas vertentes do assunto em questão. O grupo denominado sujeito [ I ] é constituído por telespectadores comuns; o sujeito [ II ], por universitários; o sujeito [ III ], por professores de língua materna e o sujeito [ IV ] são alunos do ensino médio de uma escola pública da cidade de São Paulo. Para atingir os objetivos foram investigadas formas de se trabalhar a linguagem televisual, na sala de aula, e apresentadas duas atividades articuladas para viabilizar o ensino e aprendizagem de oralidade, leitura e escrita. Tal proposta pedagógica é direcionada ao \"aluno real\" e prioriza o ensino do uso da língua portuguesa na diversidade das práticas sociais. / This is a exploratory study of quality and quantity nature to minimize the power of some existing myths in the school, that is: \"To teach Portuguese as a teach grammar\", that presuppose series of activities related to \"a model student\". In this sense, it will research through speech analysis, the representation about grammatical rules that is in imaginary of students of High School and self-evaluation of these students about writing productions. These purposes are current results from national and international evaluations (PISA, 2000, 2003) which were verified serious problems related to acknowledge in reading and writing of students after 8 years of scholarship in Elementary School. Contributing to become the education of native language for \"real student\" were analyzed different point of view about TV to search assistance for possible use of TV in the School. Projecting the discussions about myths were necessary to give opportunity to other educational practices. Notice that the televisual language domain the socio cultural context that is added and that is a \"table of plurality of linguistic\", it can be a significative technological resource for development of orally, reading and writing abilities of Elementary School. The exposition connect researches to imaginary (Carvalho et alii, 1998; Porto e Fonseca, 1998; Teixeira, 2005), to televisual language (Fishe, 1987; Rocco, 1988; Machado, 1997;Citelli, 2002) and for teaching and learning the native language (Neves, 1990; Preti, 1995; Semeghini-Siqueira, 1997; Castilho, 1998; Bagno, 2000; Marcuschi, 2001; Perini, 2001). As a methodological purpose, was elaborated 3 tools, containing open and restrict questions and selected 4 groups of subject for covering the different areas of related matter. The group calling subject [ I ] is formed by watchers; the subject [ II ], by academics; the subject [ III ], by teachers of native language and the subject [ IV ] by students of High School of Public School in city of Sao Paulo. For targeting the objectives were researched ways of work televisual language in the classroom, presented in two linked activities for viability the teaching and learning of orally, reading and writing. Those pedagogic propose is focused on \"real student\" and preference for teaching of Portuguese language use in different social practices.

O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo do meio sobre o tema desenvolvimento sustentável que teve trabalho de campo em maio de 2001 no Estado do Amapá para analisar a implantação do Programa de Desenvolvimento Sustentável daquele Estado. Nasceu a partir de uma proposta do currículo de Geografia e envolveu alunos e alunas do 3º ano do Ensino Médio de uma escola privada da cidade de São Paulo. O objetivo desta tese é analisar a metodologia do estudo do meio na construção de uma aprendizagem significativa para alunos e alunas envolvidos no processo, com base nos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais e em teóricos como Pontuschka, Bittencourt e Castellar. Discorre sobre o processo de aquisição do espírito científico, a partir da utilização do método dialético. Discute a concepção de ensino/aprendizagem tendo como base Vigotsky a partir dos conceitos de Zona de Desenvolvimento Proximal e do caráter Interacionista de uma prática educativa escolar. Fundamenta-se em teóricos como Zabala, Coll e Solé no que diz respeito ao papel do professor, à aquisição de conteúdos conceituais, procedimentais e atitudinais e à adoção de um enfoque globalizador, entendido como sinônimo de interdisciplinaridade. Aborda importantes temas da Geografia tais como: Diversidade Cultural, Amazônia, Segregação Espacial, Paisagem, Território, Meio Ambiente, Desenvolvimento Sustentável, entre outros. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, realizada a partir da metodologia de análise documental, considerando a produção dos alunos e alunas registrada nos cadernos de campo, diários de viagem, em entrevistas concedidas a periódicos no Amapá, nos testemunhos para o site da escola e nas monografias elaboradas. / This thesis presents a field project on sustainable Development. The objective of the field trip, which took place in May 2001 in the state of Amapá, was to examine the implementation of the Program for Sustainable Development in the State. The project involved students who study in a private school in the city of Sao Paulo and who were in their final year at high school. The aim of this thesis is to examine the methodology of field work to create a meaningful learning experience for students involved in the process based on the National Curriculum Parameters and theorists such as Pontuschka, Bittencourt and Castellar. The thesis examines the process of acquiring scientific spirit through the use of a dialectical method. It discusses the design of teaching / learning based on Vigotskys concepts of Zone of Proximal Development and on the integrationist character of an educative scholarly practice. It is based on theorists such as Zabala, Coll and Solé with regard to the role of teacher, the acquisition of conceptual, procedural and attitudinal content and to the adoption of a globalizing focus, regarded as synonymous with interdisciplinary focus. This is qualitative research, which was achieved through the methodology of documentary analysis. It took into consideration the production of students registrations in their field notebooks, their travel diaries, interviews held and testimony given to the school web site and monographs.

Dans le contexte actuel d’évolution et de transformation du travail, notre recherche s’attache à comprendre et à expliquer de quelle manière des acteurs professionnels (individuels et collectifs), engagés dans la définition des politiques et des pratiques de formations professionnelles aéronautiques, parviennent, collectivement, à se mettre d’accord sur des normes et des contenus de programmes de formation. Cette recherche compare des activités de délibérations collectives de deux groupes professionnels (l’un à dimension nationale et l’autre à dimension locale) qui ont en charge la définition de nouveaux programmes et normes de formations techniques qualifiantes. Les membres de ces groupes (27 et 20 sujets) représentent des entreprises, des formateurs, responsables de lycées techniques, des Ministères compétents, des figures individuelles reconnues du secteur aéronautique au plan national. Au niveau méthodologique, dans une approche exploratoire compréhensive, nous avons observé et enregistré systématiquement les réunions de ces deux groupes durant une année. Nous avons aussi analysé les discours qui en découlent ainsi qu’effectué et examiné des entretiens semi-directifs et des questionnaires que nous avons construits. Dans une perspective systémique, active et plurielle de la socialisation, le modèle de l’interstructuration du sujet et des institutions (Baubion-Broye & Hajjar, 1998) auquel nous nous référons considère que les activités du sujet sont construites et signifiées par lui, tout au long de sa vie, et en interaction avec autrui. Nos résultats montrent, notamment, que les décideurs prennent majoritairement des décisions collectives par « consensus apparent » et qu’il y a un lien entre l’expression manifeste d’alliances et le degré de consensus. Les relations interpersonnelles évoluent au cours du temps. / In the current context of evolution and transformation of work, our research attempts to understand and explain how professional actors (individual and collective), engaged in the definition of policies and practices of aeronautic vocational trainings, come to an agreement, collectively, on standards and contents of training programs. This research confronts processes of collective deliberations of two professional groups (one of national size and the other of local size) which have to define new programs and norms concerning qualifying technical trainings. Members of these groups (27 and 20 subjects) represent companies, trainers or managers of technical schools (private or public), competent ministries, individual figures recognized in the aeronautic field. At a methodological level, in a comprehensive exploratory approach, we have systematically observed and analyzed meetings of these two groups during one year as well as the speeches that come out from meetings. We made and analyzed semi-structured interviews and questionnaires we had built. In a systemic, active and plural approach of socialization, the interstructuration model of subject and institutions we refer to (Baubion-Broye & Haijar, 1998), considers that subject builds his activities all along his life and in interaction with other people. Our results show, on one hand that, generally, decision-makers arrive on a conclusion and a decision thanks to “apparent consensus”. On the other hand our study proves there is a link between the evident expression of coalitions and the consensus degree. Interpersonal relations change over time.

The purpose of this study is to explore and analyse if films, as well as being a possible tool to develop linguistic skills of the students of the upper secondary school, can be the basis to introduce and develop cultural elements and aspects related to the students’ values. A survey was responded by 36 teachers of the Swedish upper secondary school in order to study how film in general, and Pedro Almodóvar’s in particular, is used in the teaching of ELE in order to treat basic values and cultural content. The results show that teachers use film to talk about culture and some basic values, but in general the films are not used in Spanish classes very often. / El objetivo de este trabajo es investigar si el cine además de ser una posible herramienta para desarrollar los contenidos lingüísticos de los alumnos del nivel de bachillerato puede ser la base para introducir y desarrollar los elementos culturales y aspectos relacionados con los principios básicos de los alumnos. A través de la entrevista realizada a los profesores de español de los institutos suecos hemos estudiado si el cine en general y las películas de Pedro Almodóvar en particular es usado en la enseñanza de ELE con el propósito de tratar los valores básicos y los contenidos culturales. Los resultados demuestran que se trabaja con el cine para hablar sobre la cultura y algunos valores básicos, pero en general no se usa las películas en las clases de español con mucha frecuencia.

De part l'importance et la diversité des pressions anthropiques en mer du Nord, les mammifères marins en tant que prédateurs supérieurs se trouvent de plus en plus exposés à ces activités (trafic maritime, activités industrielles et portuaires, surpêche, pollution chimique, etc.). Les campagnes d'observation SCANS et SCANS II mises en place en 1994 et 2005 pour estimer l'abondance des petits cétacés, ont mis en évidence un changement majeur dans la distribution du marsouin commun (Phocoena phocoena) en mer du Nord avec un déplacement du Nord vers le Sud. Ce changement peut être lié à une migration de ses proies préférentielles en mer du Nord et/ou à une afaptation de son régime alimentaire par rapport à la disponibilité des proies. Parallèlement, à ces modifications de distribution spatiale, un nombre croissant d'échouage de marsouin commun en Manche Orientale et sur les côtes belges a été observé depuis une dizaine d'années avec une augmentation conséquente ces deux dernières années. Pour étudier les causes responsables de ces échouages, un des objectifs de cette étude a été d'évaluer l'état de la contamination chimique des animaux échoués en relation avec l'état sanitaire des individus. L'analyse de deux familles de composés chimiques (éléments traces métalliques et polluants organiques persistants) sur des animaux échoués sur la période 2006-2013 révèlent des concentrations significativement plus élevées dans les organies des animaux présentant des pathologies que celles obtenues chez les animaux sains. Cette tendance a déjà été observée en Atlantique Nord pour le marsouin. Les comparaisaons des niveaux de concentration mesurées avec ceux d'études antérieures effectuées sur des marsouins échoués dans la même zone ou dans le Golfe de Gascogne suggèrent que l'augmentation du nombre de marsouins échoués n'est pas liée à une dégradation du milieu en terme de pollution chimique. Pour déterminer le régime alimentaire du marsouin commun, trois techniques complémentaires ont été utilisées : l'analyse des contenus stomacaux, des isotopes stables (carbone et azote) et des acides gras dans différents tissus. Pour ces deux dernières méthodes, les signatures obtenues pour le marsouin ont été comparées à celles de leurs proies potentielles. Les résultats ont mis en évidence la présences des gobies, merlans, lançons, sprats, trisopterus sp., harengs et sardines comme proies potentielles. Le déplacement des marsouins du nord jusqu'au sud de la mer du Nord a été attribué à la baisse de l'abondance du lançon dans le nord, ainsi qu'à la ré-invasion du sud de la mer du Nord par la sardine, probablement suite au changement climatique. Enfin, cette étude confirme la nécessité d'utiliser une approche multi-analyses qui intègre des informations complémentaires à différentes échelles de temps pour étudier le régime alimentaire de ces prédateurs supérieurs. / The North Sea is heavely impacted by human activities such as overfishing and pollution. Due to their position as top predators in the ocean, marine mammals are becoming increasingly affected by anthropogenic activities. The large-scale surveys SCANS in 1994 and SCANS II in 2005 that were held in the North Sea to estimate the abundance of small cetaceans highlighted a major shift in the distribution of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the northern parts of the North Sea to its eastern parts. Alongside, over the past few decades harbour porpoises stranding has increased in the southern North Sea particularly along the French and Belgian coastal waters. Since the contaminant exposure presents, among others, a potential threat to harbour porpoises inhabiting the North Sea, the first objective of the present study was to assess the contamination status of this species in the southern North Sea. On the other hand, the distribution and abundance of marine mammals is expected to follow the distribution of their main prey species. Hence, the second objective of this study was to investigate whether the changes in the distribution of porpoises in the southern North Sea may be a result of the changes in prey availability. Moreover, the third objective was to evaluate the interest of combining three methods to investigate the diet of harbour porpoises : stomach contents, stable isotopes (carbon and nitrogen) and fatty acids analyses. First, the contamination status was evaluated through the determination of two components of chemical contaminants (metals and persistent organic pollutants) in tissues of harbour porpoises stranded along the southern North Sea between 2006 to 2013. Several chemical contaminants presented higher concentrations in diseased animals compared to healthy animals. In addition, some metallic contaminants showed bioaccumulation with age. Comparison with previous study suggests that the population status of harbor porpoises in term of chemical concentration has been stable from 1994 to 2013. This work suggested that the increase in the number of stranded individuals is not related to the decline in the quality of the environment. Secondly, the shift in the abundance of harbour porpoises was evaluated and interpreted in the light of prey species abundance. Three techniques were used in order to determine the diet of porpoises. Results highlighted the presence of gobies, whiting, sandeel, sprat, trisopterus sp., herring and sardine as potential preys. The shift of the abundance of porpoises form the northern parts of the North Sea to its southern parts was attributed to the sandeel abundance decline in the northern parts of the North Sea along with the re-invasion of the southern North Sea by the sardine species, probably in response to climate change. Finally, the value of a multi-approach dietary analysis was evaluated. Besides overcoming the limitations of each method, combining different techniques that integrate diet over days and weeks allowed gaining more complete understanding of harbour porpoise's diet.

Des xénolites de péridotite provenant de deux localités du sud du Massif Central Français (Allègre et Mont Coupet), émis avec des modes éruptifs différents, ont été étudiés pour définir l’évolution du manteau sous continental et pour étudier le comportement de Li et H lors des réactions fluides roches lors de leur remonté vers la surface. Un ensemble de 6 xénolites représentatifs a été sélectionné pour chaque localité. La description pétrologique et minéralogique de chaque échantillon a été associée à la mesure des compositions chimiques en éléments majeur (par microsonde électronique) et trace (par LA-ICP-MS) des principales phases minéralogiques (Olivine, Pyroxène, Amphibole). La teneur et la composition isotopique du Li ont été mesurées par microsonde ionique (SIMS), et les teneurs en eau par spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourrier (FTIR) et SIMS dans les pyroxènes et les olivines. Pour les xénolites d’Allègre, les anomalies négatives en HFSE et les rapports LREE/HREE élevés reflètent un métasomatisme lié à des liquides carbonatitiques, succédant à un processus de fusion partielle du manteau lithosphérique. Pour les échantillons du Mont Coupet, Les anomalies négatives en Ti et Nb des Cpx de tous les échantillons et les anomalies négatives de Zr et Hf pour deux échantillons plus fortement métasomatisés (MC38 et MC34) soulignent également un métasomatisme carbonatitique. Les amphiboles des échantillons MC36 et MC53, dont l'origine doit être associée à des fluides de subduction, sont à l’équilibre avec les Cpx coexistant, ce qui indique que le fluide qui a permis leur formation n’a pas enrichi les Cpx en LREE ou LILE. La composition isotopique de des xénolites d’Allègre montre qu’ils ont été affectés par un métasomatisme en au moins deux étapes par des fluides différents. Les teneurs très élevées en Li des Cpx (jusqu'à 50 ppm) et l’enrichissement même modéré des bordures des olivines sont attribués à un apport de Li par diffusion depuis le magma hôte. Par contre, les compositions isotopiques pauvres en 7Li préservées au coeur des Ol (δ7Li jusqu’à -25‰) suggèrent l’existence d’un autre évènement métasomatique ayant affecté les péridotites avant leur remonté vers la surface. En revanche, les minéraux des xénolites de Mont Coupet ont des concentrations en Li similaires à celles du manteau, avec une répartition à l’équilibre entre les minéraux. Cependant les valeurs de δ7Li négatives observées pour les Cpx et Opx de certains échantillons suggèrent une interaction avec un fluide en quantité limitée et une composition isotopique négative. La préservation du fractionnement isotopique du Li entre les pyroxènes et olivines indique que cette interaction a du avoir lieu peu de temps avant l'entrainement des xénolites vers la surface. Les fluides métasomatiques à l’origine des valeurs de δ7Li négatives observées à Allègre et à Mont Coupet sont liés à un environnement de subduction, probablement lié à l'orogenèse varisque dans le cadre régional du FMC. Les teneurs en eau mesurées dans les xénolites d’Allègre vont de 10,6 à 12,4 ppm, des valeurs beaucoup plus faible que celle du manteau source des MORB. Ceci s’explique par une perte d’eau associée au dégazage du magma lors du refroidissement du lac de lave. L’absence de variation cœur-bord montre une distribution de l’eau à l’équilibre entre les xénolites et la lave hôte. A l’inverse, les xénolites du Mont Coupet ont pu conservé leur teneur en eau acquise en profondeur, contrôlée par les processus de fusion partielle qui ont affecté les péridotites. Cependant, l'échantillon MC34, affecté par le métasomatisme carbonatitique, a la plus haute teneur en eau parmi ces xénolites. Inversement, les échantillons MC36 et MC53 qui contiennent des amphiboles, n’ont pas des teneurs en eau élevées, suggérant que l'agent métasomatique responsable de la formation des amphiboles n'a pas enrichi en eau les autres phases de la péridotite. / Peridotite xenoliths sampled from two volcanoes erupting in different modes in two localities, Allègre and Mont Coupet, in the southern domain of the French Massif Central (FMC), have been investigated to constrain the evolution of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle beneath the FMC and the behaviors of Li and H during melt-rock reactions. To answer these questions, a set of 6 representative xenoliths was selected for each locality, and described for their mineralogy and petrography. In-situ measurements were then performed for major and trace elements in Ol, Cpx and Amp when existing, via EPMA and LA-ICP-MS respectively, for Li concentrations and isotopic compositions in pyroxenes and Ol (via SIMS), and water concentrations in minerals (via FTIR and SIMS). Negative HFSE anomalies and markedly high LREE/HREE ratios reflect a carbonatite-related metasomatism following an earlier partial melting process in the lithospheric mantle under Allègre. The Ti and Nb negative anomalies in Cpx from all the Mont Coupet samples and Zr-Hf negative anomalies in Cpx from two most strongly metasomatized samples MC38 and MC34 also point to a carbonatite-related mantle metasomatism. Amp in samples MC36 and MC53, whose origin should be associated with fluids from the subducting slab, have equilibrated most of the trace element composition with coexisting Cpx and the modal metasomatism responsible for the Amp genesis haven’t refertilized Cpx in LREE and LILE. Lithium isotope systematics indicates that Allègre xenoliths were overprinted by (at least) a two-stage metasomatism by melts of different origins. Exceptionally high Li concentrations in Cpx (up to 50 ppm by weight) and slightly increased Li contents at Ol rims are ascribed to a diffusive Li uptake from infiltrating melts derived from the host magma. On the other hand, extremely light Li isotopic compositions preserved in Ol cores (with δ7Li as low as -25‰) suggest another metasomatic event prior to xenolith entrainment by the host magma. In contrast, xenoliths from Mont Coupet have Li concentrations in constituent minerals similar to the normal mantle, and display nearly equilibrated inter-mineral Li partitioning and homogeneous intragranular Li distribution in every phase. The negative δ7Li values of Cpx and Opx in some samples were brought by the exchange with a small-volume melt with Li concentration similar to the normal mantle and light Li isotopic compositions. The preservation of inter-mineral large Li isotopic fractionation currently observed in these samples indicates that the percolation of the melt should occur shortly prior to the entrainment of Mont Coupet peridotite xenoliths by the host magmas. The metasomatic agents, accounting for negative δ7Li values in Ol cores in Allègre xenoliths and in Cpx and Opx in some Mont Coupet xenoliths, are related to a subduction environment. In the regional framework of the FMC, the subduction event most likely occurred during the Variscan orogeny. Water content in Allègre xenoliths ranges from 10.6 to 12.4 ppm in weight, much lower than the water content in the MORB source mantle. It implies that water were lost during the degassing of the host magma during slow cooling of the lava lake. No core-rim variations from profile analysis suggest that xenoliths have achieved water diffusive equilibrium with the host magmas. Peridotite xenoliths from Mont Coupet have retained their original water content from the mantle depths. Partial melting has controlled the water content in most samples from Mont Coupet. However, the subsequent carbonatite-related metasomatism has affected the sample MC34, which had the highest water content among the Mont Coupet xenoliths. And the aqueous agent responsible for presence of Amp in samples MC36 and MC53 has not lead to the considerable increase of water content.

Depuis les années quatre-vingt-dix, la propagation de l’internet et de ses périphériques a permis à de nombreux producteurs, distributeurs et spectateurs de cinéma de modifier leurs attitudes vis-à-vis des films. Notre travail a consisté à démontrer que les caractères techniques de l’internet, ainsi que l’hypertextualité et l’interactivité, expliquent les changements des activités liées au cinéma et au film même. Bien que la réception de l’internet de la part du public ait été extraordinairement rapide, la part du marché du film en ligne n’est cependant pas encore notable. Nonobstant cela, la croissance de la génération numérique et la simplification des techniques nous encouragent à confirmer le potentiel de l’internet. La filière de la distribution est davantage influencée par l’internet. La concurrence s’est multipliée et l’évolution de la chronologie des médias était inévitable. Malgré la menace de la piraterie et la formation du réseau interne des méga-médias, il semble que l’internet soit un canal on ne peut plus utile en ce qui concerne les films indépendants. Dans la production, toutes les étapes deviennent participatives. L’interaction entre les cinéastes et les spectateurs et entre ceux-ci et les oeuvres a donné lieu aux films participatifs ainsi que les films en forme de multi-histoires, les films de jeu et les films de relais. Comme l’a montré l’étude des caractères techniques de l’internet, la producion et la distribution ainsi que le visionnage des films sont influencés par l’internet au sens de l’instantanéité et de la massification – qui peut se traduire par la participation du public –. Ces deux principaux effets n’ont pas produit un changement radical dans le domaine mais une transformation qui est, à notre sens, on ne peut plus significative. / Since the nineties, the spread of the internet and its devices has enabled many producers, distributors and moviegoers to change their attitudes towards movies. Our work has focused on demonstrating that the technical characteristics of the internet like the easy access, the hypertextuality and the interactivity can explain the changes noticed in the activities linked to the cinematographic field and the film itself.Although the reception of the internet by the public is extraordinarily fast, the market share of online film is still not really significant. Nevertheless, the growth of the digital generation and the simplification of techniques encourage us to believe in the potential of the internet.The distribution sector is the most influenced by the internet. The increased competition and the evolution of media chronology were inevitable. Despite the threat of easy piracy and the formation of the internal network of mega-media, it seems obvious that the internet will be a useful channel for independent films.Concerning the production area, all stages become participatory. The interaction between filmmakers and the audience and between the future audience and the works created new modes of movies as multi-stories movie, game movies, relay movies and movies with subsidiary texts.Glimpsed with the evocation of the technical features of the internet, the production and the distribution and the viewing of films are influenced by the internet in the sense of a popularization – which can result in public participation – and of immediacy. These two main effects were not synonym with a radical change in the area but, according to us, with a significant transformation in the cinematographic field.

A growing interest in using forest biomass for bioenergy generation may stimulate intensive harvesting scenarios in Germany. We calculated and compared nutrient exports of conventional stem only (SO), whole tree without needles (WT excl. needles), and whole tree (WT) harvesting in two medium aged Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands differing in productivity, and related them to soil nutrient pools and fluxes at the study sites. We established allometric biomass functions for each aboveground tree compartment and analyzed their nutrient contents. We analyzed soil nutrient stocks, estimated weathering rates, and obtained deposition and seepage data from nearby Level II stations. WT (excl. needles) and WT treatments cause nutrient losses 1.5 to 3.6 times higher than SO, while the biomass gain is only 1.18 to 1.25 in case of WT (excl. needles) and 1.28 to 1.30 in case of WT in the pine and spruce stand, respectively. Within the investigated 25-year period, WT harvesting would cause exports of N, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ of 6.6, 8.8, 5.4, and 0.8 kg·ha−1 in the pine stand and 13.9, 7.0, 10.6, and 1.8 kg·ha−1 in the spruce stand annually. The relative impact of WT and WT (excl. needles) on the nutrient balance is similar in the pine and spruce stands, despite differences in stand productivities, and thus the absolute amount of nutrients removed. In addition to the impact of intensive harvesting, both sites are characterized by high seepage losses of base cations, further impairing the nutrient budget. While intensive biomass extraction causes detrimental effects on many key soil ecological properties, our calculations may serve to implement measures to improve the nutrient balance in forested ecosystems.