La rencontre tant attendue entre Hans-Georg Gadamer et Jacques Derrida a finalement eu lieu au Goethe-Institut de Paris en 1981. Le dialogue espéré entre l'herméneutique et la déconstruction s'y est cependant à peine engagé. Selon la plupart des commentateurs, la conférence qu'y a prononcée Derrida n'était d'ailleurs même pas liée à la rencontre. Nous ne partageons pas cette opinion. Derrida a choisi de critiquer l'interprétation heideggérienne de Nietzsche, alors que Gadamer venait de faire un plaidoyer inconditionnel en sa faveur. De plus, la structure axiomatique de l'unité et de la totalité que Derrida met en question dans sa conférence est la même que celle qu'il a ailleurs attribuée à l'herméneutique. En mettant en doute la primauté de cette structure, il s'en prenait donc aux fondements de l'herméneutique telle qu'il la concevait. Enfin, sa conférence a laissé entrevoir une conception de l'interprétation dont l'absence d'horizon de vérité exclut l'herméneutique. / The long-awaited encounter between Hans-Georg Gadamer and Jacques Derrida finally took place in Paris' Goethe-Institut in 1981. However, the expectations of a dialogue between hermeneutics and deconstruction were hardly fulfilled. Most commentators even agree that the conference Derrida read on this occasion had nothing to do with the actual encounter. We disagree with this assessment. Gadamer had already openly and unconditionally endorsed Heidegger's interpretation of Nietzsche and Derrida chose this occasion to criticize it. Moreover, he called into question the same axiomatic structure of unity and totality that he had elsewhere presented as hermeneutics' own. By questioning this structure, he was attempting to dismantle the core of what hermeneutics was to him. Finally, his conference provided a glimpse into an interpretative approach that completely excludes the truth-centered interpretation of hermeneutics.

This thesis is basically an attempt to discuss the intrinsic intersubjective nature of the so-called ideal sciences, i.e. geometry or arithmetic. Based upon a thorough analysis of Husserls The Origin of Geometry and Derridas Edmund Husserl's Origin of Geometry: an Introduction this thesis takes geometry as an example of an ideal science. The main question of the thesis is how an ideal science or object is constituted. The thesis consist of two main chapters - “Geometry and Historicity” and “Language”- and a concluding discussion. "Geometry and Historicity” reflects upon the relationship between the ideal sciences, using geometry as an example, and historicity, time and traditionality." The “Language” chapter discusses the need for language to make communication within an intersubjective space possible", and further which implications writing has upon the formations of ideal structures. To conclude the thesis demonstrates how geometry is far from a 'neutral' science but is constituted and idealized within the intersubjective space. The thesis argues that geometry has been “traditionalized” as an authentic and, as it is conceived, true form of knowledge through a historical process of human relations. This is made possible with the intrinsic “objectifying” ability within language and more specifically the human literacy, which is essential for this “idealization” process. As a consequence our understanding of science needs further reflections on how language, historicity and ultimately human relations have played an essential part in its formation.

As catástrofes coletivas impostas pelos regimes autoritários, sejam eles racistas, tal como o apartheid na África do Sul, sejam eles diretamente políticos, tal como a ditadura militar no Brasil, implicam esforços diários de reflexão e ação política. O que caracteriza estes governos é a violação aos direitos de seus cidadãos por meio de um brutal aparato policial-militar. E o pior: todo esse esquema foi montado e mantido pelo Estado, que institucionalizou a prisão, a tortura, o desaparecimento e o assassinato. As sociedades têm enfrentado o seguinte problema: como conciliar o passado doloroso com um presente democrático, administrando os conflitos que com a mera passagem institucional de um governo de exceção para um democrático não se encerraram. Isto porque as violações aos direitos humanos não se restringiram às instituições políticas, mas, indo muito além, atingiram os indivíduos e alteraram significativamente a subjetividade dessas sociedades. A oposição entre a razão política pacificadora do Estado e as memórias doloridas sobre a ditadura militar brasileira obstrui a expressão pública da dor e reduz a memória às emoções privadas. A sociedade sul-africana, valorizando as narrativas, tornou públicas estas experiências ao divulgar as narrativas construídas em seu espaço, criando um impacto na sociedade, seja em suas subjetividades ou mesmo nas políticas públicas adotadas posteriormente. Abriu mão de punir quem confessasse tudo, em nome de uma conciliação nacional. Já no Brasil, a conciliação promovida entre a anistia de 1979 e a democratização de 1985 teve por preço a omissão das memórias do horror. Nossa idéia é que diante da queda de investimento no diálogo e na convivência pública democrática, a publicidade dos traumas e ressentimentos por meio das narrativas poderia contribuir para a consumação do luto e para o aprimoramento dos elos sociais. / The collective catastrophes imposed by authoritarian regimes, be they of racist character, like apartheid in South Africa, or be they of strictly political character, like the military dictatorship in Brazil, require daily efforts of reflection as well as political action. These governments were characterized by their systematic violation of their citizens\' rights by brutal military and police apparatus. Worst of all, the whole scheme was set up and maintained by a State which institutionalized imprisonment, torture, disappearance and murder. Thus, these societies are left today to face a difficult issue: how to reconcile such painful past with a democratic present, and still manage the conflicts that do not end with a mere institutional passage from a dictatorial government to a democratic one. Human rights violations were not limited to political institutions, but went far beyond; they reached individuals, and they modified the subjectivity of those societies significantly. The opposition between the State pacificatory political reason and the painful memories regarding Brazilian military dictatorship obstructs public expression of pain and reduces memory to private emotions. In contrast, by valuing the narratives of the past, the South African society tried to recover the memory of the painful moments making these experiences public by publishing their narratives. South Africans gave up punishing those State criminals with the only condition they would confess everything, in order to foster a national conciliation. In Brazil, however, the ideal of a national conciliation to put an end to military rule paid the huge price of silencing the memories of pain, torture, and death. This had an impact on society, on its subjectivity and even on the public politics adopted later. Our point of view is that due to the lack of investment in the dialogue and in the democratic social communion the publicizing of traumas and resentments by means of narratives could contribute to realization of the mourning, thus promoting social bonds.

Le but de ce travail est de reconstruire la structure théorique et l’aspect historique de la notiond’« événement » dans le milieu de la phénoménologie française contemporaine, et en particulierdans les travaux de J. Derrida, J.-L. Marion et C. Romano. Le processus de reformulation de laphénoménologie qui est l’objet de notre étude s’étend des années 80 aux années 2000 et nepouvait adopter une approche diverse de celle qui consiste précisément dans le développementdu thème de l’événement, dont on a tenté de mettre en lumière les différentes traditions dont ilhérite. Il s’agit en général d’une référence mixte à la phénoménologie heideggerienne del’inapparent et au post-structuralisme. La question du statut de l’anthropos et du futur de laphénoménologie demeure en arrière-fond grâce aux questions ouvertes par la notion d’ «événement ». / The purpose of this work is to provide a theoretical and historical reconstruction of the notion of« event » in the field of French contemporary phenomenology and as it is developed in the worksof three main authors, notably J. Derrida, J.-L. Marion et C. Romano. The starting point of thework is in the attempt to reform French phenomenology from 80’s till nowadays through theconcept of event. Accordingly, the heritage of French contemporary phenomenology is identifiedin the tangle of Heidegger’s inapparent phenomenology as well as in post-structuralism. Thequestions cornering the definition of anthropos and the future of phenomenology are thereby inbackground.

A un moment où le projet anthropotechnique semble s'imposer à travers l'avènement du paradigme technoscientifique et l'implantation généralisée des technologies du code, l'enjeu consiste à interroger et à mettre en crise la soudure métaphysique entre anthropos et techné en repensant la question de la technique par-delà le partage entre Nature et Culture. Dans cette perspective, il ne s'agit plus de penser LA Technique comme ce qui vient s'opposer à une Nature prédonnée pour instituer le règne instrumental d'une humanité coupée du mouvement cosmique, mais au contraire des modes techniques différenciés, autant de manières d'articuler des trames d'espace et de temps, c'est-à-dire des expériences sensibles. Ces modes d'articulation ne répondent pas du pouvoir ni de la volonté de l'Homme mais s'ouvrent depuis l'écart sensible et mouvant du naturer, écart événementiel qui échappe à toute tentative de capture. / At a time of the increasing dominance of anthropotechnic, with the advent of the technoscientific paradigm and the generalised introduction of digital technology, the challenge consists in questioning and disrupting the metaphysical bond between anthropos and techné by reconsidering the issue of technique beyond the division between Nature and Culture. From this perspective, the problem is no longer to see Technique in opposition to a pre-given Nature, opposition which allows the establishment of the instrumental reign of mankind cut off from the cosmic process. The question is to view different technical modes as ways to articulate weaves of space and time, that is as sensitive experiences. These modes of articulation do not depend on the power or the will of Man, but emerge from the sensitive and moving difference of 'naturing', a difference which escapes from any attempt to capture it.

Summary This thesis uses poststructural theory to question how language shapes educational policy and practice. It starts from the premise that the tendency for categorising knowledge as binary opposites, whilst potentially useful, also encourages polarisation, is reductive, and produces closure. Thus, by interrogating the ‘/’ [slash], the boundary between the pairs, the intention is to produce a different, more equable, productive, and openly uncertain way of questioning unresolved educational dilemmas, hence the search for a question. Educational inclusion/exclusion foregrounds this research. It did not start out this way. As a scientist, a zoologist by training, and steeped in the rigidity of scientific method, the original study concerned proving a hypothesis, using questionnaires to collect the data and followed by some sort of statistical analysis. However, this approach did not acknowledge the complexity, nuances and shades of meaning within the language of inclusive education that I wished to explore. Poststructural theory offered a different strategy and interrupted my positivist thinking throughout. Thus, a Foucauldian approach has been used to interrogate the inclusion/exclusion binary in the literature. Searching for the historical a priori is followed by an interrogation of the different discourses and the power relations therein. An empirical analysis succeeds the textual analysis, for which data was collected in the form of interviews. Called participatory interactions, secondary teacher educator colleagues were asked to talk about inclusion, and activatory phrases were used to stimulate discussion. Poststructural interruptions about ethics suggested an innovative method of discourse analysis developed using Derrida’s metaphor of a postcard, in which he enacts the performative stance of deconstruction. Aspects of the data that troubled the inclusion/exclusion binary are presented as verse alongside a reflexive response that stimulates theoretical discussions called ‘new lines of flight’. On the reverse side of every postcard is a photograph, a graphic representation of some feature pertaining to the data selected, and the stamp is a picture of the philosopher whose work inspired the theorisation. Interrogating the ‘/’ [slash] reveals the complex interplay of each side of the binary and surfaces a system of ethics regarding legitimation. The final chapter, therefore, proposes a deliberate ethical interruption – an interruption of practice in order to interrupt practice. Professional practice should be deliberately interrupted by research in order to interrupt oppositional binary thinking. This research should have a deliberately ethical component foregrounding personal values and attitudes. As a consequence, inclusive education could be reconceptualised. The current discourse of a failing educational experiment might then be transformed into an ethical project worth going on with.

The main aim of this diploma thesis is to analyze the problem of anorexia from Foucault's perspective. The first hypothesis is that this 'pathology' is rather a social construction which has its origins in social norms and standards that operate in the society to make firm distinction between the normal and the pathological, the ideal and the unacceptable. In this study we will use Foucault's theory of power and discipline, the concept of biopower and also his critics of psychiatry. At the same time, we will complete our survey with the concept of construction and deconstruction of Jacques Derrida and with the social identity theory of Judith Butler.

The presented study takes up the problem of Bataille's impossible testimony of the impossible. This endeavor represents a wider contextual framework for a project of this thesis which proposes a way of laying down the foundation for a philosophical reading of Bataille's L'expérience intérieure by developing some key moments of his anthropology. Bataille's thought is introduced as the dynamics of a gesture of testimony (or a witnessing) which testifies to the difference du sens as it is being incorporated in the movement of writing (écriture) into the texts of La Somme Athéologique. Since these texts oftentimes resist a direct philosophical treatment, this essay discusses the possibilities of a philosophical approach to Bataille. Such discussion results in setting up the necessary limitations of an adequate philosophical attitude towards Bataille's thought while leaving its problematic quality in play. Then the narrower framework of this essay is put into work in an attempt to achieve an understanding of key parts of The Inner Experience through a philosophical analysis of Bataille's concept of humanity.

Denna uppsats undersöker hur svenska kontrollerade vokabulärer hanterar inkluderande perspektiv. Svenska ämnesord är en nationellt kontrollerad vokabulär med ämnesord som skapats och administreras av Kungliga biblioteket och som används av svenska bibliotek för indexering. Biblioteken strävar efter stabila söksystem, samtidigt förändras ordens betydelse snabbt. Det är en utmaning för biblioteken att säkerställa hög sökbarhet men undvika att använda ett diskriminerande språk. Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera hur inkluderande perspektiv används i svenska kontrollerade vokabulär. Fyra frågor har formulerats, den första handlar om hur ämnesord om etnicitet och nationalitet är representerade i Svenska ämnesord. De övriga tre frågorna handlar om hur Kungliga biblioteket och andra svenska institutioner arbetar med sina kontrollerade vokabulärs administration samt språklig instabilitet. Med Derridas teorier om dekonstruktion undersöks hur den Andre representeras i Svenska ämnesord, som ingår men skiljer sig från västerländska etniciteter och nationaliteter. Ämnesord som berör den Andre är konstruerade annorlunda, de innehåller mer förklarande kvalificeringar och varianter. Andra utmaningar som administratörer av de kontrollerade vokabulärerna har är att undvika partisk indexering och att upprätthålla ett stabilt system och samtidigt kontextualisera uttryck i ämnesord som kan anses vara diskriminerande. Uppsatsen diskuterar även hur olika kontrollerade vokabulärer är beroende av varandra. / This essay examines how Swedish controlled vocabularies handle inclusive perspectives. Svenska ämnesord is a national controlled vocabulary containing subject headings that is created and administered by The Royal Library and used by Swedish libraries for indexing. Libraries strive for stable search systems, at the same time the meaning of words changes rapidly. It is a challenge for libraries to ensure high searchability but avoid using discriminatory language. The purpose of this essay is to study how inclusive perspectives are used in Swedish controlled vocabularies. Four questions have been formulated, the first one concerns how subject headings about ethnicity and nationality are represented in Svenska ämnesord. The other three questions address how the Swedish Royal Library and other Swedish institutions work with their controlled vocabularies’ administration and linguistic instability. With Derrida's theories of deconstruction the essay examines how the Other is represented in Svenska ämnesord, which is included but differs from western ethnicities and nationalities. Subject headings that concern the Other are constructed differently, they contain more explanatory qualifiers and variants . Other challenges administrators of the controlled vocabularies pointed out are to avoid biased indexing and maintain a stable system and at the same time contextualize expressions in subject headings that could be considered as discriminatory. The essay also discusses how different controlled vocabularies are interdependent.

[pt] O presente trabalho tem a metáfora como seu objeto e busca investigar os problemas que esta figura de linguagem suscita à filosofia. Desde então, será tomado como escopo e instrumentos de análise as obras de dois filósofos contemporâneos, Paul Ricoeur e Jacques Derrida, por suas contribuições relevantes ao estudo deste tema. De início, será apresentado como a hermenêutica propõe pensar a metáfora para além da estilização retórica e os limites que a separam do discurso filosófico, em seguida será mostrado como a clara delimitação destes limites é posta sob suspeita pela desconstrução. Portanto, ao seguir juntamente por essas duas propostas, o trabalho se desenvolve ao analisar seus pressupostos, pontos de intersecção e diferença. / [en] The present work has the metaphor as its objects and aims to investigate the problems that this figure of speech brings to philosophy. Since then, it will be taken as scope and analysis s instruments the works of two contemporary philosophers, Paul Ricoeur and Jacques Derrida, for their relevant contributions to the study of this matter. At the beginning, it will be presented how hermeneutics propose to think metaphor beyond rhetorical stylization and the limits that set her apart from philosophy s discourse, then it will be shown how the clear determination of these limits are put under suspicious by deconstruction. Therefore, by following jointly these two proposals, the work is developed by the analysis of their presuppositions, intersections points and differences.