This paper discusses the problem related to conflicts of interestand its various manifestations, particularly in public administration. in this regard, the author makes an ethical analysis of the concept, and he examines the regulation of conflicts of interest in the administrative field and its configuration as a constitutional limitation of fundamental rights. In this way, the paper concludes that the regulation of conflicts of interest in governance should aim to seek efficiency and balance since the position of a public servant implicates acting according to what is of general interest. / El presente artículo aborda la problemática relativa a los conflictos de intereses y sus distintas manifestaciones, particularmente, en la gestión pública. en este sentido, el artículo parte del análisis ético del concepto, para luego arribar al examen de la regulación de los conflictos de intereses en el ámbito administrativo y su configuración como limitación constitucional a una serie de derechos fundamentales. De esta forma, concluye que la regulación de los conflictos de intereses en la gestión pública debe tender a buscar la eficacia y equilibrio, toda vez que la posición de funcionario pública importa el actuar con arreglo a un interés general.

Submitted by Tales Lima Freire (taleslfreire@hotmail.com) on 2016-03-04T17:25:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Tales Freire V3.docx: 124164 bytes, checksum: f4f7691e9f148153171837b07169785b (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Tales, boa tarde Devido às normas da ABNT, deverá realizar as seguintes alterações para que possamos aceitar seu trabalho junto à biblioteca: O arquivo deve estar em pdf. Retirar a acentuação de Getúlio. Em seguida, realizar uma nova submissão. Att on 2016-03-04T17:45:57Z (GMT) / Submitted by Tales Lima Freire (taleslfreire@hotmail.com) on 2016-03-04T18:31:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Tales Freire.pdf: 247166 bytes, checksum: c5289dffba6f4285958522e79171dd33 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2016-03-04T18:39:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Tales Freire.pdf: 247166 bytes, checksum: c5289dffba6f4285958522e79171dd33 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-04T19:03:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Tales Freire.pdf: 247166 bytes, checksum: c5289dffba6f4285958522e79171dd33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-15 / This paper seeks to better understand the relation between the financial and stock performance of companies and executive compensation, in order to analyze whether there is good alignment of interests between shareholders and executives. Multiple linear regressions under the ordinary least square and TOBIT methods were run for a sample of 128 companies listed in the Brazilian stock market, using data for the year of 2014. The variables of financial performance had a positive correlation with the total executive compensation and fixed compensation, but they were not statistically significant to explain the variable compensation and the compensation related to stock options, aftermath inconsistent with the bibliography and the objective of the executive compensation structure. In addition, it was observed that the size of the company has a positive influence over executive compensation, while shareholder structure, public controlling stake and debt level have a negative effect over executive compensation, with debt level having a negative effect mostly on the executive compensation through stock options. / Este artigo busca compreender melhor a relação entre o desempenho financeiro e de mercado das empresas e a remuneração dos executivos, de modo a verificar se os interesses dos executivos estão alinhados com os dos acionistas. Foram realizadas regressões lineares múltiplas pelo método dos mínimos quadrados ordinários e pelo método TOBIT para uma amostra de 128 empresas listadas na bolsa de valores brasileira, com base nos dados do ano de 2014. As variáveis de desempenho financeiro tiveram correlação positiva com a remuneração executiva total e remuneração fixa, mas elas não foram estatisticamente significantes para explicar a remuneração variável e por meio de stock options, resultado inconsistente com a literatura e o objetivo da própria estrutura de remuneração. Além disso, foi observado que o tamanho da empresa tem influência positiva sobre a remuneração executiva, enquanto que a concentração acionária, controle acionário público e endividamento têm efeito negativo sobre a remuneração executiva.

Bioethics, medicines, interests conflict and quality controlThe article analyzes the problems of pharmaceutical advertising that distorts, exaggerates or hides certain information (side effects of drugs), as well as the work of pharmaceutical sales  representatives, the problem of drugs’ risk, marketing authorization, access to drugs, therapeutic practice, conflicts of interest, and quality control in medicine. These issues have a greater importance in public health; since the lack of respect for the fundamental principles of bioethics (benefit, not harm, autonomy and consent) has a direct impact on the health of the population. / El artículo analiza la problemática de la publicidad farmacéutica que deforma, exagera o esconde ciertas informaciones (efectos secundarios de los medicamentos), así como la labor de los visitadores médicos, el problema del riesgo medicamentoso, la autorización de comercialización, el acceso a los medicamentos, la practica terapéutica, los conflictos de intereses y el control de calidad en medicina. Estos temas tienen una importancia mayor en salud pública, ya que el no respetar los principios fundamentales de bioética (beneficencia, no maleficencia, autonomía y consentimiento) incide directamente sobre el estado de salud de la población

An appreciation of the role of mutualism is essential when studying ecology and evolution in most ecosystems. Information covering aspects of mutualistic interactions can serve as a complement to the somewhat one-sided perspective from the 1950’s and 60’s that is used when teaching biology. In this thesis I applied an in-depth approach in which variation in the interspecific interaction between Aphis fabae aphids and Lasius niger ants was studied both in the field and in the laboratory. An emphasis was put on studies spanning several consecutive aphid generations. This approach revealed important differences between ant tended aphids and those without ants. In the lab, I found an initial decrease in aphid adult size and reproductive investment in the first generations after the start of ant tending, which was followed by a recovery to the pre-tending situation after about four generations. Another laboratory experiment showed an increase in alate (winged aphid) production from exposure to aphid alarm pheromones, and an even stronger decrease in alate production from ant attendance, suggesting that ants have gained the upper hand in an evolutionary conflict over aphid dispersal. Results from a field experiment further emphasized the possibility of negative effects of ants on aphids, showing that ant-tended aphid colonies experienced a higher rate of parasitoid attacks, produced fewer alates and embryos in adult aphids. The thesis highlights the scope for variation in the net effect of the interaction for aphids, and argues that, depending on the environmental circumstances, the interaction may sometimes and perhaps even often not really be a case of mutualism. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

Markets in Financial Instruments Directive I är ett direktiv framtaget av Europakommissionen som reglerar den finansiella marknaden i Europa, som ett resultat av finanskrisen som uppkom 2007. Direktivet har implementerats i hela Europa Unionen och infördes i Sverige 2007. Finanskrisen har lagt grunden för ytterligare skärpta regleringar för en effektivare tillsyn, eftersom det tidigare fanns reguljära brister på den finansiella marknaden. Från januari 2017 implementerades Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II och träder i lag i Sverige januari 2018. MiFiD II syftar till att täppa till de brister som funnits i det första direktivet. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om direktivet kan bidra till förändrade förutsättningar gällande konkurrens mellan aktörer som verkar på den finansiella marknaden samt vilka fördelar och nackdelar direktivet medför. En kvalitativ forskningsstrategi har tillämpats och semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts. Utvalda aktörer som verkar på den finansiella marknaden har intervjuats både personligt men också online. Ytterligare information om direktivet har samlats in från vetenskapliga artiklar, litteratur samt dokument från myndigheters hemsidor. Resultatet av studien visar att samtliga aktörer är positivt inställda till direktivet men att det fortfarande finns oklarheter gällande dess implementering, hur direktivet ska tolkas samt hur ett enhetligt utförande ska ske inom alla EU-länder. MiFID II syftar till att främja konkurrensen ytterligare, men baserat på respondenterna tenderar åtstramningarna att leda till ökade inträdesbarriärer, risk för stordriftsfördelar samt att mindre aktörer kan missgynnas. / Markets in Financial Instruments Directive I is a directive established by the European Commission that regulate the financial market in Europe as a result of the financial crisis that occurred in 2007. The Directive has been implemented in the European Union and introduced in Sweden in 2007. The financial crisis has laid the foundation of harder regulations and for supervision to be more effective, because of the previous shortcomings on the financial market. Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II were implemented in January 2017, and will be established as a law in Sweden in January 2018. The purpose of MiFID II is to overcome the shortcomings that have been identified in the first directive. The purpose of the study is to examine whether the directive can contribute to changing conditions for competition between players on the financial market and the advantages and disadvantages of the directive. The study has a qualitative research strategy, with a focus on semi-structured interviews. A number of players on the financial market have been interviewed both personally and online. Further, information on the directive has been collected from scientific articles, literature and documents from government websites. The result of the study shows that all respondents are positive to the directive but that there still are uncertainties about its implementation, how the directive should be interpreted and how all the EU countries should implement the directive in a uniform way. MiFID II aims to continue to improve the competition, but based on the respondents, harder requirements tends to increase barriers to entry, risk of economies of scale, and smaller players to be exposed.

Syfte: Syftet med studien är att ur ett agentteoretiskt perspektiv skapa förståelse för hur separationen av ägande och kontroll ter sig i ett svenskt kundägt bolag samt vilka konsekvenser detta medför och vilka lösningar bolaget arbetar med. Metod: Studien präglas av en abduktiv forskningsansats. Studien är en fallstudie där vi syftar i att undersöka en specifik organisation. Data är insamlad med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer som bearbetats genom tematisk analys. Resultat &amp; slutsats: Vi ser tendenser till en stor separation av ägande och kontroll likaväl som en mindre. Den större separationen beror främst på spritt ägande och resulterar i en hög grad informationsasymmetri. Separationen tenderar dock även att minskas till följd av användning av fullmäktige, lokal placering samt återinvesteringar i länet. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Förslag till vidare forskning är att skapa förståelse för vilken effekt kundägda bolag upplever till följd av att de två parterna kund och ägare innehas av samma person. Uppsatsens bidrag: Studiens teoretiska bidrag är att öka kunskapen om kundägda bolag och dess hantering av separation av ägande och kontroll. Det praktiska bidraget för studien är att bidra med kunskap till intervjuernas respondenter samt övriga intressenter till organisationen vi undersökt. Vår ambition är även att öka intresset för engagerade ägare. Nyckelord: kundägda bolag, agentteori, separation av ägande och kontroll, informationsasymmetri, intressekonflikt / Aim: The aim for this study is from an agent theoretical perspective generate comprehension of how the separation of ownership and control seems in a Swedish mutual organization as well as what consequences this leads to and what solutions the organization is working with. Method: The study is characterized by an abductive approach. The study takes the form of a case study aimed for research of a specific mutual organization. The collected data is a result of semi-structured interviews that has been analyzed with a thematic analysis. Result &amp; conclusions: We anticipate both a large separation of ownership and control as well as a small one. The larger one is due to a scattered ownership that results in a greater extent of information asymmetry. The separation also tends to get smaller due to the establishment of the council, that the organization operates locally and due to the reinvests in the local community. Suggestions for future research: Suggestions for future research is to generate comprehension of which impact mutual organizations experiences from the fact that two parties, customer and owner, are held within the same individual.   Contribution of the thesis: The theoretical contribution is to increase knowledge about mutual organization and their management of separation of ownership and control. The practical contribution is to distribute knowledge to the respondents as well as other stakeholders of the examined organization. Our ambition is also to increase interest for committed owners. Key words: mutual organization, Agent theory, separation of ownership and control, information asymmetry, conflict of interest

This thesis examined the regulation of ‚revolving doors' at European Union institutions, i.e. the fluctuation of personnel between public and private sectors, which threatens the independence of public administration. It adopts the research design of exploratory case study and the methods of doctrinal legal research and qualitative document analysis to build an overview of post-employment rules imposed on public officials of the European Commission, European Parliament, Council and European Central Bank. Contrary to common conceptions, the rules are based on 'hard law' norms. Further, the types of revolving door moves which are prohibited vary among the institutions. Majority of the institutions enjoy a wide discretion in the implementation of the rules but seem to consider them as an internal matter, leaving a lot to be desired from a transparency standpoint. Lastly, a hypothesis of prioritization of revolving door risks by institutions is derived for further inquiry.

Det finns en intressekonflikt i Idreområdet och den är mellan Idre Fjäll, Idre by och Idre sameby. Syftet med uppsatsen är att få en ökad förståelse för intressekonflikten mellan de tre utvalda grupperna. Syftet är även att undersöka hur Idre Fjäll utvecklats historiskt med fokus på bland annat planering, kulturarv och arkitektur. Målsättningen var att undersöka om planering kan agera lösning i intressekonflikten. Fallstudien har utgått från Idre med omnejd. Det har genomförts intervjuer och samtal i kombination med en litteraturstudie. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna för arbetet har varit värdeteorin emotivism. Resultatet visar på att intressekonflikten är komplicerad och innehåller många olika synvinklar. Planeringsverktygen kan användas som ett sätt att inkludera fler grupper och människor vilket ökar möjligheten för lösning på intressekonflikten. Idag är det främst översiktsplaner och detaljplaner som används, en fördjupad översiktsplan ligger ute på samråd och tros bidra på ett bra sätt i framtidens planeringsarbete. Det har även framkommit att det finns fler planeringsverktyg som hade varit önskade att skapa exempel ett kulturmiljöprogram. De immateriella kulturarvet önskas inkluderas mer i planeringssamanhanget. Idre Fjäll har utvecklats i olika vågor vilket bland annat beror på en önskan av en estetisk utformning men även på samhällsförhållanden. Kulturarvet är större i området än vad som framkommit till en början vilket motiveras med den höga samiska närvaron och Idre Fjälls första byggnader. / A conflict of interest exists in the area, the different parts is Idre Fjäll, Idre by och Idre sameby. The thesis aim is to increase the understanding of “conflict of interest” between three parts. The aim is also to explore Idre Fjälls development, the focus is on planning, cultural heritage and architecture. The goal was to investigate if planning can operate as a solution in the conflict. The focus has been Idre with the surroundings included. Interviews and literature study has been done. Value theory, more specific emotivism was the theoretical perspective. The results show that the conflict of interest is complex, and it includes many different opinions. Planning tools can be used to make people get included in the discussion. Involvement increases the possibility to solve the conflict. Just a few planning documents are used today. It would be great to complement the current ones. For example, a greater focus on the intangible cultural heritage. Idre Fjäll has developed historically in different periods which are affected of social conditions. The cultural heritage is bigger than expected, that can be justified by the high indigenous presence

La période de prospérité immobilière qu’a vécue le Québec a attiré de nombreuses personnes vers la pratique du courtage immobilier. Certains ont malheureusement choisi d’exercer cette « profession » pour les mauvaises raisons et sans se soucier des règles et valeurs régissant l’industrie du courtage immobilier au Québec, dont la protection est confiée à l’Organisme d’autoréglementation du courtage immobilier du Québec (ci-après : « Organisme » ou « OACIQ ». Ainsi, à l’ère où la question des conflits d’intérêts, et plus particulièrement ceux existants chez nos élus, envahie littéralement les médias, il nous a semblé pertinent d’étudier le concept de conflit d’intérêts à travers la Loi sur le courtage immobilier en vue de faire un constat sur l’état du droit. Dans la première partie de notre exposé, nous traiterons des fondements et origines de l’expression « conflit d’intérêts » ainsi que son évolution à travers le temps, jusqu’à présent. Cette première partie, également consacrée au lexique, nous permettra de comprendre l’étymologie des termes « conflit », « intérêt » et de l’expression « conflit d’intérêts ». Finalement, nous analyserons certaines lois et décisions traitant du sujet. Dans la seconde partie de notre mémoire, nous nous pencherons sur la place occupée par le conflit d’intérêts dans la Loi sur le courtage immobilier. L’historique des diverses versions de cette Loi, l’évolution des dispositions ainsi que les décisions du Comité de discipline de l’OACIQ concernant le conflit d’intérêts y seront étudiés. Nous conclurons ce mémoire par une synthèse de nos recherches et en proposant des modifications législatives à la Loi sur le courtage immobilier. / The real estate boom in which we found ourselves in recent years has attracted many people to the real estate brokerage practice. Unfortunately, some have chosen to practice this “profession” for the wrong reasons and without regard to the rules and values governing the real estate brokerage industry in Quebec, whose protection is entrusted to the Organisme d’autoréglementation du courtage immobilier du Québec. Thus, in a period in which the concept of conflict of interest and particularly those existing in our government, literally invade the medias, it seemed appropriate to us to question the meaning of that term through the Real Estate Brokerage Act in order to make a statement on the law. In the first part of our thesis, we will step back in time, to find the foundations and origins of the conflict of interest as well as its evolution over time, until today. The first part, also a study of the particular lexicon, will give us the opportunity to understand the etymology of the term "conflict", "interest" and "conflict of interest". Finally, we will analyze some laws and decisions concerning this topic. In the second part of our work, we will look at the place assigned by the Real Estate Brokerage Act to the conflict of interest. The history of the various versions of this Law, the evolution as well as the decisions issued by the Disciplinary Committee of sections concerning the conflict of interest will be studied. We will conclude with a summary of our research and will provide possible solutions, including legislative amendments to the Real Estate Brokerage Act.

Dans la foulée des scandales financiers ayant secoué le milieu des affaires ces dernières années, l’efficacité des pratiques de régie d’entreprise, et, en particulier celles liées à l’indépendance des administrateurs, a été passée au crible. L’administrateur désigné par une partie pour la représenter est un type d’administrateur que l’on rencontre fréquemment au sein des conseils d’administration des entreprises. Toutefois, l’on peut se questionner sur l’indépendance réelle de ces administrateurs, considérant leur loyauté envers la personne les ayant désignés, laquelle détient habituellement un intérêt à titre d’actionnaire ou de partie prenante dans l’entreprise visée. En outre, alors que les principes légaux requièrent que les administrateurs agissent dans le meilleur intérêt de l’entreprise, la réalité pratique est parfois toute autre: aux prises avec les instructions ou les souhaits de la personne les ayant nommés, les administrateurs désignés se retrouvent placés en situation inhérente de conflit d’intérêts. Ce texte vise à offrir une analyse détaillée au sujet de l’administrateur désigné et du conflit d’intérêts résultant de cette double exigence de loyauté. L’objectif est de présenter un examen approfondi des diverses difficultés résultant de la nomination d’un administrateur désigné ou associées à celle-ci, ainsi que des réponses judiciaires et législatives liées à cette problématique. Cette réflexion mènera à une exploration de certains systèmes législatifs et légaux, en particulier ceux du Royaume-Uni, de l’Australie et de la Nouvelle-Zélande, afin d’obtenir une meilleure compréhension et d’offrir une perspective éclairée quant aux enjeux analysés par la présente. / Following the wave of corporate scandals that have surfaced over the past decade, significant attention has been showered on the efficiency of corporate governance practices, with particular scrutiny on the issue of director independence. One specific category of directors frequently nominated to sit on corporate boards is the nominee director. However, these directors often lack veritable independence given their extraneous loyalty towards their appointer, usually either a shareholder or stakeholder of the corporation. Furthermore, while legal principle requires that all company directors exercise their statutory duties with a view to the best interests of the corporation, in practice nominee directors are expected to follow the instructions or wishes of their appointer, resulting in their inherent position of conflict. This text focuses on the nominee director and the conflict of interest resulting from such director’s position of dual loyalty. Its objective is to provide a comprehensive examination of the various difficulties arising from, and associated with the appointment of nominee directors as well as the judicial and legislative responses to these difficulties. In examining the various complications associated with nominee directors, the legal framework in several foreign jurisdictions, particularly the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand is also explored throughout this text to provide further insight and perspective on the different issues analysed herein.