Sveriges och Norges geografiska landområde skiljs av riksgränsen. Riksgränsen är den längsta i Europa och avgränsar svensk och norsk lagstiftnings tillämpningsområde. Syftet med studien är att utreda vilken påverkan riksgränsen mellan Sverige och Norge har på samhällsbyggnadsprocessen i gränsnära områden. Detta görs genom att studera översynen av riksgränsen, gränsöverskridande byggnader och fastigheter med utfart över riksgränsen. Studien har genomförts med tre tillvägagångssätt i form av en studie av litteratur, intervjuer med sakkunniga och granskning av förrättningsakter. För studien av litteratur har relevant lagtext, förarbeten och doktrin studerats. Intervjuer med sakkunniga och granskning av förrättningsakter har genomförts för att samla in information som inte kunde inhämtas genom studien av litteratur. Riksgränsens sträckning regleras i svensk rätt av förordning om riksgränsen mellan Sverige och Norge (SFS 1989:809) och i norsk rätt av lov om grensetillsyn og grensekontroll av personer (LOV nr 8, 20/04/2018), som båda hänvisar till överenskommelser mellan länderna från år 1661 och 1751. Översyner av riksgränsen genomförs gemensamt av länderna i enlighet med nämnda överenskommelser. Uppförande av byggnader på riksgränsen sker genom samarbete mellan Sverige och Norge. En problematik med att uppföra byggnader på riksgränsen är att det tolkas strida mot bestämmelser i nämnda överenskommelser vilket gör att ett beslut om undantag från bestämmelserna måste ske.Vem som ska ta ett sådant beslut är inte självklart. Av de studerade fastigheterna vars utfart passerar riksgränsen är det ingen som har någon formell rätt till utfart. Fastigheternauppfyller kraven på lämplighet i 3 kap. fastighetsbildningslagen (SFS 1970:988) såvida inter iksgränsen riskerar att stängas vilket var fallet under coronapandemin åren 2020-2022. Slutsatsen som kan dras är att den svenska lagstiftningen för riksgränsen behöver ses över eftersom det finns brister i vad som gäller för exempelvis uppförande av en byggnad på gränsen. Svensk och norsk lagstiftning är i många avseenden lik varandra vilket gör att samordning fungerar bra vid åtgärder inom samhällsbyggnadsprocessen i gränsnära områden. Däremot har stängningen av riksgränsen under pandemin medfört konsekvenser som gör att det finns anledning att ifrågasätta en alltför snäv samordning mellan länderna utan restriktioner. / The geographical land area of Sweden and Norway is separated by a national border. The national border is the longest in Europe and sets apart the Swedish and Norwegian area of aw. The aim of the study is to investigate the influence of the national border between Sweden and Norway on the process of urban management in border close areas. This is carried out by studying the border overhaul of the national border, cross-border buildings and property units whose property exit crosses the national border. The study has been made with three modes of procedure consisting of a study of literature,interviews with specialists and examination of cadastral dossiers. For the study of literature relevant text of law, legal preparatory work and doctrine has been studied. Interviews with specialists and examination of cadastral dossiers has been carried out to gather information which couldn’t be gathered by the study of literature.The extension of the national border is regulated in Swedish law in ordinance of the national border between Sweden and Norway (SFS 1989:809) and in Norwegian law in law of border supervision and border control of people (LOV nr 8, 20/04/2018), which both refers to agreements between the nations from 1661 and 1751. Overhauls of the national border are carried out jointly by the countries in accordance with the mentioned agreements. Construction of buildings on the national border takes place through cooperation between Sweden and Norway. A problem with construction of buildings onthe national border is that it is interpreted to be contrary to terms in the mentioned agreements, which means that an exception from the regulations must be made. Who should make such a decision isn’t obvious. Out of all the examined property units whose property exit crosses the national border, none of them have a legislated right to use the property exit. The property units fulfills the demands of adequacy regulated in the third chapter first article of the Swedish property formation act (SFS 1970:988) unless the national border isn’t threatened to close, which was the case during the covid pandemic 2020-2022. The conclusion that can be drawn is that the Swedish law for the national border needs to be reviewed because the law is lacking in what applies for example construction of a building on the border. Swedish and Norwegian laws are in many aspects alike which makes coordination between the countries function well for actions within the process of urban management in border close areas. However the closing of the national border due to the pandemic has caused consequences the law couldn’t foresee and a need for restrictions and regulations seem imminent

This thesis examines problems concerning international standard-essential patent licensing disputes within the EU from a private international law perspective. Furthermore, it seeks to analyse the jurisdictional rules which are established by the Brussels Ia Regulation when applied to cross-border SEP licensing disputes. The backdrop for the present study is the system of international standardisation and the licensing of those patents which are essential to the implementation of a technical standard. It is primarily concerned with EU law as it relates to technical standardisation in the field of telecommunications, since it plays a significant role in today’s global information society. As a rule, SEP holders make a commitment to license their essential patents according to terms which are fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND). In order to fulfil the aim of the thesis, the legal nature of such a FRAND commitment has been examined, finding that it should be characterised as an enforceable contract for the benefit of third parties. Patent rights have traditionally been thought of as territorial in nature, which raises questions regarding the possibilities for cross-border enforcement, as well as how the rules on jurisdiction should be applied by national courts in the EU when faced with international disputes where the subject matter is considered to be, to an extent, territorially bound. One of the fundamental questions that arise out of this is how, in the context of SEP licensing, the legal framework for SEP disputes affects the application of the jurisdictional rules in cross-border cases. As a consequence of the lack of harmonisation as well as legal regulation and guidance relating to SEP licensing, individual courts in Europe have developed their own distinct approaches and methodologies in SEP disputes. There is a risk that this lack of uniformity leads not only to greater legal uncertainty, but also widespread patent litigation. In particular, recent case law from Germany and the United Kingdom has been influential in creating a precedent that national courts are able to set FRAND licensing terms which are global in scope. This has led to certain courts taking a more active approach in international SEP disputes—even if they concern foreign patents—granting injunctions which in some cases seek to limit the jurisdiction of foreign courts. It seems to follow from this that a ‘race to the courthouse’ is to be expected in SEP disputes, which is further facilitated by the ample room for forum shopping that exists in the Brussels Ia Regulation. Lastly, the thesis also deals, in part, with the new unitary patent system, as well as the Unified Patent Court and the question of how the UPC may come to affect the future of SEP disputes within the EU. Appropriate solutions to the identified problems are discussed, favouring either a concentration of SEP litigation to one forum, or the development of guiding principles so as to increase legal certainty.

Глобализация охватывает все новые сферы и меняет суть привычных явлений. Характерной чертой современного этапа развития мирового хозяйства является формирование и распространение трансграничных цепочек стоимости (глобальных и региональных). Одной из мало изученных сфер остается вопрос об интеграции национальной экономики в трансграничных цепочках стоимости в условиях глобализации. На сегодняшний день странам со слабой экономикой как Республика Таджикистан важнейшим источником роста конкурентоспособности отраслей является стимулирование участия в глобальных цепочках стоимости на этапе их формирования. Для этого необходима выработка специфических рекомендаций. Объектом исследования является национальная экономика Республики Таджикистан. Предмет исследования – степень включенности и направление развития национальной экономики в глобальной среде трансграничных цепочек добавленной стоимости. Цель данной работы – формирование теоретико-методических основ и разработка рекомендаций по выстраиванию национальной экономики Республики Таджикистан в трансграничные цепочки стоимости. Во введении обоснована актуальность, цель и задачи исследования. В первой главе рассмотрены сущность и понятие среды трансграничных цепочек стоимости. Изучена концепция национальной экономики в условиях глобализации. Во второй главе проведена комплексная оценка место страны в мировой хозяйственной среде на основании международных индексов, была предложена авторская методика. На основании авторской методики было выявлено участие страны в фрагментации цепочки создания стоимости. В третьей главе проведён мониторинг мнения экспертов, SWOT – анализ о присоединение Республики Таджикистан в ЕАЭС, как способ более глубокого интегрирования в воспроизводственных процессах. А также было изучено несколько Государственных Программ Республики Таджикистан. В Заключении авторами было предложено несколько рекомендаций по поводу дальнейшего развития национальной экономики Республики Таджикистан в трансграничные цепочки стоимости. / Globalization covers all new areas and changes the essence of familiar phenomena. A characteristic feature of the current stage of development of the world economy is the formation and distribution of cross-border value chains (global and regional). One of the little studied areas remains the issue of integrating the national economy in cross-border value chains in the context of globalization. To date, countries with a weak economy as the Republic of Tajikistan, the most important source of growth in the competitiveness of industries is the promotion of participation in global value chains at the stage of their formation. It requires the development of specific recommendations. The object of the research is the national economy of the Republic of Tajikistan. The subject of research is the degree of inclusion and direction of development of the national economy in the global environment of cross-border value chains. The purpose of the work is the formation of theoretical and methodological foundations and the development of recommendations for implementing the national economy of the Republic of Tajikistan into cross-border value chains. The introduction substantiates the relevance, purpose and objectives of the research. The first chapter discusses the nature and concept of the environment of cross-border value chains. The concept of the national economy in the context of globalization is studied. In the second chapter, a comprehensive assessment of the country's place in the world economic environment on the basis of international indices is carried out; there proposed the methodology based on the author’s methodology, the country's participation in the fragmentation of the value chain is revealed. The third chapter monitors the opinions of experts, SWOT analyzes on the accession of the Republic of Tajikistan to the EAEU as a way of deeper integration in reproduction processes. And also several State Programs of the Republic of Tajikistan are studied. In conclusion, the authors propose several recommendations regarding the further development of the national economy of the Republic of Tajikistan in cross-border value chains.

The adoption of blockchain technology for cross-border payments is not an easy task.However this qualitative study further investigates the connotations associated with adoptionof blockchain in cross-border financial transactions within Swedish financial institutions suchas banks, fintech, and credit management service companies. To answer this question, weinterviewed six participants that work in a credit management company, an open bankingcompany, and a digital mortgage service company using semi-structured interviews. Datacollection was done using this method because the purpose of this research work is to identifypeople's insights and experiences based on their real-life experiences. Data were analyzedusing thematic analysis. Our results showed that the impact of adoption of blockchain incross-border payment transactions in terms of technical implementation challenges,customers' use cases and pilot programs, compliance and security enhancements, industrycollaboration and knowledge sharing, legacy systems integration and interoperability, and keydrivers beyond adoption. In addition, the study findings were compared with the determinantsand influence factors of the model through the lens of the DOI. The implications of this studycould used to help financial institutions' focus on blockchain adoption in cross-borderpayment transactions. As a whole, this study contributes to the idea that financial institutionsshould develop an accurate strategy, as well as guidelines that can assist them in leveragingblockchain technology for cross-border payments, enhancing their services, and fosteringsustainable growth in cross-border digital markets.

Die Auflösung traditioneller Konzepte der Identitätsbildung, insbesondere entlang nationaler Grenzen, wirft zunehmend die Frage nach neuen Gemeinschaften und Abgrenzungen, nach deren Wirkungsweisen und Durchlässigkeit auf. Ein Konzept, das sich aus dieser Frage entwickelt hat, ist die Idee der »Aktiven Grenzen«. Dieses Buch untersucht, wie sich Identitäten, Öffentlichkeiten und kollektive Erinnerungen in grenzüberschreitenden Gebieten verändern und leistet damit einen Beitrag zum breiten soziologischen Kontext der Europäisierung. Anhand von Fallstudien über das deutsch-tschechisch-österreichische und das tschechisch-polnisch-deutsche Grenzgebiet stellt der Band Befunde zur grenzüberschreitenden Zusammenarbeit vor. Diese werden mit Hilfe des Konzepts der aktiven Grenzen interpretiert, das Grenzen als eine Quelle multikultureller Kompetenz und kognitiver Fähigkeiten betrachtet. Sowohl territoriale als auch symbolische Grenzen sollten von den Europäern als spezifische kulturelle Formen behandelt werden. Aktive Grenzen ermöglichen ein noch nie dagewesenes Maß an grenzüberschreitender Zusammenarbeit und Integration und fördern ein besseres Verständnis von Unterschieden, anstatt sie wieder einzubetten oder neue zu schaffen. Dementsprechend sind die Autoren der Ansicht, dass aktive Grenzen mehr dynamische, offene und widerstandsfähige Gesellschaften fördern und eine entscheidende Voraussetzung für den Erfolg des europäischen Integrationsprojekts darstellen.:Prolog: Identitäten – Gedächtnis – Sprache – Grenzen Einleitung: Euroregionen, aktive Grenzen und Europäisierung Karel B. Müller 1. Aktive Grenzen und die Europäisierung des öffentlichen Raums. Wie »Gleiches« auch »Anderes« sein kann und umgekehrt Luděk Fráně, Daniel Kný, Karel B. Müller 2. Grenzen und Identität. Der Ort, an dem Europa lebt! Karel B. Müller, Luděk Fráně 3. Grenzen und Sprache. Kleine Missverständnisse, große Probleme und die Früchte der Mehrsprachigkeit Kamil Fleissner, Karel B. Müller 4. Grenzen und Gedächtnis. Von historischen Wurzeln zu dialogischen Pfaden Abschließende Betrachtungen – I ja za tobą Polak Quellen und Literaturverzeichnis / The dissolution of traditional concepts of identity formation, especially along national borders, increasingly raises the question of new communities and demarcations, of their modes of action and permeability. One concept that has emerged from this question is the idea of „active borders“. This book explores how identities, public spheres and collective memories are being transformed in cross-border areas, contributing to the broad sociological context of Europeanization. Offering case studies on the German-Czech-Austrian, and Czech-Polish-German borderlands, the book introduces original primary data on cross-border cooperation. This data is interpreted using the concept of active borders, which approaches borders as a source of multicultural competence and cognitive capacity. In turn, the authors argue that Europeans need to treat borders, both territorial and symbolic, as specific cultural forms. Active borders allow an unprecedented level of cross-border cooperation and integration, and foster a better understanding of differences, rather than re-embedding them or constructing others. Accordingly, the authors contend that active borders promote more dynamic, open and resilient societies, and represent crucial prerequisites for the success of the European integration project.:Prolog: Identitäten – Gedächtnis – Sprache – Grenzen Einleitung: Euroregionen, aktive Grenzen und Europäisierung Karel B. Müller 1. Aktive Grenzen und die Europäisierung des öffentlichen Raums. Wie »Gleiches« auch »Anderes« sein kann und umgekehrt Luděk Fráně, Daniel Kný, Karel B. Müller 2. Grenzen und Identität. Der Ort, an dem Europa lebt! Karel B. Müller, Luděk Fráně 3. Grenzen und Sprache. Kleine Missverständnisse, große Probleme und die Früchte der Mehrsprachigkeit Kamil Fleissner, Karel B. Müller 4. Grenzen und Gedächtnis. Von historischen Wurzeln zu dialogischen Pfaden Abschließende Betrachtungen – I ja za tobą Polak Quellen und Literaturverzeichnis

The study sought to explore possibilities of harmonising Shona-Nyai cross-border varieties in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Emerging from the responses were problems of attitudes, ignorance of what the harmonisation project entails and the different levels of development among the varieties to be harmonised. Participants believed that the challenges they faced could be resolved and they proposed some intervention strategies. Results from the questionnaire, the interview and documents analysed affirmed the generally held view that, the future of Shona-Nyai as a language and culture is securely in the hands of the speakers’ initiatives. The argument of the study has been that, the success of such a harmonisation project depends on the presence of favourable and conducive political and economic conditions through enabling language engineering activities. Information collected from the questionnaires was mainly presented in tables and information from interviews and document analysis was presented qualitatively in words. The language as a right and the language as resource orientations of language planning guided this study. The intention was to show that the preservation of linguistic diversity is important in the maintenance of group and individual identity and harmonisation should further this cause. Findings from this thesis indicate that for a successful harmonisation project to take place there is need for research in the documentation of underdeveloped Shona-Nyai varieties so that they have some presence in the education domain. The study recommends that people’s mindsets must be changed by packaging the harmonisation project in a way which they understand and appreciate. A holistic approach in solving the language problem can be achieved through a mixed approach of language policy formulation. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African languages)

The thesis investigates the extent to which cross-border taking of evidence in civil and com-mercial matters in relation to Switzerland, South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Nigeria, and Uganda is allowed. Such evidence-taking is not only governed by the domestic law of the state seeking evidence abroad and that of the state where the relevant means of proof are located, but also by public international law, and more specifically by the concept of sovereignty. The ad-missibility of the cross-border taking of evidence under public international law depends on whether or not evidence-gathering in civil litigation is regarded as a judicial act, which violates sovereignty when performed on foreign territory, or as a purely private act. In the first case, the evidentiary material has to be obtained through channels of international judicial assistance. Such assistance can either be rendered based on the basis of an international treaty, or through courtoisie internationale. No international judicial assistance is necessary in cases of a so-called “transfer of foreign evidence”, provided no compulsion is applied which infringes the sovereignty of the foreign state. The thesis analyses the taking of evidence abroad based on the Hague Evidence Convention, and the Hague Procedure Convention. It further expounds how evidence located in Switzer-land, Botswana, Namibia, Nigeria, and Uganda can be obtained for the benefit of civil proceed-ings pending abroad in the absence of any relevant international treaty. The thesis also exam-ines under what conditions a litigant in civil proceedings in the aforementioned countries may request evidence to be taken on foreign soil. The position of cross-border taking of evidence in civil and commercial matters in the said countries is assessed, and suggestions are made on how such status quo may be improved. The thesis makes an attempt to establish the basic prin-ciples for a convention on evidence-taking in civil and commercial matters between South Af-rica, Botswana, Namibia, Nigeria, and Uganda. The development of such principles, however, is only possible once the similarities and differences in the procedure for the taking of evidence and the means of proof in the relevant laws of the aforesaid countries have been identified. / Public, Constitutional, & International / LL.D.

如何成長，是企業尋求永續經營所關心的永恆主題；如何國際化則是企業在經濟全球化時代面臨的挑戰。國際購併作為企業的擴張模式，同時兼具了企業追求成長和國際化佈局的內涵和效果，是歐美企業經常使用的成長策略和國際市場擴張策略。尤其在廿世紀的九○年代，全球化的風潮和跨國企業（MNCs）的全球化佈局，助長了跨國購併的盛行。 中國大陸在地理上緊鄰台灣，自1978年改革開放後，經濟呈現高度成長，除了是開發中國家首位國際對外直接投資（FDI）的目的地之外，更是全球最大的新興市場和製造工廠。惟與國際購併作為對外直接投資的主要模式比較起來，外資透過購併來經略中國市場並不普遍，在成交金額上僅佔5.5%，這主要是因為中國相關的購併法律環境還不健全、市場機制不成熟、資本市場也未全面開放所導致。因此，跨國購併目前並不是進入中國投資的主流模式。近年來，中國政府加強改善購併相關環境的工作，一方面使得購併活動蓬勃發展，另方面也讓外資得以在中國以購併方式經略中國。 本論文「以成長策略為經，以國際市場進入模式為緯」探討台資企業在中國大陸的購併策略，研究的出發點主要是關懷台商如何以及能否以購併策略來經略中國市場，並探究是否成功。由於過去與此相關的研究相當稀少，本研究可以定位為初探性研究，研究主要採取個案研究法，並在對三個個案研究公司從事購併的高階主管進行深度訪談，以及次級資料蒐集的輔助下，實證研究有幾項結論發現，分述如下： 一、台商以購併方式在中國大陸投資的主要考量是：如何以時間爭取市場空間。簡言之，面對大陸新興市場的高速成長，時間價值取得了投資策略思考的主導地位，形成了廠商以併購方式在中國投資的策略。當廠商面對快速成長的新興市場，購併是快速進入市場的最佳相配適策略。尤其當「時間對市場」變得相當重要的時候，購併是進入一個新市場最迅速的投資方式，此時併購相對於其他投資方式有其獨具的優勢。 在時間上，併購既有廠房確實比新建投資來得快速，進一步拿購併與投入新建廠房的兩三年內相比，在主併公司良好的整合策略配合下，開出新產能和建立新市場，其績效也比自建新廠來得好。以購併作為成長策略，主併公司借助了外部的力量而得以跳躍成長，省卻了以自己內部實力從事創新和開發所需的時間，其成長曲線不同於內部成長策略的S曲線。 二、海外購併投資同時是台資企業國際化的成長策略和海外市場的進入模式。國際併購作為台商的海外市場進入策略，通常兼具有策略性購併的特質，且都是以追求快速成長為目標。併購策略具有台資企業國際化歷程的中繼或過度性質特徵。易言之，在進入策略上，台商和許多其他國家國際企業一樣，採取了從低涉入到高涉入、資源投入從低到高、控制從低到高的模式，而購併模式在國際化過程中，往往是一個過度性質的中繼站，接著再以自建新廠的方式繼續投資，而且多是獨資的方式為之，此乃內部成長策略和外部成長策略兼採的市場進入方式；不過，亦有持續地單以併購與合資等外部成長方式作為投資的模式，來進行國際化的佈局。 購併投資若駕馭得當，可以達成企業設定的成長策略目標，但應考慮經營環境的內外變化，以規避快速成長所帶來的風險。企業外部環境的風險和內部經營能力對購併的影響，當主併公司的企業經營能力不能駕馭經營環境面臨的高度風險挑戰，將把獲來的資產化成為泡沫，一切成為烏有；若是企業能力優良，並且擁有低風險的經營環境，則購併後的主併公司將呈現蛙跳成長，成長快速。若是主併公司的經營能力和經營環境風險有相適應的發展，則呈現穩定的成長狀態，但公司宜加強經營能力，以防風險係數提高，造成公司難以應付的危機出現。 三、在購併整合和是否達成購併目標上發現：（一）購併後的整合端視主併公司與被併公司在資源互賴需求和組織獨立需求高低而決定。這點印證了Haspealagh and Jemison提出的資源整合矩陣觀點。（二）購併後若發生股權變動的情況，亦可能導致整合文化的變化，這說明了購併後整合模式具有動態變化的特性。（三）如果購併方是具有經營優勢的企業，被併者是家虧損企業，則通常購併後整合的主導模式是順向整合的吸納式。（四）整合模式與被併購方的母國和主併公司的母國是否為同一國家沒有必然的關聯。（五）購併雙方規模的大小或許也會影響整合的方式，在三個個案實例中，大對小進行購併都出現了吸納式整合模式，說明了其間的關聯性，但這層關係可能是建築在中介變數的影響下才成立的。筆者認為，主併公司的經營優勢或所有權優勢可能是中介變數，這才是影響主併公司採取吸納式整合模式的關鍵。（六）台商從事購併的整合活動都是從交易後才開始的現象。這和西方在目標公司選擇過程中，或交易談判時即開始進行的習慣有明顯的不同。因此，以「購併」─所透露的「先購後併」意義來形容台商購併的經歷應是較適宜的。（七）當購併達成了公司的策略目標或合併綜效，可以為公司創造價值或增值；反之，則會為公司帶來價值破壞，嚴重者甚至毀滅公司所有價值，將購併成長而來的價值付之一炬。（八）購併成功的可能性來自於整合和時間因素的作用，在購併後短時間內（通常在二年以內）發生整合效益，則購併成功的可能性高；若是購併後經歷了一段長時間（通常在二年以上）而未獲得整合效益，則購併以失敗告終的可能性高，也就是成功的可能性低。 四、台資企業以國際併購方式進入中國大陸市場投資是條可行的方式，但由於是外資購併，影響其成敗的因素多元，在購併決策和購併後整合經營時仍須謹慎應對，才能確保成功的可能性。在中國大陸經濟的持續成長、國有企業的轉型與改革和外商購併法制環境趨於健全之際，台商以購併進入中國投資是可以考慮的方式，尤其是對跟隨者和後進者來說，更是一個追求快速成長者的較佳選擇，或許可以透過此投資方式，取得與先驅者並駕齊驅或迎頭趕上的機會。但投資者也應考慮在中國大陸從事購併可能的風險。尤其，中國大陸的政經環境不可預期因素較多、資訊的不對稱和不夠透明化、產權（股權）問題的限制、公司治理結構的制約、司法救濟的不足、法律與文化差異等仍是外資購併大陸企業的障礙，這是想要以購併投資中國公司所必須考慮的問題。 總之，透過購併來達成公司成長，須在明確的公司願景和成長目標下，審視自身的能力與條件，以及外在環境的變化，根據需要制定一套可行的購併策略，再確實執行，並做好整合工作，購併才能增加公司的價值，以成長達到公司追求的願景。 / Keeping growth has been the core issue for corporations seeking continuous operations whereas internationalization poses a new challenge in this global era. International mergers and acquisitions (M&As) as a means for corporations aiming at business expansion are common occurrences, especially in the late 20th century when multinational companies (MNCs) were aggressively seeking global presence and expanding overseas operations. Mainland China, geographically adjacent to Taiwan, has been implementing its economic reforms since 1978 and grew rapidly as the new powerhouse of the world in manufacturing as well as in consumption. China has inevitably become one of the top-tier for foreign direct investment (FDI) among all developing countries. International M&As/ Cross-border M&As, however, have not been commonly utilized as vehicles by foreign investors to penetrate China’s market. In the year of 2000, international M&As only represented 5.5 % of the total FDI in China, mainly resulted from the strict regulations on its immature market mechanism and capital market. In light of the Chinese government’s recent attempts to improve its investment environment, including the deregulation of M&As, and to attract foreign investment via M&As, this research project focuses on Taiwanese enterprises’ M&As strategy in Mainland China in line with seeking continuous growth and through internationalization. Major emphasis on investment avenues Taiwanese enterprises to be the best situations of taking advantage in penetrating Chinese markets, and whether Taiwanese enterprises gaining better access to the Chinese market via M&As. In the past, the volume of research in this field is comparatively low; therefore, this research can be regarded as an exploratory study. With in-depth case studies of three selected Taiwanese enterprises that have adopted M&A strategy to enter the Chinese market, based upon my studies, key findings below. 1.“Time Saving" would be the major concern in taking M&A as approach for Taiwanese enterprises to invest in Mainland China. That is to say, to enter a rapidly growing market like China within the shortest time period has not only become the key successful factor (KSF) but also the theme center while envisioning its investment strategy. M&As are under most circumstances, considered as the most suitable and fastest strategy to enter the market, within the shortest time frame, especially when “time” is considered as KSF, and crucial element. Therefore, compared to other FDI avenues, M&As indeed have their unique edge. In terms of saving time, acquiring an existing operation is more effective than starting from ground zero, i.e. building new facilities. Given the identical time frame, with good strategic planning from the home country, the buy-in approach has advantages in boosting up capacity, creating new markets, avoiding high expenses caused by inefficiencies in the start-up period. Parent companies are more likely to have a leap in growth by taking acquisitions with assistance from the external and the growth curve would be different from the S curve. 2.M&As become the major growth strategy for Taiwanese enterprises to approach both purposes of internationalization, and entrance of overseas markets. That cross-border acquisitions of Taiwanese enterprise vehicles to enter overseas markets usually combines two characteristics, strategic acquisitions and rapid growth. M&As often act as a transition point for most Taiwanese enterprise in internationalization process. In other words, Taiwanese enterprise entry policy, like that of the MNCs counterpart, tends to take modules of starting from a low involvement to high, from a low degree of investment to high, and from a low level of control to high; The internationalization process is most often initiated by M&As, followed by increasing investment in constructing new facilities with full ownership. Applying such a policy to enter a foreign market utilizes both internal and external forces to obtain a company’s growth whereas a number of companies, after M&As are completed, prefer strategic alliances with external parties to sustain internationalization. As companies reach their desired growth goals and objectives via well planned investment strategy in the first stage, such as M&As, they should constantly be aware of any subtle changes in the investment environment in order to reduce potential risks arising from any rapid expansion and growth. In a relatively low-risk investment environment, steady growth is anticipated if the parent company is well managed and capable of adapting to environmental changes. That is to say, a parent company should always enhance its operating capability in order to mitigate risks from the ever- changing environment. 3.Can M&A strategy be applied to achieve goals and objectives? Here’s the brief of my thesis conclusion. (1) Post merger integrations (PMI) depend on the degree of interdependence between parent company and acquired company, such as resource supplies and organizational structure, which has matched Integration Matrix Theory by Haspealagh and Jemison. (2) Stock shares reallocations after acquisitions may result in the changes of integrated corporate culture, which illustrates that PMI is subject to variation. (3) When a parent company benefits from the operating over its acquired company, the PMI module is usually in the form of forward integration. (4) There are no correlations between the country origins of the parent company and the acquired company. (5) Scales of the parent company and the acquired company may influence PMI modules. Correlations are defined via these 3 case studies that absorption mode occurs when the parent company has operating advantages over acquired company. Based on the study result, the parent company’s operating advantages or scale over the acquired company are key elements for the occurrence of absorption mode. (6) Unlike enterprises in the USA or Europe where integrations usually begin during M&A negotiation or the process of searching for acquiring targets, Taiwanese enterprises normally start integration process after the acquisition deal is completed. (7) Additional value is created only when M&As comply with a company’s goals and objectives; otherwise, negative impacts from M&As apply. (8) How and when to integrate may be two key factors for a successful acquisition. The study indicates that integration would have a higher chance of success if the process is initiated within two years’ time frame after acquisition. 4.It is recommended that Taiwanese enterprises’ take on M&A as an approach to enter the Chinese market. However, many factors may attribute the results of M&As. The strategic forming and the PMI need to be carefully planned. Mainland China’s investment environment is improving, especially in the deregulation upon FDI’s M&As activities. With its increasing volumes of governmental entities’ reforms and transform actions, as well as its continuous economic growth, M&As strategy is indeed an alternative for Taiwanese enterprises to enter Chinese markets. Such strategy benefits market followers the most as resources and market entry can be obtained within the shortest time frame, and eventually to compete with other market frontiers. Nevertheless, investors should take risks into consideration, comparatively, there are higher levels of uncertainty in its economic and legal environments, restrictions toward ownership and organizational structure, shareholder limitations, culture and legal differences, as well as controlled information channels and sharing. In summary, to reach continuous growth via M&As, strategy should be in line with company goals and objectives. Such strategy should only be made with intensive evaluation of one’s capabilities and environmental circumstances, followed by well planned implementation and integration. By doing so, M&As will create additional value toward companies’ goals and objectives in seeking continuous growth.

著作權集體管理機制（Copyright Collective Management Mechanism），誕生已有數百年的歷史，國際間已經發展出相當成熟的運作機制，相較於我國自民國八十年起才開始有類似收費機制運作，發展經驗可說是相當地懸殊。而我國該機制之正式法制化—著作權仲介團體條例於民國八十六年十一月五日公布施行以來，十年間實務上爭議不斷，機制運作陷於巨大的危機。加以近年來我國推動數位內容產業，著作權授權議題更是攸關數位影音應用產業未來的發展，在在顯示我國著作權集體管理機制確有重新審視之必要。 於是自民國九十五年起在經濟部智慧財產局的主導下，開始召集各方進行對話，並藉此機會蒐集意見以推動著作權仲介團體條例的修法工程。除了國內的改革，國際間在過去十年來也開始對著作權集體管理機制的運作進行檢討，此乃由於數位時代的到來，著作權集體管理機制受到各種新興數位科技，諸如：網際網路、數位權利管理、點對點檔案分享等之巨大衝擊，此種態勢影響機制的保護、行使和管理的環境，使得國際著作權社群開始思考著作權集體管理機制應該如何因應數位環境所帶來的挑戰。 有鑑於此，本研究希望能夠立基於我國著作權集體管理機制的現況，以過去實務上及近日修法歷程中所遭遇的爭議問題為著眼點出發，回顧過去國際間著作權集體管理機制運作經驗，並探討近年國際間發展趨勢，以勾勒出我國機制未來藍圖。探討的重點包括：著作權集體管理機制的歷史與法律背景、意涵、功能與操作原則，以為我國機制擘畫運作之參考；著作權集體管理機制運作場域—我國著作權產業的發展現況；採納「利害關係人」觀點，釐清我國機制中的各方利害關係人為何、所追求的目標何在及互相的利益衝突，進而界定出各方利害關係人未來參與機制的適當形式；評析我國著作權集體管理相關法制的沿革、內容與修法；並針對國際間近年兩大發展趨勢：數位化及跨越疆界的著作權集體管理趨勢，先行探討有哪些新興的數位科技對著作權集體管理機制帶來衝擊，評估其影響與機制的新角色定位，其次討論跨越疆界趨勢：單一窗口、跨國界集體管理及其衍生的公平交易法課題。 最後回應本研究的研究問題，論述對我國實務現況之觀察、著作權集體管理法制總評、國際運作經驗及發展趨勢對我國的啟示，並且提出三大項建議：我國著作權集體管理團體現階段要務、政府的角色、對我國未來機制的幾點省思，是為本研究之結論與建議。 / Copyright Collective Management Mechanism has been established for centuries and developed maturely worldwide. However, it was not until 1991 that some similar collecting organizations started to operate in Taiwan. Compared with some countries around the world, the development experience is quite different. After the formal legalization—the enactment of the Copyright Intermediary Organizations Act on November 5 1997, there were lots of argues emerged in the aspect of law enforcement. Besides, Taiwan’s government has promoted the development of digital content industry in recent years. The issues concerning copyright licensing will have a big impact on the development of audio-visual application industry in the future. It is therefore, necessary to raise concerns and re-scrutinize Taiwan’s copyright collective management mechanism. Since 2006, Taiwan Intellectual Property Office (TIPO) has started to gather public opinion for revising the act. Except the revolution in Taiwan, people started to examine the exercise situation of copyright collective management internationally in last ten years. This is because the advent of digital technologies, such as: the Internet, digital rights management, peer-to-peer file sharing, has changed the environment surrounding the copyrighted works. International copyright societies started to think about how to deal with the challenges brought in digital era. This thesis aims to discuss some of these issues by exploring the current situation of Taiwan’s copyright collective management mechanism, the obstacles encountered in the past practice, the process of law revising, and the latest development trends worldwide. First of all, Chapter One is an Introduction to this thesis. Then Chapter Two discusses the historical and legal background, definition, functions, and operating guidelines of the mechanism for future reference when Taiwan intends to modify current mechanism. Chapter Three describes the developing situation of Taiwan’s copyright industries. Chapter Four adopts “Stakeholder Analysis” to clarify who are the stakeholders in Taiwan’s mechanism, their pursuing goals, and conflicts of interest between them. Chapter Five traces the developing process, content and revision in relation to Taiwan’s copyright collective management legislation. Chapter Six outlines the two latest development trends: digital and cross-border copyright collective management. At first, it analyzes the impact of new digital technologies and the new role of copyright collective management mechanism. Integration trends: one-stop-shop, cross-border collective management and antitrust concerns, are explored as well. At the end of this thesis, Chapter Seven, I propose three recommendations for Taiwan’s mechanism in the future: the urgent missions of Taiwan’s collective management organizations, the role of government, and the self-examination. It is my hope the recommendations contribute to the better resolution of existing and future challenges.

在金融市場國際化之趨勢下，各國金融交易參與者極可能受到跨國破產事件的影響。同時，受到金融創新潮流的驅使，非傳統金融工具的商業活動亦構成金融市場重要環節之一，從而探討破產法制對於非傳統金融交易契約之處理方式，實有其重要性。本文以店頭衍生性金融交易市場以及所選取案例為中心，探討跨國破產事件相關議題，包括破產法制對於店頭衍生性金融交易所給予的特殊規定（或在破產法制下承認提前終止與淨額結算條款之效力，以下均統稱為「破產法特殊規定」），以及相關跨國破產事件之可能處理模式或合作途徑。 本文以國內外學術文獻、法院見解之整理為基礎，進行法學分析，並輔以金融實務觀點進行研究，於各相關部分同時探討我國法制。本文分為七章，內容簡介如後。 首先，於第一章說明研究動機、目的、研究方法與架構，同時也限定研究範圍。又因跨國破產事件具多樣性與複雜性，為使本文討論範圍明確與聚焦，故於第二章先行提出具體跨國破產事件之美國與英國案例及其爭議問題，並以其做為本文探討中心與範圍，探討內容即包含破產法制涉及店頭衍生性金融交易之規範實體面議題，以及跨國破產事件處理方式之程序面議題。後續章節將陸續探討上開問題。 第三章簡介店頭衍生性金融交易，以及說明其常見契約結構、相關法律問題。本章同時介紹「單一主契約模式」與「提前終止與淨額結算條款」之概念，學者及實務工作者有謂上開契約條款之功能，包含避免於破產程序中破產管理人選擇性履行或拒絕契約、降低交易對手信用風險、提升未違約方之再避險可能性、減少銀行業之資本計提成本、降低系統性風險等，而其中最具爭議性的降低系統性風險功能，也是目前全球多國破產法制承認提前終止與淨額結算條款具有效性的重要理由之一。本章著重於顯示店頭衍生性金融交易之當事人約定事項與破產法制間之關聯性，此屬於破產法制之規範實體面議題，以便於次一章接續介紹外國破產法制之相關具體內容。本章內容與後續各章均有密切關聯，故有說明之必要。 第四章先說明破產法制之一般原則，再分別於美國、英國、歐盟、日本、以及我國法制下，觀察破產法制對於店頭衍生性金融交易之例外規定（或在破產法制下承認提前終止與淨額結算條款之效力），著重於說明破產法制立法或承認「提前終止與淨額結算條款」效力之現況，並參考外國文獻探討其立法理由是否具有充足正當性，以及其規定是否有修訂或調整之必要。相對於第三章彙整學說及實務觀點以說明「提前終止與淨額結算條款」之功能，本章則援引外國文獻對破產法制立法或承認「提前終止與淨額結算條款」效力之批評，並做出該條款效力於破產法制中至少應調整為受有一定限制之結論，也就是訂有交易提前終止權之暫時凍結期間、於具系統重要性金融機構清理程序中適用股東與債權人共同承擔損失機制、交易雙方善意無偏頗等，以及在我國法制下亦宜採取同等看法。本章最後分析本文第二章案例在破產法制下之實體面問題，同時也藉此試行探討「提前終止與淨額結算條款」在破產法制下的效力範圍以及第二章案例合成型債務抵押債券交易中有關「序位轉換條款」之效力爭議。本文認為美國破產法院、英國法院係分別各自依其破產法制與公共政策對「序位轉換條款」做出效力判斷，各具實體理由；以及「序位轉換條款」在我國法制下應屬有效。 第五章在本論文題旨範圍內，先說明2007年-2009年金融危機後，二十國集團（G20）所提出的國際性指導建議，之後擇要介紹美國與歐盟依循上開建議，對於店頭衍生性金融交易市場所採行的金融改革法規，包含（但不限於）交易執行平台、集中清算、交易資料之申報、對未集中清算交易加強徵提擔保品等管理措施；此外，在跨國交易監理層面上，簡要介紹替代遵循之概念。本章並說明以上規範與跨國破產事件之關係。本章在整體研究架構上的功能有二，一方面是做為第四章破產法規範實體面議題與第六章跨國破產法制程序面議題之連結，也就是觀察美國及歐盟金融改革法令對第四章所述破產法特殊規定之影響，以及金融改革法案所對應第六章目前國際金融市場之實務發展趨勢以及特殊清理架構下之相關規定。另一方面，相對於第六章係探討發生跨國破產事件時之程序處理模式，第五章則是從破產事件發生前之前階段觀察，藉由事前建構市場監理措施及規劃，以期促進跨國破產事件發生時之處理效能。 第六章探討跨國破產事件處理方式之程序面議題。先敘明跨國破產立法所採行的基礎原則理論，包含普及原則、屬地原則、修正式普及原則、現代化屬地原則；同時簡要介紹相關跨國破產法制。繼而說明金融穩定理事會 （FSB）相關建議，以及觀察近期國際金融實務發展。之後，綜結第四章至第六章之內容，按跨國破產事件之實體面議題與程序面議題，對於涉及店頭衍生性金融交易之跨國破產事件，說明本文在相關立法論或處理合作模式層面上所採取之立場。最末，分析本文第二章案例之程序處理問題。 最後，第七章就本論文探討範圍以及第二章所提出之問題，進行總結論，並試行對我國金融市場參與者提出相關建議。 / Abstract Due to globalization of financial markets, it is hard for market participants to avoid the impact arises from cross-border insolvency events. With the trend of financial innovation, non-traditional financial instruments become an important role in financial markets, and it’s necessary to understand the treatment of these instruments under insolvency law systems. This thesis discusses specific legal issues with regard to cross-border insolvency events in over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives financial markets with focus on the relevant cases selected, including the special treatment of OTC derivatives under insolvency law systems and the potential procedures or coordinate ways to deal with the cases. Based on and reference to research of academic papers and court decisions, this thesis discusses issues through legal analysis supplemented with views of financial practice. The relevant parts are also discussed under Taiwan’s law system. This thesis proceeds in 7 chapters briefly described as follows. Chapter 1 explains the objective, purpose, and fundamental structure together with the method used of this thesis. Assumptions and Confines of this thesis are also described in this chapter. Given diversity and complexity of cross-border insolvency events, Chapter 2 attempts to present actual cases for discussion in order to providing the scope and focuses of this thesis. Key finding of the presented cases includes substantive legal issues of insolvency laws applied to OTC derivatives transactions and procedural legal issues of dealing with cross-border insolvency events. Matters aforementioned will be addressed in further chapters. Chapter 3 describes the basic understanding of OTC derivatives and the legal elements of participants’ transaction contracts in market practice. This chapter also describes the concepts of “the single agreement approach” and “close-out netting provisions”. As academic opinions and practical views mentioned, close-out netting provisions encompass the functions of eliminating the risk of “cherry-picking” by a liquidator in the insolvency proceeding, minimizing counterparty credit risk by calculating exposures on a net basis, promoting the possibility of re-hedging transactions, applying lower capital requirements by regulators to refer to netted transactions for bank industry, and reducing systemic risk in the financial system. Insolvency law systems which allow the effectiveness of close-out netting provisions heavily rationalize the legislation as being founded on preventing the threat of systemic risk. While some academic papers argue that the rationalization on the basis of reducing systemic risk is unconvincing or unnecessary for reasons. Chapter 3 primarily concerns the connections between OTC derivatives contracts and insolvency law systems, in the dimension of substantive legal issues. What addressed in this chapter is highly connected with the subsequent chapters. Chapter 4 describes the general principles of insolvency laws at first, and then observes the exclusions of OTC derivatives transactions under insolvency law systems of U.S., UK, EU, Japan and Taiwan respectively, focusing on issues respecting of validity and enforceability of close-out netting provisions. Compared with Chapter 3 which describes the functions of close-out netting stated by advocators, this chapter illustrates challenges or arguments posed by academic papers with different views. Reference to the relevant academic opinions, this thesis considers that the effectiveness of close-out netting provisions shall, at least, be subject to restrictions to a reasonable extent, such as temporary stays on early termination rights as well as on enforcement rights of security interests, application of the bail-in tool in SIFIs’ resolution procedures, and each party’s good faith. The aforesaid views are also proposed to be referenced by Taiwan’s law regime in the future. In the end of this chapter, it analyzes the cases presented in Chapter 2 within the scope of substantive issues of insolvency laws, and concludes that both U.S. bankruptcy court’s ruling and UK courts’ decisions on the flip clause embedded in CDO instruments are correct respectively pursuant to their own insolvency laws and public policies. In addition, this thesis is in the opinion that the flip clause shall be effective under Taiwan’s current insolvency law system. Chapter 5 will first describe the international guidelines suggested by G20 after 2007-2009 financial crisis. It will then go on to introduce the financial regulatory reforms adopted by U.S. and EU following G20’s guidelines, including the mandatory requirements for trading on the regulated platforms, clearing through a central counterparty (CCP), reporting to a trade repository (TR), and exchanging margins for non-centrally cleared OTC derivative transactions. Besides, the concept of substituted compliance is briefly explained herein for implementing the regulatory regimes to cross-border activities. Chapter 5 also observes the connections between the aforesaid regulatory reforms and cross-border insolvency events. Under the structure of this thesis, substantive legal issues in Chapter 4 and procedural legal issues in Chapter 6 are bridged by Chapter 5. While Chapter 6 emphasizes on ex post measures to handle cross-border insolvency events, this Chapter 5 considers ex ante measures that monitor and supervise OTC derivatives markets and that also have been expected to promote ex post measures in case. Chapter 6 addresses the procedural aspects while dealing with cross-border insolvency cases. First, the theoretical principles for cross-border insolvency law are explained, including universality, territoriality, modified universality and modern territoriality. It herein also introduces legislative regimes in relation to UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency and some jurisdictions’ international insolvency laws. Second, it turns to suggestions made by FSB. Third, the recent international trend in market practice is observed. Then, section 4 of this Chapter proposes framework of regulatory aspects and cooperation arrangements to process cross-border insolvency events, comprehensively in the substantive and the procedural dimensions. Lastly, it analyzes the cases presented in Chapter 2 within the scope of procedural issues of insolvency laws. Chapter 7 summaries conclusions on this thesis and on issues raised in Chapter 2. This final Chapter also tries to provide suggestions to our financial market participants in Taiwan.