Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur socionomstudenter hanterar samt upplever stress i relation till utbildningen under övergången från digital till fysisk undervisning. Målgruppen var socionomstudenter på termin två, termin tre samt termin sju på ett universitet i mellansverige. En kvalitativ intervjustudie genomfördes där en semistrukturerad intervjuguide användes och fem respondenter deltog. Teorin om hantering av stress användes för att tematisera och analysera resultatet från intervjuerna. Resultatet i studien visar att socionomstudenter upplever stress under utbildningen i samband med övergången från digital till fysisk undervisning. Resultatet visar att den upplevda stressen kan vara kopplat till osäkerhet kring restriktioner i relation till fysisk undervisning samt ökade svårighetsgrader på kurserna. Resultatet visar även att socionomstudenterna använder sig utav socialt stöd samt problemfokuserade strategier vid hantering av stress i samband med utbildningen. Slutsatsen i denna studie är att det kan vara svårt att veta vilka faktorer som påverkar socionomstudenternas upplevda stress samt att socionomstudenters använder flera strategier för hantering av stress i samband med utbildningen. / The purpose of this study was to investigate how social work students handle and experience stress in connection to their education during the transition from digital to physical education. The target group was social work students in term two, term three and term seven at a university in central Sweden. A qualitative interview study was conducted where a semi-structured interviewguide was used and five respondents participated. The coping theory was used to thematize and analyze the results from the interviews. The results of the study show that social work students experience stress during their education in association to the transition from digital to physical education. The results show that the perceived stress may be linked to uncertainty about restrictions in connection with physical education and increased degree of difficulty in the courses of the program. The results also show that the social work students use social support and problem-focused strategies when managing stress in connection to their education. The conclusion of this study is that it can be difficult to know which factors that effect social work students' perceived stress and that social work students use several strategies for managing stress in connection to their education.

The purpose of this quantitative study was to determine if there was a significant relationship between school-wide academic outcomes and the instructional modalities utilized by public schools during the 2019-2022 school years. This study also determined if there was a significant difference in assessment scores earned by public school students in Tennessee before and after the shift from in-person schooling caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic. The researcher used a chi-squared test for independence to determine if there was a significant relationship between the modality of instruction used within a school during the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 school years and the school-wide academic outcomes from the American College Test (ACT) and the Tennessee Comprehensive Assessment Program Test (TCAP). Furthermore, the researcher used a two-tailed t-test for paired samples to determine if there was a significant difference in school-wide ACT composite scores, school-level TCAP one-year success rates, and TVAAS growth rates by comparing data across the 2018-2019, 2020-2021, and 2021-2022 school years. The findings within this study showed mixed results relative to school-wide academic outcomes before, during, and after the pivot from in-person instruction caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic. Findings showed that school-wide academic success rates were significantly higher prior to the shift from in-person instruction caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic; however, school-wide TVAAS growth rates did not change significantly. Furthermore, this study showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between instructional modality and student academic outcomes, but findings suggested that the relationship was weakly associated. Therefore, instructional modality may not have been a key determiner of student performance and practitioners should focus on providing quality instruction regardless of instructional modality.

The aim of this thesis is to study the structures and contents of art paraphrases during the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic through semiotics, intertextuality and intermediality, to create an understanding of what the reuse, or appropriation, of art can mean and which roles it could play in a contemporary visual culture. To achieve this, six “Covid paraphrases” are analysed alongside a rich complementary material collected from November 2021—February 2023 through netnographic methods focused on the social media platform Instagram. The study is centred around three categories of Covid paraphrases: positively modified paraphrases, negatively modified paraphrases and paraphrases modified through the act of substitution. The study finds that Covid paraphrases often build upon famous classical art works that contain human figures. These figures, as well as other elements of the image, are shown to be removed, relocated or replaced in the paraphrase. In other Covid paraphrases, new details are added to the image, often portraying objects connected to the pandemic, such as face masks or toilet paper. Most often, they are created, distributed and viewed through digital media, unlike the art works they build upon which generally take the shape of physical paintings. Surprisingly, the study of art paraphrases during the pandemic shows that the visual culture of Covid-19 consists of a considerable amount of humour despite the unstable state of the world. In this context, the Covid paraphrases play the role of the entertainer, and by reminding the public of the authorities’ restrictions in the fight against the new coronavirus, as well as of the long history of art, the paraphrases can also be seen as a source for information. Together with other new images, the Covid paraphrases create a new visual language filled with pandemic-specific signs. This reuse of images updates classical art works and gives them a new meaning in a modern setting, while simultaneously attaching the new paraphrase to an established history. These processes leave room for a revised and expanded art historical canon suitable for a global Internet culture.

Att leda på distans har aktualiserats inom flera delar av den offentliga sektorn till följd av Covid-19 pandemin och dess tillhörande restriktioner. Tillitsbaserad styrning har varit en omdiskuterad styrform som från politiska beslutsfattare har försökt implementeras i offentlig sektor. Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att undersöka hur ledarskapet har påverkats i den offentliga sektorn till följd av den plötsliga omställningen till distansarbete och hur arbetet med tillit kan ha påverkats. Studiens ändamål är att identifiera de möjligheter och utmaningar ett distansledarskap kan medföra samt hur tilliten påverkas när arbetet bedrivs bortkopplat från den fysiska kontorsmiljön. Det empiriskt insamlade materialet består av intervjuer med 17 ledare som är verksamma i olika delar inom den offentliga sektorn i Västra Götalandsregionen. Samtliga chefer har medarbetaransvar och har till största del utfört sitt arbete på distans under Covid-19 pandemin. Resultatet från datainsamlingen som intervjuerna bidrog med visade att cheferna har upplevt många möjligheter, men även utmaningar med att arbeta på distans. De största möjligheterna ansågs vara den ökade flexibiliteten i arbetsdagen, ökad tillit och upplevd närvaro från cheferna. Utmaningarna har varit att hantera gränsen mellan arbetstid och privatliv, att upprätthålla goda relationer när en viktig del av den sociala interaktionen försvinner och behöver ersättas, upptäcka medarbetares mående samt anpassa kommunikationen efter de förändrade förutsättningarna. Kopplat till tillit ansåg cheferna att den har ökat i arbetsgrupperna. Vidare visar studien att den plötsliga förändringen har bidragit till att en mer tillitsbaserad styrning lättare har kunnat implementeras och vara en naturlig del i arbetsvardagen. En avslutande reflektion i studien är att en medvetenhet, utformandet av alternativa kommunikationsvägar samt ett ökat känslomässigt och individuellt fokus minskar dessa risker som utmaningarna kan medföra. Ytterligare en reflektion vi kan konstatera är att tilliten spelar en central roll för att skapa en välmående arbetsgrupp och att en mer tillitsbaserad styrning är något som har upplevts positivt inom verksamheterna. Avslutningsvis kan vi fastställa att distansledarskap och tillitsskapande är en process som kräver mycket resurser samt behöver upprätthållas och underhållas över tid. / Distance leadership has become a more important aspect in several parts of the public sector as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic and its restrictions. Trust-based governance has been a discussed form of governance that political decision-makers have tried to implement in the public sector. The purpose of this qualitative study is to investigate how leadership has been affected in the public sector as a result of the fast readjustment to work from distance and how the trust has been affected. The intention is to identify opportunities and challenges of distance leadership and how the work of trust is being affected when the workplace is disconnected from the physical workplace. The empirically collected material consists of interviews with 17 leaders who are active in various parts of the public sector in the region of Västra Götaland. All managers have responsibility over employees and have for the most part performed their work on distance during the Covid-19 pandemic.  The results from the data collection from the interviews showed that the managers have experienced both opportunities and challenges during the distance work. The greatest opportunities were considered to be the increased flexibility in the working day, increased trust and higher presence from the managers during the workday. The challenges have been to manage the boundary between working hours and a private life, to maintain good relations when an important part of the social interaction disappears and needs to be replaced, to discover employees' moods and to adapt communication to the changed conditions. Linked to trust, managers felt that it had increased. Furthermore, the sudden change had contributed to a more trust-based governance being easier to implement and be a natural part of everyday work. A concluding reflection in the study is that an awareness, alternative communication paths and an increased emotional and individual focus may reduce these risks. Another reflection is that trust has a central role in creating a prosperous working group and a more trust-based governance is something that has been experienced positively in the businesses. In conclusion, we can state that distance leadership and trust building is a process that requires a lot of resources and needs to be maintained over time.  This thesis is going to be written in Swedish.

This thesis investigates if the announcement of lockdown had a significant impact on stock market return in Denmark. The research approach used is quantitative and deductive and the sample consists of ​​daily adjusted close prices of stock from the 20 largest listed companies in Denmark, according to market capitalization rate. The time period studied is 28th of February 2020 till 27th of March 2020. Lockdown's effect on stock market return is studied using a Difference-in-Difference model, where daily adjusted close prices of stocks from the 20 largest companies in Sweden are used as a control group.  The COVID-19 pandemic has for the past two years had a huge impact on societies globally. At the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak, to try and stop the spread of the virus, governments around the world implemented lockdowns of varying degrees. Denmark was one of the first countries to implement lockdown. However, the culturally and market similar Sweden, opted for a different approach and did not implement a lockdown at all. It is therefore of interest to investigate whether lockdown announcements had a measurable impact on stock returns at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak. Previous research conducted by Vasileiou (2020), Baker (2020), Ichev and Marnič (2018), Hassing Nielsen & Lindvall (2021) and Ashraf (2020) on the subject have found that COVID-19 generally contributed to market uncertainty. This uncertainty in turn affected the stock market significantly, both positively and negatively. The major findings of this thesis suggest that the lockdown implemented in Denmark had no significant effect on stock returns during the investigated sample period.

La détresse morale est un phénomène observé en premier chez les infirmières . Dans le cadre de ce mémoire, la définition utilisée est celle de Morley et al. (2019, p. 3) d’« un lien causal entre l’expérience d’un événement moral et d’une détresse psychologique » [traduction libre]. La détresse morale peut entraîner plusieurs conséquences psychologiques, physiques et organisationnelles. La COVID-19 exacerbe et ajoute des éléments contraignants contribuant à la détresse morale des infirmières des unités des soins intensifs (USI). Le cadre de référence est la typologie de la détresse morale écrite par Morley, Sese et al. (2020). Le but vise à mieux comprendre l’expérience de la détresse morale vécue par les infirmières d’une USI adulte durant la pandémie de la COVID-19. Un devis qualitatif d’ethnographie ciblée de Bourbonnais (2015) est utilisé. Les méthodes de collectes de données sont des observations accompagnées de notes de terrain, des échanges informels avec des informateurs généraux, des entretiens semi-structurés et des questionnaires sociodémographiques auprès d’informateurs clés et un journal réflexif. La méthode d’analyse de données est celle de comparaison constante de Côté et al. (2020). Huit informateurs clés âgés de 26 à 50 ans ont participé. Quatre thèmes principaux en ressortent : temporalité, facteurs influençant, détresse morale ainsi que les besoins de formation à l’expérience et la détresse des infirmières. Les résultats de cette étude ont plusieurs retombées pour la discipline infirmière dont la formation, pratique, gestion, recherche et politique. / Moral distress is a phenomenon that was first observed in nurses. The definition used in this thesis is provided by Morley et al. (2019, p. 3) who define moral distress as "a causal link between the experience of a moral event and psychological distress." Moral distress can lead to several psychological, physical, and organizational consequences. COVID-19 exacerbates and adds to the constraining elements contributing to moral distress in intensive care unit (ICU) nurses. The framework of this thesis is the typology of moral distress written by Morley, Sese et al. (2020). The purpose is to better understand the experience of moral distress by nurses in an adult ICU during the COVID-19 pandemic. To accomplish this, a qualitative focused ethnography design from Bourbonnais (2015) is used. The data collection methods are observations with field notes, informal exchanges with general informants, semi-structured interviews and sociodemographic questionnaires with key informants, and a reflective journal. The method of data analysis is the constant comparison method of Côté et al. (2020). Eight key informants between the ages of 26 and 50 participated. Four main themes emerged: temporality, influencing factors, moral distress, , and the need for education about nurses' experience and distress. The results of this study have several implications for the nursing discipline including education, practice, management, research and policy.

Hur populära rollspel är har ökat kraftigt under en tid då digitaliseringen av rollspel är mycket vanligare än någonsin tidigare. Fler spelare upplever rollspel på ett sätt de inte var originellt utvecklade för. Detta digitala medium kan påverka deras upplevelse av rollspel kraftigt, och i sin tur ändra hur spelare upplever de sociala aspekterna av rollspel. Studiens mål är att undersöka vad för sorts påverkan digitalisering har på den sociala upplevelsen av att spela rollspel, på grund av att mer spelare påverkas av digitalisering än någonsin tidigare, vilket i sin tur påverkas av den generellt ökande populariteten av rollspel. Akademisk litteratur när det gäller spelupplevelser inom detta område är också väldigt få, så studien siktar på att motverka detta också. Frågeställningen som utvecklades från studiens problem var “Vad är deltagarnas erfarenheter och upplevelser av de sociala aspekterna av digitala rollspel?”. En kvalitativ fallstudie genomfördes med en litteraturundersökning angående generella tankar kring digitalisering och att spela online, tagna från onlineforum Detta följdes av semistrukturerade intervjuer med tio rollspelare, som sedan analyserades via en tematisk analys. Det första steget för att besvara frågeställningen var att ta reda på mer information kring vilka delar av onlinespel som ansågs vara mer viktiga av spelarna, vilket i sin tur innebär att intervjun kan bli bättre strukturerad för att samla in mer relevant information. Detta gjordes genom litteraturundersökningen. Genomföringen av intervjun var det andra steget, vilket siktade på att samla så mycket information som möjligt angående spelarnas tankar, känslor, upplevelser och liknande när det kom till digital rollspelning. Det tredje steget var att genomföra de tematiska analyserna på anteckningar om intervjuerna, och tre teman skapades: Det Praktiska med att Spela Online, Rollspelning och Spelvärlden. De följande slutsatserna kunde dras från studien: Digital rollspelning har mycket att ge när det kommer till tillgänglighet, då spelare fann det mycket enklare att komma in i spelet, förbereda sessioner samt att organisera tider för när man faktiskt spelar tillsammans när en session kördes online. Trots detta sa spelare även att själva spelupplevelsen, speciellt när det kom till socialisering eller inlevelse, försämrades online jämfört med att spela på plats. Baserat på dessa slutsatser, så kan det sägas att digitaliseringen av rollspel har mycket att ge när det kommer till social tillgänglighet, men generellt försämrar den sociala upplevelsen jämfört med att spela på plats. En generell positiv eller negativ slutsats kan ej dras från detta, då det är upp till vad spelarna värderar mer inom sina rollspelsupplevelser som bestämmer vare sig digitalisering är en bra eller dålig sak för rollspel. / The popularity of roleplaying games has dramatically increased during a time when digitalisation of the medium is more common than ever before. More and more players are experiencing roleplaying games in a way that they were not originally designed for. This digital medium could affect their experience of the game significantly, and impact how players experience the social aspects of roleplaying games. This study aims to research what form of impact digitalisation has on the social experience of roleplaying games, due to more and more players being affected by digitalisation than ever before, thanks to the overall growing popularity of the hobby. Academic literature on experiences of play within this field is also sparse, so the study aims to expand that as well. The research question developed from this study’s problem was “What were the participant's experiences of the social aspects of digital roleplaying games”. A qualitative case study was conducted through a literature overview regarding general thoughts about digitalisation and online play, taken from online forum posts. This was followed by a semistructured interview with 10 Tabletop Roleplaying-Game (TTRPG) players, which was later analysed via thematic analysis. The first step to answer the research question was to find out more information about what aspects regarding online play people regarded to be more important and significant, in order to better structure the interview to obtain more relevant information. This was done via the literature overview. Conducting an interview was the second step, which aimed to collect as much information about the players' thoughts, feelings, and experiences surrounding digital roleplaying. The third and final step was conducting a thematic analysis of the interview notes, in which three main themes were created: The Convenience of Playing Online, The Role-Playing experience, and the Game World. The following conclusions were drawn from the study: Digital roleplaying has a lot to offer when it comes to accessibility and organisation, as players found it drastically easier to get into the game, prepare sessions, as well as organise times for when to play together when conducting a session online. However, players also stated that the actual experience of play, especially when it came to socialising and immersing themselves, was much worse when playing digitally compared to in person. Based on these conclusions, it can be stated that the digitalisation of roleplaying games has a lot to offer when it comes to social accessibility, but it does dampen the overall social experience compared to an in-person play session. Overall, generally positive or negative conclusions can’t be drawn, and it is up to what players value more in their roleplaying experiences that determine whether digitised play is a good or a bad thing.

The diploma thesis deals with a topic related to the Covid-19 pandemic, specifically the impact on the sex business, resp. to people who move in this segment of commercial sexual services. The work aimed to analyze and describe the possible effects in the defined areas, which arose from the available studied sources (mainly foreign). The impacts were examined using qualitative methods in the areas (psychosocial and socio-economic, health, safety, change of sex business, and legalization of sex business) about those who move in this area and earn their living, family security, and benefits other liabilities (e.g., debts). The analyzed areas and the described impacts resulting from the semi-structured interviews were compared in discussion with the results of foreign research reports or with Czech sources of helping organizations, and were suggested possible ways to mitigate these impacts or may be prevented by future measures.

Denna studie syftar till att bidra med kunskap om de förändringsprocesser som kontorsarbetande medarbetare fått erfarenhet av och upplevt vid distansarbete och vid återgång till den fysiska arbetsplatsen i samband med Covid-19 pandemin. Mezirows teori om transformativt lärande användes som teoretiskt perspektiv för studien och användes som tolkningsredskap för att besvara vilka faktorer som påverkat distansarbete och återgång till den fysiska arbetsplatsen och vilka erfarenheter medarbetare upplevt vid dessa förändringsprocesser i samband med Covid-19 pandemin. Studien baseras på åtta intervjuer med kontorsarbetande medarbetare där samtliga har erfarenhet av att till största del arbetat på distans under Covid-19 pandemin. Studien visade att det upplevda distansarbetet och återgången till den fysiska arbetsplatsen bidragit med erfarenheter. Resultatet visade att flexibiliteten vid distansarbete upplevs som den mest fördelaktiga faktorn samtidigt som tekniken är den faktor som ställer till mest problem. Dessutom framkommer saknaden av kollegorna och upplevd isolering som en av de främst utmanande faktorerna vid distansarbete och att få träffa sina kollegor igen upplevs vara den mest positiva faktorn vid återgången till den fysiska arbetsplatsen. De främsta utmaningarna med att komma tillbaka till den fysiska arbetsplatsen är både de störningsmoment som kontorsmiljön innebar och att behöva mötas i verkligheten och inte längre sitta trygg bakom en skärm. Slutligen visar studiens resultat att erfarenheterna från de upplevda förändringsprocesserna gällande arbetssituationen under Covid-19 pandemin resulterat i ett önskemål om att i framtiden arbeta utifrån en hybrid arbetsmodell som inkluderar både distansarbete och att arbeta på den fysiska arbetsplatsen. / This study aims to contribute with knowledge about the transformation process experienced by office working employees both during teleworking and returning to the physical workplace due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on Mezirow's theory of transformative learning, this study aims to answer what influencing factors and experiences employees experienced in transformation processes due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The study is based on eight interviews with office working employees who were mostly teleworking during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study shows that both teleworking and the return to the physical workplace contributed with experiences and the results show that the perceived flexibility in teleworking was the main positive factor, while technology was the most problematic. In addition, the lack of colleagues and perceived isolation emerges as the main challenges in teleworking and meeting their colleagues again was considered the best thing about returning to the physical workplace. The main challenges in returning to the physical workplace were both the disturbances that the office environment entailed and the challenge of now facing people in real life. Finally, the results of the study show that the experience from the perceived transformation processes regarding the work situation during the Covid-19 pandemic, has resulted in a desire for a hybrid working model in the future that includes both teleworking and working in the physical workplace.

[pt] Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objetos de estudo o currículo escolar e suas relações com as concepções de escola. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em Queimados, município localizado na Baixada Fluminense do Rio de Janeiro. O objetivo da pesquisa é compreender as concepções de escola a partir das (re)elaborações do currículo escolar realizadas pelos professores, durante o processo de priorização curricular desenvolvido pela Rede municipal de Queimados no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19, no ano de 2021. Foram aplicados questionários com 79 questões fechadas e 3 abertas, respondidos por 48 professores dos anos finais do ensino fundamental que trabalham nessa Rede. Além disso, realizou-se entrevistas semiestruturadas com 16 professores, respondentes dos questionários, para permitir aprofundamentos das análises. As análises realizadas a partir dos dados produzidos foram construídas baseadas na interlocução teórica com os estudos de Tomas Tadeu Silva, Sacristán, Moreira e Candau, acerca do currículo e os estudos de Dubet e Charlot a respeito da escola e de seus objetivos. Os estudos de Nóvoa sobre formação e profissão docente, antes e durante a pandemia, também fizeram parte do arcabouço teórico utilizado. Ao longo da investigação pode-se constatar que as concepções dos professores constituem três dilemas: entre conceber uma teoria tradicional de currículo e ser responsável pela formação de um currículo humanizador; entre defender uma priorização curricular, baseada nas necessidades dos alunos, e a necessidade de dar conta dos conteúdos escolares pré-estabelecidos; entre priorizar ou reduzir os conteúdos, mediante a nova e emergencial realidade imposta pela pandemia de COVID-19. Conclui-se que há uma multiplicidade de justificativas para as escolhas adotadas pelos professores em relação à concepção de currículo e aos objetivos da escola na priorização curricular. Tais escolhas são marcadas pela subjetividade dos professores, a tradição escolar e a influência dos documentos oficiais. Aponta-se que não há consenso entre os professores acerca dos objetivos da escola, o que reverbera na complexidade de se conceituar currículo. / [en] This Master s dissertation has as a goal the study of school curriculum and its relations with the conceptions of school. The research was developed in Queimados, which is a municipality located in Baixada Fluminense – Rio de Janeiro. Moreover, it has the intention of understanding the conceptions of school from the (re)elaboration of the school curriculum made by teachers during the process of the curriculum priorization developed by the Municipal System of Queimados in the context of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the year of 2021. Questionnaires with 79 closed queries and 3 open ones were applied, which were answered by 48 teachers of the Elementary School final years, who work at this Educational System Furthermore, semi-structured interviews with 16 teachers,who answered the querries, were taken in order to allow a deepening in the analyzes.The analyses made from the data produced were created based on the theoretical interlocution with the studies of Silva, Sacristán, Moreira and Candau -regarding the curriculum, the studies of Dubet vand Charlot concerning schooland their objectives. The studies of Nóvoa on the academic education and profession of teachers, before and during the Pandemic, also made part of the theoretical framework used. Along the investigation it is possible to confirm that the conceptions of the teachers compose three dilemmas: between establishing a traditional theory of the curriculum and and being responsible for the elaboration of a humanizing curriculum; between defending the curriculum priorization, basedon the needs of students, and the necessity of coping with the pre-stablished educational contents; between prioritize or reduce the contents, upon the new reality emergency imposed by the COVID-19 Pandemic. It can be concluded that there is a multiplicity of justifications to the choices adoped by teachers in relation to the conception of curriculum and the objectives of school in the curriculum prioritization. Such choices are highlighted by the teachers subjectivity, school tradition and the influence of official documents. It is pointed out that there is noconsensus among teachers concerning the purposes of school, what reverberates in the complexity of conceptualizing a curriculum.