Cette thèse se propose d’examiner le concept de « livre augmenté » à partir d’une posture théorique articulée à une pratique de médiateur et d’éditeur multimédia exercée à la Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) pendant une vingtaine d’années. Notre recherche pose la question de la reconfiguration du livre dans l’espace numérique à travers les notions de remédiatisation et d’éditorialisation, c’est-à-dire du point de vue de l’évolution des formes médiatiques et des pratiques éditoriales. La conception de deux prototypes — le livre-application Candide réalisé à la BnF et le livre-web Odyssée réalisé à l’Université Paris-VIII — nous a permis d’interroger les frontières du livre et de formuler les concepts d’enrichissement et d’augmentation au regard de la clôture du livre. Nous défendons la thèse d’un objet-livre numérique nécessairement clos, enrichi par l’éditeur et le lecteur, augmenté par des extensions virtuelles sur le web ou en applications. L’expérience de lecture et la transmission des œuvres s’y trouvent renouvelées par des pratiques intermédiatiques et une nouvelle sensorialité des supports numériques. / This thesis proposes to examine the concept of "enhanced book" from a theoretical posture articulated to a practice of mediator and multimedia editor exercised at the French National Library (BnF) during twenty years. Our research raises the question of the reconfiguration of the book in the digital environment through the notions of remediation and editorialization, that is to say, from the point of view of the media forms and editorial practices evolution. The design of two prototypes — the Candide app-book carried out at the BnF and the Odyssey web-book conducted at the University of Paris VIII — enabled us to examine the boundaries of the book and formulate the concepts of enrichment and enhancement regarding to the enclosure of the book. We defend the thesis of a digital object-book necessarily closed, enriched by the editor and the reader, enhanced by virtual extensions on the web or in applications. The experience of reading and transmitting the works are renewed by intermediate practices and a new sensoriality of digital media.

有鑑於數位閱讀已逐漸成為閱讀發展的新趨勢，許多研究著手於發展相關的閱讀系統或設備來輔助學習者進行閱讀學習。此外，如何幫助學生在進行英文閱讀學習時，增加對於文章的理解，已經成為很重要的研究課題。而基於網路學習環境進行數位閱讀學習時，學習者常常需要進行自主學習，因此學習者個人的自律學習能力成為影響數位閱讀學習成效的關鍵因素。本研究旨在探討運用具自律學習機制的閱讀標註系統是否具有提升國中英語閱讀學習成效的效益，研究採用準實驗研究法，以桃園縣某國中七年級二班的學生，分成實驗組與控制組，實驗組與控制組分別以「具自律學習機制的閱讀標註系統學習」及「不具自律學習機制的閱讀標註系統學習」進行英語閱讀學習，經過實驗處理後，接受「閱讀測驗後測」，以比較兩組學生在閱讀學習成效上的差異性，輔之以問卷調查實驗組學生對課程活動的態度看法，並以訪談作質性資料分析。最後，根據研究結果提出具體建議，以提供未來研究與教師在運用具自律學習機制之數位閱讀標註系統融入閱讀教學時之參考。本研究得到的研究結論如下： 一、 實驗組學習者採用具自律學習機制之數位閱讀標註系統，其英語閱讀學習成效顯著優於採用不具自律學習機制之數位閱讀標註系統的控制組學習者。 二、 實驗組學習者採用具自律學習機制之數位閱讀標註系統，其閱讀標註能力顯著優於採用不具自律學習機制之數位閱讀標註系統的控制組學習者。 三、 實驗組學習者中不同自律能力學習者其閱讀學習成效具有顯著差異。 四、 實驗組學習者中不同自律能力學習者其閱讀標註能力具有顯著差異。 五、 實驗組學習者中閱讀學習成效與閱讀標註能力有顯著相關且自律能力與學習成效呈現正相關 關鍵字：自律學習、數位閱讀、閱讀標註、閱讀學習成效 / In the consideration of that digital reading has become a new trend of reading development; many studies were conducted to develop related reading systems or equipments to assist learners on learning of reading. Moreover, how to help students improve comprehension while reading English is an important topic for research. Based on the characteristics of digital reading in the e-learning environment, in which learners often need self-regulated learning, the ability of self-regulated learning has become a key factor that affects the learning effects of reading. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the application of reading annotation system with self-regulated learning could increase the learning effects of English reading for junior high school students. The present study adopted quasi-experimental design method and the subjects were two classes of seventh graders in a junior high school in Taoyuan County. There were divided into experimental group and control group to learn English through reading, and were instructed respectively with “reading annotation system learning with self-regulated learning” and “reading annotation system learning without self-regulated learning.” After the experiment, “reading post-test” was conducted to compare the learning effects of reading for these two groups of students. Students in the experimental group were also surveyed by questionnaires and interviewed for qualitative data analysis. Finally, the researcher made suggestions according to the research results as references for future studies and for teachers who want to apply reading annotation system with self-regulated learning to reading instruction. The results of the present study were as the following: 1. The learning effects of English reading for learners in the experimental group with self-regulated reading annotation system were significantly greater than those who were in the control group without self-regulated reading annotation system. 2. The ability of reading annotation of the learners in the experimental group with self-regulated reading annotation system were significantly greater than those who were in the control group without self-regulated reading annotation system. 3. There were significant differences among the learning effects of reading for learners in the experimental group with different ability of self-regulated learning. 4. There were significant differences among the ability of reading annotation for learners in the experimental group with different ability of self-regulated learning. 5. For the learners in the experimental group, the learning effects of reading were significantly related to the ability of reading annotation; the ability of self-regulated learning was positively correlated with learning effects. Keywords: self-regulated learning, digital reading, reading annotation, learning effects of reading

iPad自2010年推出以來，佳績不斷，成為史上銷售最快的電子產品，蘋果公司又於2011年乘勝推出iPad2，再次贏得全球矚目，消費者不但是引頸期盼，iPad所到之處更是門庭若市、大排長龍，這不但成為電子產品銷售奇蹟，更為人類閱讀歷史帶來了革命性的改變，為現代人的數位閱讀生活掀起浪潮，iPad影響之大，由此可見一斑。本研究聚焦於iPad進行深入研究，嘗試找到iPad之於此波數位閱讀浪潮，之所以能脫穎而出之原因，以及iPad之於此波數位閱讀浪潮，其所扮演的角色為何？iPad之於數位閱讀浪潮，未來發展趨勢為何？ 本研究採用質化研究法，包括文獻分析法、線上資料整理法，以及深度訪談法，研究整理之後，得到以下結論： iPad之所以能掀起數位閱讀浪潮，究其原因，可分內在與外在因素來看： 一、內在因素：iPad能提供使用者難忘的經驗，以體驗經濟理論來看，這的確符合了Pine & Gilmore的理論：體驗就是創造難忘的經驗，成為消費者美好的回憶，讓其體會到娛樂性、教育性、逃避現實以及一種美學的感受。 二、外在因素：長久以來電子書閱讀器或平板電腦市場已經累積了許多失敗的教訓，這些都成為iPad推出前可供參考的重要資訊，最後是環境的成熟，網際網路的普及、資訊環境的便利、雲端技術的進步等等，正像Malcolm Gladwell所觀察到的，許多變化來得又快又急，就在於觀念、行為、訊息及產品等，像傳染病一般突然間發作蔓延，一旦達到「引爆點」，就會忽然間將時代潮流一口氣往前邁進。 以上內外因素使得iPad具備了天時地利人和的關鍵因素，因此，當iPad一出，立刻造成全球搶購風潮，進而帶來數位閱讀之新氣象。 本研究發現如下： 一、iPad擴大了閱讀的族群，發揮其引導功能 過去不看書，或是過去不碰電子書的人，很可能因為對iPad的好奇，而開始接觸數位閱讀，可以說，iPad擴大了閱讀的人口，許多人隨時隨地瀏覽新聞、雜誌、網頁、書籍，無形之中鼓勵了閱讀風氣，增加了讀書的人口。 二、iPad豐富了閱讀內容：影音加文字、動態與互動 iPad使得閱讀這件事變得廣義而豐富，閱讀不再限於靜態的、文字的、黑白的，而是彩色的、動態的影音內容，甚至有互動的設計，使得閱讀內容多彩多姿。 三、iPad串起了閱讀行為，完成數位閱讀新載體架構 iPad能夠在體積小、行動力強的手機與功能強大的電腦之間，串起讀者的閱讀行為，提供所謂的無縫式閱讀，這都歸因於iPad能提供隨時隨地、隨開隨用的閱讀優勢，讓讀者可以在不同情境下取用資訊，串起現代人的數位閱讀行為，完成了數位閱讀的新載體架構。 iPad使得繁忙的現代人得以運用更簡便、更有效率的方式管理個人的閱讀生活。以數位閱讀的角度來看，iPad可以刺激學習者的動機，提高閱讀者的興趣，單一紙本閱讀的時代已經過去了，現在的人們可以用iPad體驗更豐富更精采的閱讀生活。 本研究建議如下： 一、iPad對閱讀的影響：iPad之於數位閱讀，由於其畫面亮麗、功能豐富，使用者可能會傾向於淺層理解、容易分心，收收E-mail、玩一下遊戲、看一段新聞等，閱讀可能會淪為片段式的所謂的「輕閱讀」，若要深入做學術研究，或是專題報告等，效果如何，不得而知。總之，iPad的確引起了使用者的閱讀興趣，但效果究竟如何，值得後續觀察。 二、iPad對人際關係的影響：iPad之問世，許多人愛不釋手，尤其是App Store，天天都有新玩意兒，人與機器互動的時間增加許多，如此以往，會不會造成人與人之間的疏離感，而且iPad2還有Facetime功能，人對機器講話的機會也增加了，這會不會使人與人相處的臨場感逐漸消失，至終引起社會問題，值得注意。 / iPad, since its launch in 2010, becomes the fastest-selling electronic product in history. Followed by iPad2 in 2011, iPad once again won the global attentions. Wherever iPad goes, numerous consumers wait in long lines. Sales of this electronic product, not only become a miracle, but also brought a revolutionary change into the reading history of mankind. The influence of iPad, is evident. This thesis focused on iPad, trying to find the reason why iPad is so outstanding among all the e-readers? What role is iPad palying in the wave of digital reading? And how iPad will lead the trends in the future of digital reading life of modern people? This study used qualitative research methods, including document analysis, online data compilation method, and depth interviews The important research results are as follows: Why iPad is able to set off a wave of digital reading? The answer can be divided into internal and external factors: (A) Internal factors: iPad offers users a memorable experience. From the experience economic theory point of view, it is indeed in line with the Pine & Gilmore’s theory: to create a memorable experience is the key to satisfy consumers. Let consumers feel entertainment, education, escapism, and an aesthetic experience. (B) external factors: For a long time, e-book readers or tablet PC have ended in failures. All these failures become important informations for iPad’s design. Meanwhile, the maturity of the environment, including the popularity of the Internet, information environment to facilitate the clouds and technological progress, etc., just like Malcolm Gladwell observed that, many changes came too fast and urgent, such as concept, behavior, messages and products. all of a sudden, everything reach the “tipping point”, and it will suddenly move forward the trend of the times in one breath. With internal and external factors, iPad causes a global phenomenon, brings the new digital reading era. What iPad brought into the reading history of mankind?: (A) iPad expanded reading population People who do not read books in the past, or people do not touch e-books before, probably because of the curiosity about iPad, they will start to read books with iPad.In another word, iPad has expanded reading population. More and more people start to read news, magazines, books with iPad, because it is so convenient. (B) iPad enriches the reading content: including audio, video and interactive design iPad makes reading broad and rich. Reading is no longer limited to static, text, black and white, but colorful, filled with video and even interactive. iPad enriches the content-of reading. (C) iPad brought the completion of digital reading behavior of modern people iPad, between the small, mobile cellphones and strong and powerful computers, plays the key role of the readers’ reading behavior, providing the so-called seamless reading, which offer the iPad users to read anytime, anywhere, so that the readers can access informations in different situations. iPad brought the completion of digital reading behavior of people. iPad offers modern people to build a efficient management of individual reading life. iPad can stimulate the readers’ motivation, improve their interest. With iPad, people can experience richer and more exciting reading life. The recommendations are as follows: (A) iPad and Reading: iPad, because of its bright screen, feature-rich, the users might be inclined to shallow understanding. They are easily distracted by collecting E-mail, playing games, and watching a piece of news. This kind of reading become so-called “light reading”. If people want to do further academic research or special reports, iPad is useful or not still remain unknown. It is worth follow-up observation. (B) iPad and interpersonal relationships: iPad is so amazing that many people enjoy using the device, especially the App new stuffs coming up every day. In the future, iPad will cause alienation between people or even cause social problems, we still need to observe it.

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att finna bakomliggande orsaker och faktorer som påverkar pojkar och deras läsning. Varför presterar pojkar sämre än jämngamla flickor på lästester i alla de länder där tester görs? Detta är något som otaliga undersökningar pekar på både i Sverige och internationellt. Ett barns framgång i läsning är en viktig del av dess utbildning. Har barnet problem på detta område så får det problem i alla ämnen. Huvudfrågan för detta examensarbete är således: varför presterar pojkar sämre än flickor i läsning? De delmoment som påverkar läsningen belyses ur flera vinklar i hopp om att lyfta fram en så övergripande bild som möjligt av detta fenomen. Detta är en litteraturstudie med fokus på forskning genomförd mellan 2007-2013. Undersökningen visar att den nivå ett barn når i sin läsning är resultatet av en ytterst komplicerad kombination av faktorer där hemförhållanden och motivation tycks väga tyngst. Samtidigt visar studien även att andra faktorer som ofta lyfts fram som mer eller mindre avgörande bygger på motsägelsefulla fakta.

The aim of this doctoral dissertation project has been to investigate and describe the reading comprehension of digital texts related to the reading of traditional texts by gender differences, computer-game playing, and socioeconomic background factors. The dissertation is based on four studies. In the first study, the results from a reading comprehension test delivered on screen is compared to a test delivered on paper and administered to 235 Swedish students 14-15 years of age. The students managed the test in the paper mode slightly better than that in the screen mode. The difference was particularly evident for boys. The second study used Swedish data from the PISA 2009 survey in an analysis conducted with a structural equation modelling technique. A digital reading factor nested within the overall reading was identified. A gender difference in favour of boys was found in this factor. This difference was perfectly mediated by the larger amount of time that the boys spent on computer-game playing. The third study, conducted on Swedish and Norwegian PISA data from 2009, focussed on equity aspects in reading comprehension and indicated that the unique aspects of digital reading were not influenced by cultural capital, neither on the student nor on the school level, in contrast to what was the case for traditional reading comprehension. The fourth study, using qualitative data, aimed at exploring the abilities and skills important for digital reading. The analysis resulted in five categories: traditional literacy, multimodal literacy, pathfinding, IT abilities, and information abilities. Drawing on a mixed-methods approach, the overall conclusion drawn from the results of the four studies was that reading comprehension of digital texts has unique aspects in addition to those required for reading comprehension of traditional texts. Three other important conclusions were pointed out as well. The first was that reading comprehension is influenced by the context of the texts; the second was that particular skills and abilities are required for digital reading; and the third was that there seems to be less of an influence of background factors on the performance of digital reading compared to traditional reading among Swedish (and Norwegian) youth. The results are discussed in relation to a Dual Level Theory formulated by Leu et al., as well as the validity issues with an outset in Bachman’s conversation analysis. The implications for schooling have been considered.

Aquesta tesi doctoral explora el fenomen del desinterès per la lectura des de l’angle de la construcció de la identitat lectora durant l’adolescència. La recerca pren la mirada ecològica i etnogràfica dels Nous Estudis de Literacitat per entendre com la posició resistent envers ‘la lectura’ de quatre membres d’una colla s’ha construït biogràficament, acadèmica i social, a través de l’acumulació d’experiències lletrades dins i fora del context acadèmic. L’anàlisi desenvolupa una aproximació múltiple i longitudinal a la identitat lectora, dels 15-16 als 19 anys, i a través de la resistència o participació en pràctiques lectores associades a diversos dominis socials. El procés de construcció de la identitat lectora s’explora des de la biografia lectora, la trajectòria acadèmica, el contradiscurs de la colla envers la lectura i la participació en pràctiques lletrades vinculades a l’oci i a la comunicació en paper i en línia en xarxes socials. L’anàlisi de les dades suggereix: (i) que els estudiants que a l’aula són percebuts com a ‘poc lectors’ o ‘lectors febles’ en realitat llegeixen una mica més, que ho fan d’altres maneres diferents a l’acadèmica ; i (ii) que han interioritzat els valors de la cultura lectora dominant. El seu desinterès lector està socialment situat i lligat a la posició social de ser estudiant. La seva identitat lectora està influenciada per l’ideal del ‘bon lector literari’ que es promou des de la pràctica educativa, que eclipsa les altres maneres de llegir en espais socials diversos, que no encaixen amb el cànon. / This PhD dissertation explores the phenomenon of the lack of interest in reading from the approach of looking into the construction of reading identities during adolescence. This research takes New Literacy Studies’ ecological and ethnographic view in order to understand how ‘resistance’ towards ‘reading’ by four members of a clique has been biographically, academically and socially constructed, through an accumulation of literacy experiences within and beyond formal education. The analysis develops a multiple longitudinal approach to reading–identity construction over time (from 15-16 to 19 year-olds) and through resistance or participation in reading practices associated to different social domains. The process of reading-identity construction is explored from these teeangers’ reading biographical background, their’s schooling and education, their in-group’s counter-discourse regarding reading, and their participation in literacy practices as part of their leisure and their communication, paper and online, in social networking. The data analysis reveals: (i) that teenagers who are seen as ‘poor readers’ or ‘weak readers’, in classroom settings, actually read a little bit more than we think, and do so differently as to school practice ; and (ii) that they have internalized the values of the dominant reading culture. Their lack of interest in reading is socially situated, and linked to the social position of being a student. Their ‘poor reader’ identity is influenced by the ‘literary good reader’ ideal promoted by school practice, that overshadows other ways of reading, in different social spheres, which do not conform to the canon.

Vårt samhälle blir allt mer digitaliserat, vilket även leder till att skolan blir mer digitaliserad i form av bland annat digitala läromedel och att många elever har varsin dator eller surfplatta. En intressant aspekt är hur den digitala läsningen påverkar elevernas läsning och om det finns en skillnad mellan traditionell och digital läsning. Syftet med denna studie är därför att genom en mixed method undersöka vilka uppfattningar elever har om traditionell och digital läsning. Forskningsfrågorna handlar om vilket av traditionell och digital läsning eleverna använder sig av mest, vilket av de två sätten att läsa som de föredrar och slutligen vilka skillnader mellan traditionell och digital läsning de uppfattar. Detta har gjorts genom en mixed method där den kvalitativa delen i studien har inspirerats av fenomenologin. Studien bygger på en sekventiell design och har bearbetats genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet visade att det är fler elever som dagligen läser på en skärm än i en bok, men det var fler av eleverna som föredrar att läsa i en bok. De största skillnaderna de uppfattar handlar om läsupplevelsen, ögonen och om tillgängligheten. / Our society is becoming increasingly digitalized, which also means that school is becoming more digitalized in the form of, among other things, digital teaching materials and that many students have their own computer or tablet. An interesting question is whether digital reading affects students' reading abilities and whether there is a difference between traditional and digital reading. The purpose of this study is therefore to investigate, through a mixed method, what perceptions students have about traditional and digital reading. The research questions are whether students mostly read traditionally or digitally, which of the two ways of reading they prefer and finally what differences between traditional and digital reading they perceive. This was done through a mixed method where the qualitative part of the study was inspired by the phenomenology. The study is based on a sequential design and has been processed through qualitative content analysis. The results showed that there are more students reading on a screen daily than in a book, but more of the students prefer to read in a book. The biggest differences they perceive are about the reading experience, the eyes, and the accessibility.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur lärare upplever de digitala verktygens intåg i skolan med avseende på läsundervisningen och på elevers läsförmåga. Den teori som är knuten till studien är, i relation till lärande och medierande verktyg, den sociokulturella teorin. Med hjälp av de digitala verktygen avses att, i enlighet med den proximala utvecklingszonen, stötta och vägleda eleverna framåt i sin utveckling. Den data som ligger till grund för studiens resultat har inhämtats via semistrukturerade intervjuer med verksamma lärare. Studiens resultat visar att de digitala verktygen kan skapa en variation i läsundervisningen som till följd av detta kan öka elevernas motivation för läsning. Resultatet påvisar även att lärarna som intervjuades, var oeniga vad gäller en försämring av elevers läsförmåga jämfört med tidigare. Det rådde dock en enighet beträffande elevers förminskade tålamod i fråga om att ta sig an större textmängder. / The aim of the study is to investigate how teachers perceive the digital tools' entry into the school regarding reading instruction and students' reading ability. The theory associated with the study is, in relation to learning and mediating tools, the sociocultural theory. Using the digital tools is intended, in accordance to the proximal development zone, to support and guide the students in their development. The data that form the basis for the study's results have been obtained through semi-structured interviews with active teachers. The study's results show that the digital tools can create a variation in reading instruction which, as a result, can increase students' motivation for reading. The result also shows that the teachers interviewed disagreed about a deterioration in pupils' reading ability compared to previous ones. There was, however, a consensus regarding the students' diminished patience regarding taking on larger amounts of text.

Högläsning är ett pedagogiskt verktyg med fördelar gällande såväl möten med olika texter som utvecklande av språkförståelsen. Traditionellt sker högläsning genom att någon läser högt för en grupp eller individ. Ljudböcker anses ha liknande fördelar som traditionell högläsning men det saknas forskning med elevresultat som stödjer antagandet. Avsaknaden av jämförelser mellan olika högläsningsmetoder blev grunden till studiens problemformulering.  Syftet med den här studien är av den anledningen att bidra med kunskap om hur olika fall av högläsning kan påverka elevers hörförståelse. Studien har genomförts med kombination av både kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod genom en undersökning som beskrivs som en interventionsstudie. Studien utgår från framtagna hypoteser och fokuserar på den individuella uppfattningen, därför har den kognitiva teorin använts i analyserna. Materialet har samlats in genom enkäter som elever i åldrarna 8–10 har fått svara på efter att de lyssnat på en berättelse.  I resultatöversikten framgår att de elever som lyssnat på digital högläsning med inlevelse har svarat bättre än de andra grupperna. I de enskilda frågorna är resultaten varierande och bidrar inte med någon definitiv slutsats. Studien bidrar dock med indikationer som både styrker den tidigare forskningen och ger bidrag till professionen genom att öppna upp för diskussioner om högläsningsmetoder och vilka fördelar som finns med de olika metoderna. / Reading aloud is a pedagogical tool with advantages regarding interaction with different text types as well as language development. Traditionally, reading aloud refers to someone reading aloud to a group or individual. Audiobooks are considered to have similar benefits as traditional reading aloud, but there is a lack of research on student results to support that assumption. The lack of comparisons between different reading aloud methods became the basis for this study’s focus.  Therefore, this study aims to contribute with knowledge about how different reading aloud methods can affect students listening comprehension. The study is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods and is described as an intervention study. The study is based on hypotheses and its focus rests on the individual perception, therefore, the cognitive theory is used in the analysis. The material has been collected through surveys that students aged 8-10 answered after listening to a story.  The overall results indicate that audiobooks have the most positive impact on student’s comprehension. The results do not contribute to a definitive conclusion but it contributes with implications that both strengthen previous research and provide a contribution to the profession by opening up for discussions about reading aloud methods and their benefits.

Syftet med denna systematiska litteraturstudie är att studera vad aktuell forskning har kommit fram till om eventuella skillnader i läsförståelsen mellan traditionell och digital läsning och hur läsförståelsen hos grundskoleelever kan stödjas och utvecklas vid läsning på skärm. Materialet i studien bygger på 11 publikationer som tagits fram genom databassökning och manuell sökning via referenslistor. För att bearbeta och analysera resultatet gjordes en innehållsanalys. Studiens resultat är motstridiga avseende vilka skillnader som finns mellan läsförståelsen i traditionell och digital läsning. Det finns forskning som visar att läsförståelsen påverkas såväl positivt som negativt vid digital läsning, och det finns forskning som visar att det inte påverkar läsförståelsen om en text läses digitalt eller traditionellt. I studien framkommer också att de förmågor som krävs vid digital läsning är andra förutom de som krävs vid traditionell läsning. Studien visar även att när lärare inkluderar elevsamarbete i undervisningen påverkas elevers digitala läsförståelse positivt. Genomgången visar att forskning om hur lärare kan undervisa i att läsa och förstå digitala texter i klassrumssammanhang är otillräcklig, vilket pekar på ett fortsatt behov av forskning inom det området.