<p>Intresset av att studera den institutionaliserade diskrimineringen, det symboliska våldet och de mekanismer som skapar inne- och utestängningsmekanismer på grundskolan härstammar från erfarenheter under mina år som student och lärare i Sverige. Forskning inom ämnet visar på att skolan är en sorteringsarena där symboliskt våld upptar en stor plats. Skolan som den är idag är långtifrån att vara en arena ”för alla” utan vissa personer lider av exkluderande praktiker medan andra njuter av inkluderande praktiker. Jag har använt mig av self-reportmetoden för att undersöka förekomsten av det symboliska våldet ur ett elevperspektiv, samt för att undersöka vad skolchefer gör för att hantera problemet och på så sätt återge alla samma möjligheter i ett medvetande av ”en skola för alla”. Studiens aktionsradie är grundskolan. Elevernas berättelser pekar på brister i lärarnas yrkesetik och visar att det symboliska våldet tar sig uttryck i förhållningssättet hos vissa lärare. Eleverna berättar om olika former av diskriminering såsom i betygssättning, bemötande i klassen i samband med sent ankomst och användandet av mobiltelefoner. Eleverna vittnar om bestraffning av olika typer. Detta sker vid bråk mellan dem och elever av annat etniskt ursprung eller vid betygssättning. Eleverna gör en tydlig koppling mellan bemötandet de möter hos lärarna och deras kultur och/eller etniska bakgrunder. Främlingsfientlighet och fördomar menar eleverna är stark hos några lärare. Dessa elever känner sig maktlösa och stigmatiserade. Utanförskapet hanteras genom att söka stöd hos de kamrater de har i skolan. Det eleverna berättar matchar teorierna om skolan som en arena för symboliskt våld, och i detta fall gentemot elever med annan bakgrund än den svenska. Skolcheferna medverkar i studien med hjälp av samma undersökningsmetod som för eleverna. De berättar hur de hanterar situationen samt redogör för sina erfarenheter som syftar till en dekonstruktion av den institutionella diskrimineringen. Skolcheferna satsar på värdegrundsarbete, utbildning av både personal och elever, integrering av modersmålundervisning i reguljära undervisningar och arbete med likabehandlingsplaner bland annat. Skolcheferna gör det de kan inom ramen för vad staten har bestämt men för att hantera problemet krävs lite mera: en Lex Sarah eller en inblandning av fackföreningen är några punkter jag föreslår. Denna studie kan uppfattas som en ögonöppnare för lärarstudenter, lärare och skolpersonal på alla nivåer, skolchefer, rektorer och statstjänstemän som arbetar med diverse skolfrågor. För lärarutbildare som beslutar om innehållet i en lärarutbildning, är studien också något att reflektera över.</p> / <p>My interest to study institutionalized discrimination, symbolic violence and themechanisms that create pull-in and push-out mechanisms in primary schools arose fromlived experiences both as a student and as a teacher in Sweden. Research on this subjectshows that school is a sieve, a place where symbolic violence is alive. School as it istoday is far from being an arena “for equal opportunities” since some pupils suffer theeffects of push-out mechanisms while others enjoy those of pull-in mechanisms. I haveused self-report as an investigative method to probe into the occurrence of symbolicviolence as experienced by pupils. School directors efforts to curb such practices andfoster equal opportunities within the context of “equal opportunities for everyone” havebeen looked into. Pupils’ experiences as narrated in this study by the pupils themselves,is indicative of weaknesses in portraying the code of ethics teachers are expected toadhere to. This symbolic violence is shown in the way these kids are treated in schoolby some teachers. These pupils tell about different forms of discrimination such as inawarding scores, teachers reaction with respect to late coming and the use of mobilephones in class. They relate stories of varying forms of punishment. Punishment isunleashed in case there is a squabble between them and ethnic Swedes or when scoresare to be awarded. These kids make a clear connection between the way they are treatedand their cultural background as well as their ethnic origins. Xenophobia and prejudiceare believed to be part of the reasons for such treatment in school. These kids feelpowerless and stigmatized. Alienation is struggled with by seeking solace amongst thefriends they have in school. What they recount to me creates a synchrony with thetheories of school as an arena for symbolic violence afore mentioned, and in this case,pupils of non-Swedish heritage. School directors have also been interviewed using thesame self-report method as for the pupils. They give an account of their experiences inconnection to deconstructing institutionalized discrimination. Such efforts by theseschool directors are geared towards working with fundamental values, educating bothpupils and teachers in interaction techniques, incorporating mother tongue teaching intoregular classroom teaching as well as working with equal treatment directive amongstother things. A Lex Sarah option or an involvement of the workers union has beenadvanced as possible solutions. This study can be seen as an eye-opener for students ofpedagogy, teachers and school employees at all levels, school directors, principals andgovernment officials dealing with school issues of all sorts. For those who plan coursesin teacher education, much can be learnt from this thesis.</p>

<p>Research has shown that immigrants in the Swedish society often, when seeking jobs, don’t get the same opportunities as the rest of the population. This thesis is a qualitative research that examines the problematic situation of unemployment among immigrants in the municipality of Finspång. The purpose of this study is to analyze how civil servants in Finspång apprehend and describe the labor market problems surrounding the immigrant groups that live in the municipality of Finspång. The empirical material is build upon seven qualitative interviews with eight civil servants working in Finspång. The main focus has been to study how power relations that could be generated through structural/institutional discrimination related to ethnic/ cultural and gender based differentiation take place and regulate opportunities on the Swedish labor market.</p>

<p>Numerous studies raise the topic of highly educated immigrants whose education and list of qualifications devalue in the context of the Swedish labour market. However, little is known of those with foreign background who enter into higher education in Sweden. Our study attempts to shed some light onto the value of higher education relative to that of a person’s ethnic background. The background material features nine in-depth interviews of foreign background academics, as well as data extracted from an extensive survey study previously carried out at Växjö University. </p><p>Initially, the quantitative data showed that students with foreign background, including Swedish-born children of immigrants, had not managed to find qualified work upon completion of studies to the same extent as their Swedish background counterparts. The individual stories given in interviews support the assumption that social capital, in the form of access to networks or membership thereof, may decide the physical location of individual careers. Those who stayed in the region were either brought up locally or had established themselves through work practice. In some respects, those who left can be considered outsiders, whose chances of finding work largely depended on their establishing themselves elsewhere. Some had managed to find qualified work beyond their own acquaintances, but only through a long period of unemployment or doing unqualified work.</p><p>When it comes to the ethnic backgrounds of the interviewed, positive and negative aspects were brought up by some, while others did not consider it relevant with respect to their own careers. However, their stories provide examples of how ethnicity works as a deciding factor on the labour market in much the same way as, for instance, class and gender. In turn, this is an indication of underlying mechanisms on the labour market that rest on social ties.</p>

The right to non-discrimination is a fundamental part of human rights. Sweden has enacted legislation which prohibits employers from discriminating or harassing employees and job seekers. Swedish authorities also receive a substantial amount of complaints concerning ethnic discrimination in the workplace every year and there are volumes of research showing structural injustices related to discrimination. Despite these facts few employers have so far been found guilty of discrimination on ethnic grounds in Swedish courts. This thesis aims to shed lights on and analyse how the Swedish anti-discrimination legislation is utilised in the Swedish Labour Court regarding discrimination and harassment on ethnic grounds. On the basis that very few lawsuits brought on behalf of employees/job seekers have been successful it is hypothesized that there are problems either with the form of the legislation or the assessment of the court. Firstly the shape of statutes, their legislative history and preparatory works are illustrated to create an understanding for the legal pre-conditions, thereafter the judgements of the Labour Court are analysed within the theoretical framework of the thesis – composed of Critical Race Theory and Sociology of Law. The study has shown problems concerning both the legislation and the assessment of the Labour Court. The legislation does not seem to embody the awareness of discriminating structures shown by the works of the preparatory committees. Further the assessments of the Court suggest a lack of understanding of the interaction between different pre-conditions and how these create a disadvantage for people of a minority standing which affects them both in the workplace and in the judgments of the Court.

Under 2000-talet har två EU-rättsliga förordningar stiftats i syfte att reglera erkännande och verkställighet av domar på privaträttens område inom EU. Först stiftades Bryssel I-förordningen. I enlighet med den förordningen kan en dom som meddelats av domstol i en medlemsstat verkställas i en annan medlemsstat. Dessförinnan skall domen förklaras verkställbar i den medlemsstat där verkställighet önskas. Den andra förordningen, EEO-förordningen, tillkom bara några år senare. I denna förordning har förfarandet varigenom en dom förklaras verkställbar i en annan medlemsstat avskaffats. Istället skall domen efter ansökan kunna intygas vara en europeisk exekutionstitel av domstolen i den medlemsstat där domen har meddelats. Med ett sådant intyg får domen därefter verkställas fritt i samtliga medlemsstater utan något mellanliggande förfarande. Förordningarna reglerar inte hur själva verkställigheten skall gå till. Verkställigheten skall ske i enlighet med den nationella lagstiftning i medlemstaten där verkställighet begärs. För svenskt vidkommande skall betalningsdomar verkställas genom utmätning. Enligt svensk rätt får verkställigheten inte slutföras förrän betalningsdomen vunnit laga kraft. Enligt EEO-förordningen å andra sidan får verkställigheten slutföras omedelbart. Det finns en någorlunda stor sannolikhet att en utländsk dom vinner laga kraft innan en verkställighetsförklaring gör detsamma. Enligt svensk rätt skulle det i sådant fall vara tillåtet att verkställa domen fullt ut medan reglerna i Bryssel I-förordningen inte skulle tillåta annat än vidtagande av säkerhetsåtgärder i ett sådant skede. Det är också möjligt att den svenska regeln om begränsningar i verkställigheten strider mot diskrimineringsförbudet i Amsterdamfördraget eller den allmänna principen om likabehandling. / During the last decade two EC Regulations have been adopted in order to regulate and introduce uniform standards for procedures regarding recognition and enforcement of judgements in civil and commercial matters within the EU. The first regulation to be adopted was the Brussels I Regulation. According to its provisions a judgement delivered in one Member State can be enforced in an other Member State. Previously the judgement must be declared enforceable in the Member State where the judgement is to be enforced. A few years later the second regulation called the EEO Regulation was adopted. According to the EEO Regulation a declaration of enforceability is not required anymore. Instead a judgement can be certified as a European Enforcement Order for uncontested claims by the court or a competent authority in the Member State where the judgement was delivered. The enforcement procedure itself shall however be governed by the law of the Member State of enforcement. In accordance with Swedish law a judgement concerning payment claims should be enforced by distraint. According to Swedish law a Debtor’s property is allowed to be seized but not retailed until time for an appeal has expired. The EEO Regulation on the other hand allows the enforcement procedure to be finalized immediately. There is a high probability that the time for an appeal against a foreign judgement may expire before such time in which an appeal against the declaration of enforceability can be lodged expires. In that case the Swedish law would permit the executor to finalize the enforcement procedure while in according to the Brussels I Regulation, the enforcement procedure in such case should still be limited to protective measures. It is also quite possible that the Swedish provision infringes the non-discrimination rule in the Treaty of Amsterdam or The General Principle of Equality.

Intresset av att studera den institutionaliserade diskrimineringen, det symboliska våldet och de mekanismer som skapar inne- och utestängningsmekanismer på grundskolan härstammar från erfarenheter under mina år som student och lärare i Sverige. Forskning inom ämnet visar på att skolan är en sorteringsarena där symboliskt våld upptar en stor plats. Skolan som den är idag är långtifrån att vara en arena ”för alla” utan vissa personer lider av exkluderande praktiker medan andra njuter av inkluderande praktiker. Jag har använt mig av self-reportmetoden för att undersöka förekomsten av det symboliska våldet ur ett elevperspektiv, samt för att undersöka vad skolchefer gör för att hantera problemet och på så sätt återge alla samma möjligheter i ett medvetande av ”en skola för alla”. Studiens aktionsradie är grundskolan. Elevernas berättelser pekar på brister i lärarnas yrkesetik och visar att det symboliska våldet tar sig uttryck i förhållningssättet hos vissa lärare. Eleverna berättar om olika former av diskriminering såsom i betygssättning, bemötande i klassen i samband med sent ankomst och användandet av mobiltelefoner. Eleverna vittnar om bestraffning av olika typer. Detta sker vid bråk mellan dem och elever av annat etniskt ursprung eller vid betygssättning. Eleverna gör en tydlig koppling mellan bemötandet de möter hos lärarna och deras kultur och/eller etniska bakgrunder. Främlingsfientlighet och fördomar menar eleverna är stark hos några lärare. Dessa elever känner sig maktlösa och stigmatiserade. Utanförskapet hanteras genom att söka stöd hos de kamrater de har i skolan. Det eleverna berättar matchar teorierna om skolan som en arena för symboliskt våld, och i detta fall gentemot elever med annan bakgrund än den svenska. Skolcheferna medverkar i studien med hjälp av samma undersökningsmetod som för eleverna. De berättar hur de hanterar situationen samt redogör för sina erfarenheter som syftar till en dekonstruktion av den institutionella diskrimineringen. Skolcheferna satsar på värdegrundsarbete, utbildning av både personal och elever, integrering av modersmålundervisning i reguljära undervisningar och arbete med likabehandlingsplaner bland annat. Skolcheferna gör det de kan inom ramen för vad staten har bestämt men för att hantera problemet krävs lite mera: en Lex Sarah eller en inblandning av fackföreningen är några punkter jag föreslår. Denna studie kan uppfattas som en ögonöppnare för lärarstudenter, lärare och skolpersonal på alla nivåer, skolchefer, rektorer och statstjänstemän som arbetar med diverse skolfrågor. För lärarutbildare som beslutar om innehållet i en lärarutbildning, är studien också något att reflektera över. / My interest to study institutionalized discrimination, symbolic violence and themechanisms that create pull-in and push-out mechanisms in primary schools arose fromlived experiences both as a student and as a teacher in Sweden. Research on this subjectshows that school is a sieve, a place where symbolic violence is alive. School as it istoday is far from being an arena “for equal opportunities” since some pupils suffer theeffects of push-out mechanisms while others enjoy those of pull-in mechanisms. I haveused self-report as an investigative method to probe into the occurrence of symbolicviolence as experienced by pupils. School directors efforts to curb such practices andfoster equal opportunities within the context of “equal opportunities for everyone” havebeen looked into. Pupils’ experiences as narrated in this study by the pupils themselves,is indicative of weaknesses in portraying the code of ethics teachers are expected toadhere to. This symbolic violence is shown in the way these kids are treated in schoolby some teachers. These pupils tell about different forms of discrimination such as inawarding scores, teachers reaction with respect to late coming and the use of mobilephones in class. They relate stories of varying forms of punishment. Punishment isunleashed in case there is a squabble between them and ethnic Swedes or when scoresare to be awarded. These kids make a clear connection between the way they are treatedand their cultural background as well as their ethnic origins. Xenophobia and prejudiceare believed to be part of the reasons for such treatment in school. These kids feelpowerless and stigmatized. Alienation is struggled with by seeking solace amongst thefriends they have in school. What they recount to me creates a synchrony with thetheories of school as an arena for symbolic violence afore mentioned, and in this case,pupils of non-Swedish heritage. School directors have also been interviewed using thesame self-report method as for the pupils. They give an account of their experiences inconnection to deconstructing institutionalized discrimination. Such efforts by theseschool directors are geared towards working with fundamental values, educating bothpupils and teachers in interaction techniques, incorporating mother tongue teaching intoregular classroom teaching as well as working with equal treatment directive amongstother things. A Lex Sarah option or an involvement of the workers union has beenadvanced as possible solutions. This study can be seen as an eye-opener for students ofpedagogy, teachers and school employees at all levels, school directors, principals andgovernment officials dealing with school issues of all sorts. For those who plan coursesin teacher education, much can be learnt from this thesis.

The purpose of this essay is to study the two cases ”The hijacking of a bus in Årdal” &amp; ”The double murder in Ljungsbro” from media ethics aspects.  The aim for this study is to clear up if the the Swedish newspapers have reported according to the mediaethic rules and to see if there is any  differences between the newspapers reporting. The following theories has been used to reach the objective: the journalism task, news values, the liberty of press and speach, media ethical rules and discursive discrimination. The study has used a critical discourse method formed by Teun a. van Dijk to analyse the material, mainly through macro- and microstructures. The material that has been analyzed are articles from Expressen, Aftonbladet, Svenska Dagbladet and Dagens Nyheter. From each happening, two articles per newspaper has been selected by a toss, which ended up with sixteen articles for the whole study. The result and analysis are introduced in packedges, contaning two articles per newspaper and are devided into the two different cases the study examines.  The result indicate that Expressen and Aftonbladet has breached the media ethic rules in both cases when focusing on the one of the swedish victims in Årdal and also when reporting about the suspect murderer in Ljungsbro. The basic journalistic ideals and values has been ignored, for the interest of producing sensational news.

Bakgrund: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) är en kronisk sjukdom som successivt försämrar det mänskliga immunförsvaret. Det finns medicinsk behandling som leder till ökad livslängd. Detta innebär att antalet personer med HIV kommer att öka och hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal kommer att kunna möta dessa personer inom flera vårdkontexter än enbart i HIV-specifika sammanhang. HIV har varit en uppmärksammad sjukdom sedan 1980-talet och den diskriminering och stigmatisering som sjukdomen mötte då finns kvar idag, trots nationella och globala lagar och riktlinjer. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att beskriva hur personer med HIV upplever hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalens bemötande. Metod: Metoden för denna litteraturöversikt inkluderar tio vetenskapliga artiklar hämtade från databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Av dessa var två kvantitativa och åtta kvalitativa. Följande sökord användes: nursing, healthcare, HIV, patient, experience, stigma, discrimination och isolation. Artiklarna granskades genom att identifiera meningsbärande begrepp, likheter och olikheter som sedan bildade resultatet. Resultat: Bemötandet av hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalen beskrevs av personer med HIV bestå av fördomar, stigmatisering och diskriminering. Det var inte ovanligt att vårdpersonalen undvek personer med HIV helt och hållet. Personer med HIV uttrycker starka åsikter om vikten av kontinuitet i vården och goda relationer till vårdpersonalen. Diskussion: Resultatet diskuterades utifrån Jean Watsons interaktionsteori samt konsensusbegreppen. I samband med detta jämfördes även hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalens bemötande mot personer med HIV med personer med Hepatit-C. / Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a chronic disease that progressively impairs the human immune system. Today, there are medical treatments that allow people with HIV to live longer than before. This means that the  number of people with HIV will increase and healthcare providers will be able to meet these people in several nursing context than just the HIV-specific context. HIV has been a noted disease since the 1980s and the discrimination and stigma that the disease met remains today, despite national and global laws and guidelines. Aim: The aim of this literature review was to describe how people with HIV are experiencing health care provider’s attitudes. Method: The method of this literature review included ten scientific articles found in the databases CINAHL and PubMed. Following search terms were used: nursing, healthcare, HIV, patient, experience, stigma, discrimination and isolation. Two articles were quantitative and eight were qualitative. These articles were examined by identifying meaningful concepts, similarities and differences that formed the result. Results: According to people with HIV the healthcare providers’ attitudes included prejudice, stigma and discrimination. It was not uncommon for caregivers to avoid people with HIV altogether. People with HIV expressed strong opinions about the importance of continuity of care and good relationships with caregivers. Discussions: The result of the literature review was discussed based on Jean Watson's interaction theory about the centre of caring in the healthcare encounter and the consensus concepts. The healthcare providers’ attitudes towards people with HIV were compared with people with Hepatitis-C.

This study aim’s to examine how conceptions regarding culture and ethnicity influence the daily work of personnel in integration projects financed by the European Social Fund (ESF). The method of this study was individual semi-structured interviews with nine persons working in three different projects. The reason why we have chosen these specific projects was because of their work with immigrant participants. Concepts that our study is based on was culture and ethnicity, but also the theory considering in-groups and out-groups. The result of our study shows that the personnel acknowledge the importance of individual adaptation in the work with the participants, but with awareness considering cultural expressions based on their origin. The answers of the personnel also reveal a cultural hierarchy in the Swedish society. We found out that discrimination from employers is mainly based on the immigrant’s lack of Swedish linguistics. The personnel consider the knowledge of language to be one of the most important factors for immigrants when integrating into a new society. Some of the personnel mentioned that cultural prejudices affect their refutation in the meeting with immigrant participants.

Avidentifierade jobbansökningar är en relativt ny metod som under de senaste åren fått utrymme på den svenska arbetsmarknaden samt på forskningsfältet. Uppmärksamheten av metoden kommer av den tidigare forskning som visar att betydelsen av faktorer som bland annat etnisk bakgrund, kön och ålder är ibland avgörande för vem som kallas till jobbintervju. Därför åsyftar denna studie att undersöka hur rekryterare värderar och använder denna metod samt vilken betydelse avidentifiering har för rekryteringsprocessens utfall.Studien utgår ifrån ett hermeneutistiskt perspektiv och har en kvalitativ ansats. Med hjälp av en komparativ undersökningsdesign och flerfallsstudie som analysmetod behandlas det empiriska materialet, vilket utgörs av fem semistrukturerade intervjuer. Dessa intervjuer skapar tillsammans skapar två fall inom IT och konsultbranschen.Analysen behandlas med hjälp av det teoretiska ramverket vilket består av stämplingsteori samt de analytiska begreppen homosocialitet och etnosocialitet. Detta för att öka förståelsen för hur en sorteringsmetod som baseras endast på formella kriterier, utbildning och arbetslivserfarenheter, fungerar i praktiken. Det har framkommit att vid avsaknaden av faktorerna läggs fokus istället på den individuella kompetensen. Informationen gällande individens kompetens och arbetslivserfarenhet är den del som får mest kritik för att vara för ospecifik. Inom IT branschen har det visat sig att faktorer som ålder och etnicitet är av betydelse vid anställning. Det uppstår även en svårighet då kundinflytandet spelar så stor roll vid rekrytering och skapar en ram av vad som efterfrågas av varje anställd. Det är inte endast avgörande vad rekryterare eller arbetsgivare värderar utan det finns flera aktörer som spelar in vid valet av medarbetare. / Anonymous job applications are a relatively new method that has gained space in the Swedish labor market and the research field in recent years. Research shows that personal attributes are often crucial for who gets called to a job interview. Therefore, this study refers to examine how recruiters evaluate and use this approach and demonstrates the importance that anonymity has to the outcome of the recruitment process.The study is based on a hermeneutic perspective with a qualitative approach and was conducted using a comparative study design, with analysis based on several case studies. The empirical material consists of five semi-structured interviews, which together creates two cases within the IT and consulting industry.During the analysis, a theoretical framework has been presented which consists of the labelling theory and the analytical concepts of homosociality and etnosociality. These three are used to increase the understanding of how a sorting method based only on formal criteria, training and work experience, is used in practice. This has led an employer to focus on individual competency instead of ethnic background, gender or age. However, a problem remains in the industry where age is a determining factor and ethnicity is linked to Swedish language skills. Difficulties also arise when customer influence plays a large role in the recruitment process and this creates a framework of what is expected of every employee. This enables consultants to be adapted depending on the criteria that are necessary for the specific company. It is not only vital what recruiters or employers value but also what the clients wants and expect of the consultants.