Flexible work and remote work are new ways of working whose usage has increased during and after the Covid-19 pandemic. This Challenges the traditional ways of working on-site, by offering a new social reality in workplaces and organizations. HR-personnel have a significant responsibility to ensure the well-being of employees and the organization, with HR-managers having the ultimate responsibility. The purpose of this study is to understand how HR-managers view flexible work and remote work and how they think it will evolve. The study is based on a qualitative method with an abductive data analysis. The results of the study is based on semi-structured interviews with HR-managers in companies primarily engaged in administrative operations. The theoretical framework of the study is based on Anthony Giddens’ theory of modernity, incorporating concepts like the separation of time and space, disembedding, expert systems and ontological security. The study’s results suggest that HR-managers see the use of flexible work and remote work as advantageous for organizations. The study’s result further suggests that HR-managers believe flexible work and remote work are here to stay, but require further development to function optimally. The study also reveals a possibility for organizations to become even more boundary-crossing with the potential to recruit and collaborate across time and space. / Flexibelt arbete och distansarbete är nya arbetssätt vars användning har ökat under och efter Covid-19 pandemin. Detta utmanar de traditionella arbetssätten som sker på plats, genom att erbjuda en ny social verklighet på arbetsplatser och organisationer. HR-personal har här ett stort ansvar i att se till arbetstagares och organisationens bästa, där HR-chefer har det yttersta ansvaret. Syftet med denna studie är att förstå hur HR-chefer ser på flexibelt arbete och distansarbete och hur de tror det kommer att utvecklas. Studien utgår från en kvalitativ metod, med en abduktiv dataanalys. Resultatet av studien baseras på semistrukturerade intervjuer med HR-chefer inom företag vars verksamhet är främst administrativ. Studiens teoretiska ramverk baseras på Anthony Giddens modernitetsteori, med begreppen åtskiljandet av tid och rum, urbäddning, expertsystem och ontologisk trygghet. Studiens resultat tyder på att HR-chefer ser användningen av flexibelt arbete och distansarbete som fördelaktigt för organisationer. Studiens resultat tyder vidare på att HR-chefer anser att flexibelt arbete och distansarbete är här för att stanna, men att det krävs ytterligare utveckling för att fungera optimalt. Studien visar även att det finns en möjlighet för organisationer att bli ännu mer gränsöverskridande med möjlighet att rekrytera och samarbeta över tid och rum.

Research question: How does hybrid work, regulated and unregulated, influence the intrinsic motivation of employees within knowledge-intensive organizations in Sweden? Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore employees experiences and perceptions of intrinsic workplace motivation with implemented hybrid work arrangements. Additionally, it seeks to compare two groups of workers: with mandatory work regulations and without.  Method: The thesis was formed by a qualitative research method where the empirical data was collected through semi-structured interviews with knowledge-intensive employees from different companies. This paper also discusses the prevalent theoretical frameworks in motivation. Conclusion: In both sample groups, fulfillment of autonomy as a psychological need is a prerequisite for relatedness and self-perceived competence. Relatedness is better met in the group with mandatory days at the office, whilst in the unregulated group this need was not fully satisfied. No major differences between the groups were noted in terms of self-perceived competence. Both groups expressed satisfaction of this need, and there was no strong indication saying it was influenced by hybrid work arrangements. Overall, regulated hybrid work settings were found to have a positive influence on intrinsic motivation.

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Bakgrund: Covid-19 pandemin skapade en förändring i organisationers arbete, då allmänna råd var att arbetsgivare skulle möjliggöra ett distansarbete. Detta innebar en intensifiering i användandet av flexibla arbetsarrangemang. FWA var tidigare inget prioriterat arbetssätt i organisationer, men det blev snabbt en nödvändighet för att kunna fortsätta bedriva verksamheter. FWA möjliggörs med hjälp av digitala hjälpmedel, och under pandemin påskyndades även utvecklingen av tekniken. Den digitala tekniken gör att individer kan utföra sitt arbete på alternativa platser och under olika tider, detta förhållande regleras inte till samma utsträckning som när organisationer enbart arbetar på kontoret. Den ökade användningen av FWA har påverkat organisationer positivt men det har även inneburit nya utmaningar. Syfte: Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka och därmed öka förståelsen för hur anställda i organisationer upplevt och arbetat med flexibla arbetsarrangemang före, under och efter pandemin.  Metod: Studien grundas i en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer, genom intervjuerna har författarna erhållit empirin. Det har även samlats in sekundärdata från olika källor som vetenskapliga artiklar. Empiri och Slutsats: Respondenternas svar på intervjufrågorna presenteras i empirin där författarna lyfter olika citat och sammanfattar olika ståndpunkter som lyfts fram under intervjuerna. I slutsatsen framförs det hur avgörande den digitala tekniken är för ett arbete med FWA, samt vilka utmaningar och möjligheter som finns i ett arbete med FWA och hur det kan utspela sig i framtiden. / Background: The Covid-19 pandemic created a change in the work of organizations, as general advice was that employers should enable teleworking. This generated an intensification in the use of flexible work arrangements. FWA was previously not a priority approach in organizations, but it quickly became a necessity to be able to continue running businesses. FWA is made possible with the help of digital aids, and during the pandemic, the development of technology was also accelerated. Digital technology allows individuals to perform their work in alternative locations and at different times, this relationship is not regulated to the same extent as when organizations only work in the office. The increased use of FWA has had a positive effect on organizations, but it has also entailed new challenges. Purpose: The thesis aims to investigate and thereby increase the understanding of how employees in organizations experienced and worked with flexible work arrangements before, during and after the pandemic. Method: The study is based on a qualitative method with semi-structured interviews, through the interviews the authors have gained empiricism. This also collected secondary data from various sources such as scientific articles. Empirical and Conclusion: The respondents' answers to the interview questions are presented in the empirical work, where the authors highlight different quotes and summarize different points of view that are highlighted during the interviews. The conclusion highlights how crucial digital technology is for working with FWA, as well as what challenges and opportunities there are in working with FWA and how it can play out in the future.

The purpose of the study was to investigate how individuals with access to flexible work arrangements (FWA) perceive their job satisfaction and whether computer skills had any impact on this relationship. Data collection was conducted through a Google survey questionnaire. The measurement instrument was based on MSQ to collect job satisfaction data and a questionnaire from a previous study regarding computer skills. The survey was then distributed to employees of a governmental agency for their responses. The study included 52 participants, whose responses were analysed using multiple regression analysis in SPSS, with computer skills used as a moderating variable, flexible work arrangements as an independent variable, and job satisfaction as a dependent variable. This aimed to explore any potential connection between job satisfaction and flexible work arrangements (FWA), as well as the influence of computer proficiency. The study's results revealed no significant correlation between FWA and job satisfaction. However, it was found that in the context of FWA, there was a significant correlation between computer proficiency and job satisfaction. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur personer med möjlighet till flexibla arbetsarrangemang (FWA) upplever sin arbetstillfredsställelse samt om datorvana har någon påverkan på detta samband. Metoden som användes för att samla in data var en enkät via Google survey. Mätinstrumentet baserades på MSQ för att samla in data gällande arbetstillfredsställelse och en enkät från en tidigare studie kring datorvana. Enkäten skickades sedan ut till en statlig myndighet där personalen fick svara. Studien hade 52 deltagare där svaren analyserades genom en multipel regressionsanalys i SPSS där datorvana användes som en modererande variabel, flexibla arbetsarrangemang som en oberoende variabel och arbetstillfredsställelse som en beroende variabel. Detta för att kunna se om det fanns någon koppling mellan arbetstillfredsställelse och flexibla arbetsarrangemang (FWA) men även om datorvana har en effekt på detta. Resultatet av studien visade inget relevant samband mellan FWA och arbetstillfredsställelse. Däremot så visade det sig att vid FWA (Flexibla arbetsarrangemang) så fanns det ett signifikant samband mellan datorvana och arbetstillfredsställelse.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka upplevelsen av work-life balance bland ombudsmän vid ett fackförbund beläget i Mellansverige. Studien utgick från en kvalitativ metod genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med 10 respondenter. Resultatet analyserades genom en induktiv tematisk analys som genererade tre huvudteman; Personliga förutsättningar, Flexibla arbetsarrangemang och arbetsbelastning samt Rollen som ombudsman. Resultatet påvisade att majoriteten av respondenterna upplevde att de hade en god work-life balance. De menade att arbetslivet och privatlivet inte påverkar varandra i stor utsträckning, men uppgav att de vid ett antal tillfällen framförallt tvingats prioritera åtaganden i arbetslivet. Samtliga respondenter påtalade att deras upplevelse av balans periodvis kan förändras beroende på arbetsbelastning och personliga förutsättningar som familjesituation och erfarenhet av yrket. De menade även att de flexibla arbetsarrangemang och den kultur som präglar ombudsmannarollen har en inverkan på deras upplevelse av balans. / The purpose of the study was to investigate the experience of work-life balance among ombudsmen within a trade union located in the midst of Sweden. The study was based on a qualitative method conducted through semi-structured interviews with 10 respondents. The results were analyzed by an inductive thematic analysis that generated three main themes; Personal circumstances, Flexible work arrangements and work load and The profession of ombudsmen. The result demonstrated that the majority of the respondents felt that they had a good experience of work-life balance. They argued that their working life and private life do not have a major impact on each other but stated that they on numerous occasions primarily had to prioritize commitments in their working life. The respondents expressed that their experience of work-life balance may periodically change due to workload and personal circumstances such as family situation and experience of the profession. They also argued that the flexible working arrangements along with the culture that characterize their profession have an impact on the experience of work-life balance.

Titel: “Jag hinner aldrig igenom min ‘to do’-lista” Undertitel: En dagboksstudie om hur heltidsanställda med flexibelt arbete använder sin tid Författare: Cecilia Bergqvist och Larglinda Sopaj Handledare: Jean-Charles Languilaire Nivå: Kandidatuppsats inom företagsekonomi, vårterminen 2019 (15 hp) Nyckelord: flextid, flexibelt arbete, övertid, work-life conflict, gränslöst arbete, time, time management Forskningsfråga: Hur använder heltidsanställda med flexibelt arbete sin tid? Syfte: Att beskriva hur heltidsanställda med flexibelt arbete använder sin tid. Metod: Studien bygger på ett praktiskt problem med begränsad tidigare forskning om ämnet. Därför tillämpades ett induktivt tillvägagångssätt för att svara på studiens syfte. Forskarnas vetenskapliga förhållningssätt är hermeneutiskt. Empiriska data samlades in genom kvalitativa och kvantitativa frågor och analyserades därefter på ett kvalitativt sätt som en tematisk analys. Empirisk insamling: Empiriska data samlades in genom en dagbok på 5-arbetsdagar, rapporterad av 15 deltagare. För att delta i dagbokstudien krävdes att individen uppfyllde två kriterier, att: 1) vara heltidsanställda och 2) ha flexibla arbetstider. Dagboken innehöll både kvalitativa och kvantitativa frågor. Resultat och slutsats: Eftersom resultatet visar på att 73,3% av deltagarna arbetade övertid, är det då rimligt att dra slutsatsen att flexibelt arbete kan leda till att individer arbetar övertid. På grund av att deltagarna arbetade övertid påverkades deltagarnas fritid ofta negativt. Många av deltagarna hade konflikter mellan arbetsrollen och privatrollen, vilket resulterade i att dessa roller var inkompatibla. Konflikterna visades ofta genom att deltagarna avbokade eller bortprioriterade fysiska aktiviteter på grund av övertid. Resultatet visade på att anställda hade god time management och använde sin tid effektivt, men obalans mellan inflöde och utflöde av arbetsuppgifter resulterade i att anställda ofta kände att de inte hann klart med sina arbetsuppgifter. Resultaten visade även ett svagt positivt samband mellan nöjdhet över dagens arbetsinsats och påverkat välmående. Deltagarna som hade barn som bodde hemma brukade ofta ha ett mer strukturerade arbetsrutiner, medan individer som inte var föräldrar eller barnen hade flyttat hemifrån, brukade ofta ha mindre strukturerade arbetsrutiner. / Title: “I never have enough time to finish my to-do list” Subtitle: A diary study showing how full-time employees with flexible working hours use their time. Authors: Cecilia Bergqvist and Larglinda Sopaj Advisor: Jean-Charles Languilaire Level: Bachelor thesis in Business Administration, Spring 2019 (15 credits) Keywords: flextime, flexible work, overtime, work-life conflict, boundaryless work, time, time management Question: How do full-time employees with flexible working hours use their time? Purpose: Describe how full-time employees with flexible working hours use their time. Method: The study is based on a practical problem with limited previous studies on the matter. Therefore, an inductive approach was implemented to answer the purpose of the study and the researchers’ scientific approach to data is hermeneutic. Empirical data was collected through qualitative and quantitative questions, and thereafter analyzed in a qualitative manner as a thematic analysis. Empirical framework: Empirical data was collected by a 5-workday diary reported by 15 participants. To participate in the diary study, an individual had to meet two criteria: (1) they must be full-time employee and (2) must have flexible working hours. The diary included both qualitative and quantitative-based questions. Results and conclusion: Since the results show that 73.3% of participants were working overtime, it is reasonable to conclude that flexible working hours can lead to individuals working overtime. Furthermore, due to the overtime, participants’ spare time was often affected negatively. Indeed, many participants had work-life conflicts, where the work-life and the private life were incompatible. This phenomenon is evident through reported cancelled or rebooked physical training due to extended working hours. Additionally, participants who had minor children usually had a more coherent and predictable working schedule. On the other hand, individuals who were not parents of minor children had less coherent and less predictable working schedule. The results from the study also showed that the participants had good time management and used their time effectively, but the consistent imbalance between ingoing work tasks and outgoing work tasks resulted in participants often felt like they never finished their task assignments. The results also showed a slight positive correlation between satisfaction over the work effort of the day and the impact on well-being

Abstract Employees experience challenges managing home and work. The increase of women in the workforce, single-parents, childcare, elder care responsibilities, and men in nontraditional roles warrant changes in traditional working hours and flexibility in work schedules. Through the theoretical frameworks of work-family conflict, spillover, border, and boundary theories, the purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore how flexible work arrangements (FWAs) assisted employees in meeting work and family obligations. Minimal research is available in the defense industry and the use of FWAs. A nonprobability, convenience sample was used to explore how management and nonmanagement participants from a Midwest defense contractor used FWAs. An online questionnaire consisting of 59 questions and 14 face-to-face (FTF) interviews were used to collect data. There were 27 participants that responded to all online questions. FTF interviews were audio recorded and member-checked. The research questions were focused on how employees used FWAs and whether work-family balance (WFB) was achieved. Both data collection media were transcribed and inductively coded tracking emerging themes and patterns. Dominant themes showed that FWA increased WFB, employees worked longer hours, employees were loyal to the organization, and telecommuting was the ideal FWA. The implications for social change are providing a realistic view to employers on the importance of balancing work and family. FWAs are also shown to contribute to employee satisfaction and attract and retain highly-skilled workers.

Šiame darbe apibrėžiama palankios šeimai politikos sąvoka, išanalizuojamos pagrindinės palankios šeimai politikos priemonės ir jų taikymo galimybės Lietuvoje. Darbe siekiama atskleisti darbdavių požiūrį į darbuotojų, auginančių vaikus, šeimos ir darbo sferų derinimą. Pagal Barnett (1999) suformuotus teorinius darbo ir šeimos sąveikos modelius, darbe mėginama įrodyti, jog Lietuvoje darbdaviai remiasi požiūriu, kad darbuotojai turi palikti šeimos problemas už darbovietės ribų. Palankios šeimai politikos sąvoka darbe apibrėžiama kaip visuma priemonių, padedančių asmenims derinti darbo ir šeimos sferas. Šių priemonių įgyvendinimas priklauso ne tik nuo valstybės vykdomos valdžios sprendimų, bet ir nuo darbdavių požiūrio, motyvacijos taikyti palankios šeimai politikos priemones darbovietėse. Palanki šeimai politika yra įgyvendinama tuomet, kai taikomas visas komplektas priemonių, nukreiptų į šeimos ir darbo derinimo galimybes. Kuriant bei vykdant palankią šeimai politiką, susiduriama su lyčių, ypač moterų, lygybės klausimais, todėl priemonės turi būti nukreiptos į tai, kad visiems asmenims būtų suteiktos vienodos galimybės dalyvauti darbo rinkoje. Autorės atlikto tyrimo kiekybiniai apklausos rodikliai rodo gana teigiamą darbdavių požiūrį palankios šeimai politikos priemonių atžvilgiu, tačiau gauti kokybiniai rezultatai išryškina neigiamas darbdavių nuostatas į darbuotojų darbo ir šeimos derinimo sunkumus. Remiantis gautais kokybiniais duomenimis, taip pat galima daryti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This study defines the concept of family-friendly policy, also analyzes the means of family-friendly policy and the practice of their implementation in Lithuania. Further more this work reveals the attitude of employers towards exertions of employees with children to reconciliation work and family. According Barnett (1999) theory of interaction model of work and private life this study verifies the hypothesis that employers want their employees leave their family problems out of work boundaries. Family-friendly policy is understood as those that facilitate a better work and family balance for individual employees. The implementation of means of family-friendly policy depends on legislative either the attitude and motivation of employers to build family-friendly workplace. Only the whole package of measures with great emphasis on gender equality can be an effective response to the conflict of work and family spheres. The quantitative data of author made survey shows fairly friendly attitude of employers towards family-friendly policy. Despite that, the qualitative results of the survey highlighting negative attitude of employers to in reconciliation of work and private lives of the employees. According to the finding it is worth to mention employers’ belief that generally women are required of the family-friendly workplace. It verifies the patriarchal attitude of employers to the gender roles in the family.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Esta tese analisa as mudanças no trabalho docente tendo como objeto particular de pesquisa o estado de Minas Gerais. A escolha se deve ao protagonismo e , em certa medida, pioneirismo das burguesia mineira no ajuste conservador realizado no Brasil recente. Neste percurso de investigação foram analisadas três gerações de reformas chamadas Choque de Gestão, Estado para Resultados, Estado em Rede ou Gestão para a Cidadania. A abordagem específica sobre as implicações das mudanças sobre o trabalho docente teve como fontes os Planos de Cargos e Salários, as Lei 100 que criou a modalidade efetivado como forma distinta (e inconstitucional) de inserção precária, a reforma no regime de previdência estadual. As mudanças no currículo, como expressão particular das reformas no âmbito da formação humana, foram analisadas em primeiro lugar como mediação do processo de trabalho docente. Estas transformações conduziram a pesquisa para a constatação de que observamos o fenômeno da reconversão docente, da modelagem do trabalhador flexível na educação básica, sendo parte indissociável deste processo a precarização do trabalho e o aprofundamento da proletarização do professor. A pesquisa também indicou as formas que a apropriação do fundo público assume a partir do Choque de Gestão e o caráter regressivo destas políticas não só para o trabalhador em educação, mas para o conjunto dos chamados direitos sociais. Na construção teórica que conduziu a pesquisa utilizamos o método materialista histórico e dialético, a concepção de Estado como relação entre as classes, o trabalho como práxis social. A tese traz como contribuição uma profunda reflexão sobre o trabalho em geral e o trabalho docente em particular com a construção de duas categorias complementares de análise: a apropriação de mais anti-valor e a subsunção real espelhada. Esta sendo a expropriação que atinge diretamente quem trabalha no setor público, expressão da apropriação privada do bem público na parte que caberia ao trabalhador do setor, expropriado de suas condições de subsistência e porque do ponto de vista mais geral, reflete o processo realizado no setor diretamente produtivo sendo a face complementar tanto da acumulação quanto da universalização das formas de trabalho e de sociabilidade capitalista / This thesis analyzes the changes in the teaching work, having as a particular object of research the state of Minas Gerais. The choice is due to the fact of being protagonist and, to some extent, being the pioneer of the mining bourgeoisie in the conservative adjustment that was accomplished in recent Brazil. In this course of investigation were analyzed three generations of reforms, named Shock Management, State for Results,Network State or Gestão Management for Citizenship. The specific approach about the implications of the changes related to the teaching work used as sources the career and salary plan, Law 100, that created the modality permanent employment as a distinct form (and unco nstitutional) of precarious insertion, the reform in the Brazilian social security system. The changes in the curriculum as a particular expression of reforms within the human formation, were analyzed at first as mediation of the teaching work process. These transformations led to research for finding that we observe the phenomenon of "teaching conversion", the modeling of flexible workers in basic education, being an inseparable part of this process the precarious teaching work and the deepening of the proletarianization of the teacher. The research also indicated the ways that the appropriation of public funds takes due to the Management Shock and the regressive nature of these policies not only for workers in education, but for all the so -called social rights. In the theoretical construction that conducted the research we used the historical materialist and dialectical method, the design of the State as the relationship between classes, the work as a social praxis. The thesis brings as contribution a deep reflection on the work in general and teaching work in particular with the construction of two additional categories of analysis: The appropriation of more anti-value and the real subsumption mirrored. This being the expropriation which directly affects those working in the public sector, expression of private appropriation of public property in the part that would be up to its workers, dispossessed of their livelihood conditions and from a more general point of view, it reflects the process carried out in the sector directly productive and being the complementary face of both the accumulation of as universal forms of work and capitalist sociability