As redes sociais têm-se tornado muito populares. No caso específico do Brasil, essa popularidade se tornou notória após o advento do orkut. Essas redes constituem um importante espaço para a produção de textos a respeito de temas diversos. A navegação por esta rede social nos chamou a atenção para a vasta presença de comunidades cuja nomenclatura remetia a posições extremas, principalmente, as de amor e ódio por algo ou alguém. Com base nessa tendência, delimitamos o corpus a partir de duas comunidades com temas iguais e antagônicas quanto à nomenclatura. São elas: eu amo Inglês e eu ODEIO Inglês. Os enunciados coletados foram produzidos entre os dias 30/07/2006 e 28/11/2006. Por ser uma rede na qual está colocada a possibilidade do anonimato e/ou a criação de perfis de usuários fictícios (fakes), nossa hipótese foi a de que estas características poderiam causar certo efeito de liberdade no tocante aos modos de dizer nesse contexto. Apoiados nas teorias sobre o discurso, o sujeito e sua relação com a linguagem, bem como, na Semântica Histórica da Enunciação (Guimarães, 2002) e em estudiosos do ciberespaço, buscamos analisar os enunciados produzidos no interior dessas comunidades em busca de pistas a respeito do sujeito e dos modos de dizer inerentes a esta mídia, mais especificamente, os dizeres sobre a língua inglesa, seu processo de ensino-aprendizagem e da relação do sujeito que enuncia, tanto com a língua inglesa quanto com sua língua materna. A análise nos permitiu a observação de modos de dizer com forte tendência hiperbólica, tal qual a própria nomenclatura das comunidades analisadas. Foi ainda possível estabelecer considerações a respeito do sujeito desta rede, que parece se apresentar sob um caráter hedônico, bastante análogo ao sujeito do sujeito do consumo, ou seja, aquele que desconhece a falta, acredita tudo poder (CORACINI, 2006, p.149). Finalmente, pudemos estabelecer analogias entre o processo de ensino-aprendizagem de uma língua estrangeira e o processo de construção de um avatar, as quais nos permitiram analisar tanto os investimentos identitários quanto formas de resistência ao discurso hegemônico sobre a língua inglesa e seu papel na sociedade contemporânea. / Social networks have become very popular. In the specific case of Brazil, this popularity has become more evident after the advent of orkut. Such networks constitute an important setting for textual production regarding diverse themes. Surfing through this social network has drawn our attention to the vast proliferation of communities whose nomenclature makes reference to extreme positioning, mainly the ones named love and hate for something or someone. Based on this tendency, we decided to delimit the corpus by choosing two communities of equal themes and antagonistic positioning, namely: I love English and I HATE English. The utterances that constitute the corpus were produced from 07/30/2006 to 11/28/2006. Due to the possibility of anonymity and/or the creation of fictitious user profiles (fakes) in the network, our hypothesis is that these features could cause a certain effect of freedom regarding the modes of uttering in this context. Relying on theories regarding discourse, and the relations between the subject and language, as well as in Historic Semantics of Enunciation (Guimarães, 2002) and on thinkers about cyberspace, we analyze the utterances produced in the context of those communities in search of clues concerning the subject and the modes of uttering inherent to this media, specifically, those utterances related to the English language, its process of teaching-learning and the relationship of the subject that utters with the English language, as well as with its mother tongue. The analysis has enabled us to observe modes of uttering with a strong hyperbolic tendency, following the pattern of the names given to the communities. It was also possible to establish considerations regarding the subject of this network, which seems to be of a hedonic character, considerably analogous to the subject of the market, that is, that one that is unaware of the lack, and believes to be almighty (CORACINI, 2006, p.149). Finally, we could identify analogies between the processes of teaching-learning a foreign language and the construction of an avatar, which allowed us to analyze not only the identity investments, but also the forms of resistance to the hegemonic discourses concerning the English language and its role in contemporary society.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo a análise de sentidos em processos designativos decorrentes da chamada Abordagem/Metodologia Comunicativa, também referida como CLT (Communicative Language Teaching), depreendidos de: a) textos de teóricos em ensino-aprendizagem de língua inglesa e b) de professores de inglês, participantes de um programa de curso para certificação na didática de línguas. Pelo aparato teórico da Semântica Histórica da Enunciação, em confluência com a Análise do Discurso, que contempla a dimensão histórico-social e ideológica na relação do sujeito com a língua, buscamos compreender como se estabelecem processos de produção de sentidos em nomes que circulam em torno da designação CLT, no contexto ensino-aprendizagem de língua inglesa. A aparente estabilidade e univocidade das designações levaram-nos a confrontá-las e, com isso, propusemos um questionamento acerca da transparência da linguagem. Pela análise, percebemos uma tentativa de construção referencial do CLT e, que conflitos constitutivos da relação falante-língua são escamoteados, na cena enunciativa. A busca constante de fixação de um sentido único para essa designação, o bom sentido de comunicativo, levou-nos a buscar compreender, pelo interdiscurso (memória discursiva), como se estabelecem certos movimentos dicotômicos de produção de sentidos nos dizeres de professores e teóricos, na polarização método antigo versus método moderno. Depreendemos, pelos processos designativos analisados, que a idealização do modelo comunicativo remete a um lugar de completude, onde a aprendizagem da língua parece se dar de uma maneira natural, sem conflitos, lugar esse que professores buscam ocupar. No percurso da análise procuramos problematizar o convívio dos professores com o lugar estabelecido pelo CLT, de suposta neutralidade política perante o método, colocando-os fora de sua historicidade. Concluímos que os processos designativos dos nomes analisados buscam promover um efeito de homogeneização nos dizeres de teóricos e professores do corpus, no processo de constituição de sentidos da Abordagem Comunicativa. / This work aims at analysing meanings observed in designation processes derived from the so-called Communicative Language Teaching, also referred to as CLT, in a corpus formed by a) texts of theorists in the field of ELT and b) texts of EFL teachers who participated in a program on ELT for further external exams. From the perspective of both Historical Semantics of Enunciation and Analysis of Discourse which contemplates the historical-social and ideological dimension in the relation of the subject with language, we have sought to investigate how processes of production of meaning are established as far as names related to CLT are concerned. Our analysis enabled us to confront the apparent stabilised meaning of the observed designations in relation to the names of the Communicative Approach/Communicative Language Teaching thus questioning the evidence of language transparency. By means of analysis, we have noticed an attempt towards reference construction of CLT and also, that constitutive conflicts in the relation speaker-language are silenced in the utterance locus. The constant search for fixing a single meaning to this designation, the good meaning for communicative led us to understand, from the interdiscourse (discourse memory), how certain dichotomical movements in the constitution of meaning in the teachers´ and theorists´ sayings are established in the polarization old method versus modern method. From the analysed designation processes we have apprehended that the idealisation of the communicative model alludes to a place of completeness where the learning of the language seems to occur in a natural way, with no conflicts, a place which teachers seek to occupy. Throughout the analysis we have tried to question the experience the teachers have with the place established by the CLT, of apparent political neutrality in relation to the method, placing them out of their historical context. Our analysis has concluded that the designation processes of the analysed names seek to promote an effect of homogeneity in sayings of theorists and teachers of the corpus in the process of constitution of meanings related to the Communicative Approach/Communicative Language Teaching (CLT).

Estuda-se aqui a escrita do marquês de Sade, sobretudo as três versões de sua personagem virtuosa: Os infortúnios da virtude [Les infortunes de la vertu] (1787), Justine ou as infelicidades da virtude [Justine ou les malheurs de la vertu] (1791) e A Nova Justine ou as infelicidades da virtude [La Nouvelle Justine ou les malheurs de la vertu] (1799). Nelas, investiga-se o modo pelo qual a escrita produz equívocos, campos de ressonância e compossibilidades entre os pares conceituais com os quais trabalha (a saber, virtude/vício; infelicidade/prosperidade; etc). A dramatização dos conceitos e das normas simbólicas que os orientam configura, assim, uma cenografia equívoca, cujo funcionamento consiste em sabotar a univocidade de sentido dos termos que aciona. Essa equivocidade constitutiva da escrita sadiana deixa então em suspenso o próprio posicionamento enunciativo, não se subsumindo à particularização das intenções do Autor e, tampouco a uma determinação unívoca do contexto. Propõe-se, entretanto, singularizar sua indeterminação, ou melhor, a sobredeterminação das torções perspectivas que efetua e os seus equívocos, bem como os reenvios que fabrica e encena em uma rede de enunciações. Para tanto, dramatizam-se aqui dois eixos de análise, nos quais a virtude se faz fundamental: a discussão setecentista sobre a função moralizadora das artes e a política jacobina de Robespierre. Na passagem de uma a outra, é a equivocidade enunciativa de Sade que entrelaça a performatividade do texto literário e a instituição da lei. / This thesis aims to study the writing of Marquis de Sade, especially the three versions of his virtuous character: Les infortunes de la vertu (1787), Justine ou les malheurs de la vertu (1791) and La Nouvelle Justine ou les malheurs de la vertu (1799). In them, the object of inquiry is the way that writing produces equivoques, fields of resonance and compossibilities between conceptual pairs in which it works upon (namely, virtue/vice; infelicity/prosperity, etc). The dramatization of the concepts and symbolic norms that guide them sets an equivocal cenography, whose operation consists in sabotage the univocity of the terms\' meanings that it triggers. This constitutive equivocity of the sadian writing leaves suspended the whole enunciative positioning, not subsuming itself to the particularizations of the author\'s intentions, neither to a univocal determination of the context. However, it is proposed to singularize its indetermination, or better put, the overdetermination of the perspective torsions that it performs and its equivoques, as well as the resends that it fabricates and stages in a network of enunciations. Therefore, this thesis dramatizes two axes of analysis, in which the virtue is fundamental: the discussion in the Eighteenth century about the moralizing function of the arts and Robespierre\'s jacobin politics. In the passage from one to another, it is Sade\'s enunciative equivocity that tangles the literary texts\'s performativity and the institution of the law.

Orientadores: Eduardo Guimarães, Jean-Claude Zancarini / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T14:01:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GimenesMoralis_Edileusa_D.pdf: 1735406 bytes, checksum: 39f26d9196ab74ad596076174789a5e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O homem é visto, por alguns estudiosos, como signo da necessidade e não manifestação da inteligência. Dito de outro modo, o homem deixa de agir pela razão quando a necessidade oprime a sua inteligência. Logo, estaria na apresentação do dissenso como uma reunião conflituosa de dois mundos que encontramos o que lhe é valioso, o denominador comum: o argumento. Por meio do argumento, o homem político vê dois mundos num só, daqueles que falam e daqueles que não falam. Pelo paradoxo das ordens políticas do comando, o comando do igual se sobrepõe ao desigual. Nesta ordem, do domínio de uns sobre os outros, a mudança só ocorre se o homem deixar de ser um agente passivo para se tornar ativo. Têm-se, então, duas ordens heterogêneas que estabelecem relações diferentes, por se vincular a leis diferentes. Inserido na teoria da Semântica Enunciativa, este trabalho teve o objetivo de refletir sobre a prática política de um ator político, Dante de Oliveira, em um momento específico da história do Brasil, que ficou conhecido como Movimento das Diretas Já, ocorrido entre 1983 e meados de 1984. Seu interesse esteve nos desdobramentos e nas conseqüências que este acontecimento produziu sobre as práticas políticas deste político quanto de outros. Buscou-se analisar sua proposta de emenda constitucional (conhecida como emenda Dante de Oliveira ou emenda das diretas) e acompanhar seus desdobramentos. A hipótese fundou-se no dizer de que este acontecimento enunciativo aparece como produtor da ocasião e da oportunidade específica de um ator político específico: o então deputado federal Dante de Oliveira. Foi por um conjunto de discursos políticos, proferidos pelo próprio ator político Dante que se transitou para realizar as análises. Na trajetória de suas práticas discursivas, interessou, em particular, a Emenda Constitucional PEC/5/1983 ou Emenda Dante de Oliveira que objetivava o fim da ditadura no Brasil, por meio da exigência de eleição direta para Presidente da República. Assim, o corpus constitui-se de fragmentos dos discursos proferidos durante o Movimento das Diretas Já!, construídos dentro de um regime militar. As análises procuraram estudar a argumentação de textos do corpus, bem como o funcionamento da designação da expressão "eleições diretas", e mais especificamente "diretas". Como ator político, Dante de Oliveira teve uma boa chance e uma boa oportunidade, na medida em que sua proposta se articulava de modo particular às aspirações do povo, naquele momento, por meio de um projeto audacioso. Como afirma Zancarini e Fournel (2002), é preciso saber avaliar uma conjuntura e traçar objetivos que respondam aos interesses do político e do povo pela ''boa chance e oportunidade''. Foi esta participação política de Dante de Oliveira que refinou sua biografia e a inscreveu na história com seu próprio nome: Emenda Dante de Oliveira. / Abstract: Man is seen by some researchers as a sign of necessity, and not as manifestation of intelligence. In other words, man's action is not oriented by reason when his intelligence is oppressed by necessity. So, it is in the presentation of dissention because of the conflicting meeting of two worlds what is precious to him, a common denominator: the argument. Through the argument, the political man sees two worlds in one, i.e., the world of people who speaks and the world of people who does not speak. In the paradox of political order of command, the command of equal is superposed to the unequal. In this order of domination of one on the others, changes came if man changes his role from active agent to passive agent. Different relations are placed by two heterogeneous orders because they are linked to different laws. Supported by the Enunciative Semantics, this work aims to be an inquiry on the political practices of the political actor Dante de Oliveira in a specific moment of Brazilian history in 1983 and the beginning of 1984: the popular movement Diretas Já!. Our interest is concerned with the unfolding and the consequences this political movement produced in the political practices of this man of politics and others. It was analyzed his Constitution Mending (The Dante de Oliveira Mending or Diretas Já! Mending) and its unfolding. Our hypothesis is founded by the assumption of this enunciative event as generator of the occasion and the specific opportunity of a specific political actor: the then congressman Dante de Oliveira. The analysis is concerned with a sample of political discourses delivered by the proper political actor Dante. In the course of his political practices this work is concerned specially with the Constitution Mending PEC/5/1983 or the Dante de Oliveira Mending. This mending aimed the end of dictatorship in Brazil, and required direct elections for president of the country. Consequently, the corpus of research is composed by analyses of discursive fragments delivered in the course of the military government Diretas Já!. In presenting a daring project the political actor Dante de Oliveira had a good chance and opportunity in that moment while his proposal was articulated in a particular way with people desire. According to Zancarini & Fournel (2002), it is necessary to consider circumstances and establish objectives that answer to the interests of the politician and of people by "good chance of opportunity". It was this political participation of Dante de Oliveira that refined his biography and inscribed him in history with his proper name: The Dante de Oliveira Mending. / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutor em Linguística

Submitted by Fabiano Vassallo (fabianovassallo2127@gmail.com) on 2017-05-18T18:54:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação pdf 2017 - versão final 4.pdf: 3929969 bytes, checksum: 7934fdbc0ff772033f665cb5e2681729 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-05-19T14:13:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação pdf 2017 - versão final 4.pdf: 3929969 bytes, checksum: 7934fdbc0ff772033f665cb5e2681729 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-19T14:13:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação pdf 2017 - versão final 4.pdf: 3929969 bytes, checksum: 7934fdbc0ff772033f665cb5e2681729 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A presente dissertação propõe-se a analisar falas proferidas por políticos estrategicamente reenunciadas pelo Jornal O Globo por meio de manchetes narrativas publicadas ao longo do período eleitoral de 2014 e de seus desdobramentos até o ano de 2016. Esta pesquisa parte da suposição de que as vozes reenunciadas em contexto midiático podem apontar para pontos de vista ideológicos diferentes dos pretendidos originalmente. Acreditamos que, por meio das análises, as marcas discursivas da voz do reenunciador, que podem modificar a orientação argumentativa do texto original, registram um outro modo de significar, produzindo efeitos de sentido que interferem no resultado da leitura, fato que motiva as seguintes questões: o que leva determinados textos a serem transformados em outros? Quanto de um texto reenunciado – que ecoa a voz de outrem – é do entrevistado e quanto é de seu reenunciador? No bojo dessas indagações e dessa hipótese mais ampla, examinamos as estratégias de uma reenunciação semifiel empregadas na construção dos sentidos de falas reenunciadas como manchetes jornalísticas com base não só na teoria semiolinguística de Patrick Charaudeau, no que se refere à comunicação midiática e ao acontecimento relatado, mas também no estudo de aspectos intertextuais, como o da retextualização, de acordo com Luis Antônio Marcuschi, e nos tipos de discurso relatado preconizados por Dominique Maingueneau. Metodologicamente, verificamos as citações retextualizadas a partir da recorrência de estratégias vinculadas ao uso do verbo dicendi, de diferentes tipos de discurso, de modos de operação do dito relatado e do recurso tipográfico das aspas, no âmbito de notícias jornalísticas submetidas ao contrato midiático de O Globo. Acreditamos que o presente trabalho contribua para a discussão de um tema que é de crucial significância, visto que as palavras são instrumentos de ação e de intencionalidade. Espera-se que este trabalho seja uma contribuição para a formação de leitores capazes de interpretar a configuração verbal com base em inferências, seja dos implícitos ligados aos valores ideológicos do sistema jornalístico focalizado, seja da intenção latente por parte dos sujeitos comunicantes / The present dissertation proposes to analyze statements made by politicians strategically re-announced by the newspaper O Globo through narrative headlines published throughout the electoral period of 2014 and its unfolding until the year 2016. This research starts from the assumption that the voices re-enunciated in the media context may point to ideological points of view different from those originally intended. We believe that, through the analysis, the discursive marks of the voice of the re-enunciator, which can modify the argumentative orientation of the original text, register another way of meaning, producing effects of meaning that interfere in the result of the reading, a fact that motivates the following questions: What leads certain texts to be transformed into others? How much of a resubmitted text - which echoes the voice of another - is the interviewee and how much is his reenunciator? In the light of these questions and of this broader hypothesis, we examine the strategies of a semi-trusty reenactment used in the construction of the meanings of reenunciated speeches as journalistic headlines based not only on the semiolinguistic theory of Patrick Charaudeau, as regards media communication and related event, but also in the study of intertextual aspects, such as that of re-contextualization, according to Luis Antônio Marcuschi, and in the types of discourse reported by Dominique Maingueneau. Methodologically, we verify the retextualized citations from the recurrence of strategies linked to the use of the dicendi verb, different types of discourse, modes of operation of the re-enunciated speech and the typographic resource of the quotes, within the scope of news stories submitted to media contract of the O Globo. We believe that the present work contributes to the discussion of a topic that is of crucial importance, since words are instruments of action and intentionality. It is hoped that this work will contribute to the formation of readers capable of interpreting the verbal configuration based on inferences, either implicitly linked to the ideological values of the focused journalistic system or from latent intention on the part of communicating subjects

Photography is a language. Insofar as language, it produces meanings and senses, as discourse about a social phenomenon. The communicational process, in which we are inserted, incorporates the images in your own existence. So that, the photography will compose strategies of organization and production of meanings and senses. The images are not loose , nor are disproved of intentionality and regulations, but are composites of others linguistics forms to construction of meaning to way of live cultural and social. The photograph, enunciation iconovisual integrates communications strategies that are established in the media. The reading's imagery can be through the theories that deal of the iconicity is understand here as plastic signification from the aspect of morphological elements, that is, points, lines, planes, shapes, textures and colors . Besides the theoretical approach, this dissertation is a methodological approach to morphological analysis of a photographic corpus produced by me as a freelance reporter (to understand the strategies of production), and offered to editors of newspapers Folha de São Paulo, Zero Hora and Diário de Santa Maria pointed to the selected images and the selection criteria for publication (to found and know the criteria and values of the editorial selection of photo). / A fotografia é uma linguagem. Enquanto linguagem, produz significados e sentidos, isto é, é um discurso sobre um fenômeno sociocultural. O processo comunicacional humano incorpora as imagens ao seu modo de ser, de tal modo que as fotografias passam a compor as estratégias de organização e produção de sentidos e significados midiáticos. As imagens não estão soltas , tampouco vêm desprovidas de intencionalidades e ordenamentos, mas compõem-se com outras formas de linguagem na construção dos sentidos do viver sociocultural. A fotografia, como enunciação iconovisual integra as estratégias comunicacionais que se estabelecem nas mídias. A leitura imagética possível através das teorias que versam sobre a iconicidade é observada aqui como significação plástica sob o prisma dos elementos morfológicos, ou seja, pontos, linhas, planos, formas, texturas e cores observados em análise fotográfica. Além da abordagem teórica, esta dissertação tem como proposta metodológica a análise morfológica de um corpus fotográfico produzido por mim enquanto repórter freelancer (para compreender as estratégias de produção), e ofertado aos editores dos jornais Folha de São Paulo, Zero Hora e Diário de Santa Maria para que apontassem as imagens selecionadas e os critérios de escolha para publicação (para conhecer os critérios e valores de seleção nas editorias de fotografia).

Sur la base d'études et d'enquêtes menées à la faculté des lettres française de l'université des sciences sociales de hochiminh-ville, l'objectif de la thèse est de fonder en théorie des modes de lecture des textes (particulièrement des textes littéraires) susceptibles d'apporter aux apprenants matière à la diversification de leurs pratiques tout en leur donnant une connaissance du rôle de la lecture dans le processus d'apprentissage du français langue étrangère (fle). Cette orientation didactique suppose la définition et l'adaptation d'un ensemble de considérations théoriques relevant de l'approche linguistique et littéraire dans le cadre spécifique des études de fle au viêtnam.une attention particulière sera accordée à l'articulation entre enseignement/apprentissage de la langue et de la grammaire et l'ensemble des facteurs cognitifs et culturels mobilisés lors de la lecture des textes littéraires, ces derniers étant saisis dans leur dimension matérielle et sociale. / This thesis aims to reconsider the position and impact of literary texts in language teaching. Literary studies can be strengthened by reading literary texts, i.e. a complex activity which mobilizes at the same time non linguistic and linguistic skills, and contributes to increase the reader’s knowledge and capacities. This hypothesis is confirmed by the analysis of the result of the here proposed inquiries of ground which measure the impact of the literary reading in the learning of / in the French as a foreign language. At the same time, the accent is put on the contribution of the theories of the enunciation and the grammar of text in the service of the literary texts analysis in the aim of restoring the relation between linguistics and literature. By supplying tools of analysis, by suggesting some didactic proposals in the field of reading of literary texts, the thesis proposes examples, which highlight the fact that literature teaching consists in teaching either only works, but also way to read: it will be a question of passing from a static conception to a dynamic conception of the literature and its teaching.

The purpose of the present thesis is to examine the modes of enunciation (“mode d’énonciation”) and the use of text genres in relation to thematic and semantic aspects of Claude Cahun’s book, Aveux non avenus (Disavowals: or, Cancelled Confessions)(1930), which consists of text fragments. Claude Cahun, who is mostly known for her photographic self-portraits, was active on the margins of surrealism in Paris in the 1920s. The text fragments of Aveux non avenus can be compared to a collage technique that she also uses in the photomontages which open each chapter of the book. As an author, Claude Cahun clearly resisted traditional confessional literature (as the title of the book also suggests), and this study focuses on how she creates images of herself through characters borrowed from mythology, the Bible, and popular and literary texts, but also through reflections on specific themes in dialogues, essays and aphorisms. The thesis examines how Aveux non avenus differs from an actual autobiography, how the fragmented self-portrait is constructed, and how the book expresses a critique of contemporary society. The method of the thesis is based on textual analysis, with the support of the concepts of modes of enunciation (”mode d’énonciation”), text genres, and détournement (”détournement”). It also rests on the contextualisation of Claude Cahun’s practice of writing in relation to the history of literary genres, surrealist avant-garde movement, and in relation to sources within cultural history and the history of women. The thesis analyses how Claude Cahun, through the use of different genres and shifting modes of enunciation, creates a fragmented, diverse, and contradictory portrait of herself, in a way that also conveys a critical image of contemporary society. The text functions, simultaneously, as a collage of different text genres. The conclusion thereby underlines the idea that the text is not arbitrarily fragmentary, but constructed on the principles that the analysis of the work has demonstrated. In previous research on Claude Cahun, the indefinite genre of the book has been emphasised. Instead, this thesis wants to show that the diversity of text genres is deliberately explored to develop varying modes of enunciation that give Claude Cahun the opporturity to reflect and give nuance to representations of the self and to convey a radical critique of society.

Ces vingt dernières années, le vin est devenu l’objet d’une pluralité de traitements éditoriaux créant une exubérance discursive sur cet univers complexe. Le numérique et les dispositifs sociaux du Web participent à cette surabondance éditoriale. Les pratiques numériques, dans l’univers professionnel du vin répondent à des ambitions stratégiques, des logiques multiples. Notre intérêt se situe du côté des blogs des producteurs de vin français. Le blog permet la création et la publication de contenus. Son projet repose sur une dynamique relationnelle d’échanges et de conversations numériques. Dans les blogs des producteurs de vin, les billets publiés renseignent sur des situations de travail en lien avec les cycles de la vigne et du vin sans aucune dynamique d’échanges et de conversations. Compte tenu des enjeux qui caractérisent la filière du vin, notre hypothèse de recherche est de considérer que les blogs des producteurs de vin français soutiennent un processus de professionnalisation. L’objectif de cette étude est de montrer comment une production éditoriale singulière, le blog a une raison d’être en dehors de tout échange ou dialogue numérique. Une part conséquente des contenus publiés concerne le récit détaillé d’activités professionnelles. Les contextes narratifs s’apparentent à l’expression d’une professionnalité. L’autre partie des publications regroupe des faits et des évaluations honorables produits par d’autres instances. Ce type de publication touche aux principes de la réputation qui est une des formes du professionnalisme. Le blog est ici au service d’un processus de reconnaissance et de légitimation sociale caractéristique de la professionnalisation. / For the last twenty years, wine has been dealt with in various editorial ways creating therefore a discursive exuberance about this complex topic. Digital and social technologies available on the Internet contribute to this editorial overabundance. Digital experiences in professional wine field respond to strategic ambitions, to multiple logics. French wine makers’ blogs aroused interest. A blog enables people to create and publish contents. Its project is based on an interpersonal exchange dynamic and digital talks. On French wine makers’ blogs, published posts give information about work situations linked with both vine and wine cycles without any exchange dynamic and digital talk. Considering the typical stakes of the wine industry, we assume here that French wine makers’ blogs are supporting a professionalization process. This research aims to show how a unique editorial production – blogs – is meant to be without being involved in any digital exchange or dialogue. A substantial part of the published contents is about detailed storytelling regarding professional activities. Narrative contexts relate to the expression of professionality (all necessary professional skills) . The other posts gather some honourable facts and evaluations produced by other authorities. This kind of posts is linked with reputation principles which are one of the many forms of professionalism. Blogs are here helping a recognition and social legitimisation process that is typical for professionalization.

Bien que fort différents, les romans des années 1950 d’Alain Robbe-Grillet et les romans des années 1960 de Robert Pinget ont prétendu contester les formes littéraires que le XXe siècle a héritées du siècle précédent, et notamment la description dite « balzacienne ». Nous interrogeons ici les modalités linguistiques de cette contestation et l’ambiguïté littéraire de ce déni d’héritage. La relation entre la description telle que l’ont pratiquée d’une part ces deux « Nouveaux Romanciers » et d’autre part les grands auteurs réalistes du XIXe siècle est ici envisagée selon une triple perspective : le maintien ou non d’une textualité prototypiquement méronymique ; la construction langagière d’une réalité dont l’existence est soudain moins sûre ; l’effacement énonciatif et ses conséquences esthétiques. Selon une approche résolument technique, les descriptions romanesques de Pinget et de Robbe-Grillet sont donc ici systématiquement mises en regard de descriptions canoniques de Balzac, mais aussi de Flaubert et de Zola. La contestation du protocole réaliste repose en effet sur une reprise et un refus : la complexité textuelle, la confusion dénotative et reférentielle, l’instabilité énonciative permettent aux deux romanciers de procurer des descriptions à la fois hyperréalistes et antiréalistes. Tout en prenant acte de la différence radicale des deux auteurs, il s’agit finalement de montrer comment l’un et l’autre sont parvenus à mettre au point un protocole descriptif résolument nouveau, qui rende compte du monde en tant qu’il est et en tant qu’il échappe. / Although very different, the novels of the 1950s by Alain Robbe-Grillet and of the 1960s by Robert Pinget claimed to challenge the literary forms that the twentieth century has inherited from the previous century, including the description of Honoré de Balzac. We question here the linguistic modalities of this confrontation, as well as the literary ambiguity of this denial of inheritance.The relationship between the description as have practiced these two "New Novelists" and on the other hand the great realistic writers of the nineteenth century is considered here in a triple perspective: maintenance / defence - or not – of a textuality, which is prototypically based on meronymy ; the linguistic construction of a reality whose existence is suddenly uncertain ; the enunciative erasure and its aesthetic consequences. In a decidedly technical approach, the descriptions of the novels of and Robbe-Grillet and Pinget are systematically opposed to the canonical descriptions of Balzac, but also to some extent to Flaubert and Zola. Challenging the realistic protocol is indeed based both on a recovery and a refusal: the textual complexity, the denotative and referential confusion and the enunciative instability allow these two novelists to provide descriptions which can be considered hyperrealistic as well as antirealistic. Eventually, while acknowledging the radical difference between the two authors, the aim is to show how both writers have managed to develop a considerably new descriptive protocol that reflects the world as it is and as it escapes.