Pour respecter les droits d’auteur, la version électronique de ce mémoire a été dépouillée de certains documents visuels et audio‐visuels. La version intégrale du mémoire a été déposée à la Division de la gestion des documents et des archives. / Cette recherche propose une analyse de la figure de la ruine post-apocalyptique dans le jeu vidéo. Il s’agit de questionner les effets de cette figure sur la construction d’une mémoire du lieu vidéoludique exploré, ainsi que ceux sur la formation d’émotions. Ce mémoire débute par une mise en contexte et la définition des différents concepts de base que nous utiliserons, tels la ruine, les utopies et l’apocalypse. Ensuite, nous procédons à une analyse de la formation d’une mémoire d’un lieu vidéoludique et des effets des ruines post-apocalyptiques représentées sur ce processus, le tout appuyé par une étude de notre corpus : Bastion, Journey et Fallout 3. Finalement, nous faisons le même cheminement afin d’analyser la formation d’émotions en réaction aux différents éléments de design qui forment les ruines post-apocalyptiques dans les jeux observés. / This research proposes an analysis of post-apocalyptic ruins in video games. We will question the effects of this figure on the creation of a memory based on the explored space and on the formation of emotions. This thesis will begin by establishing the context of our definitions and the different concepts we will be using throughout, such as ruins, utopias and the apocalypse. We will then analyse the creation of a memory based on a videogame space and the effects of the represented post-apocalyptic ruins on the process, all of this backed up by a study of our corpus: Bastion, Journey and Fallout 3. In the last part, we will do a similar work to analyse the formation of emotions in reaction to the different design elements that constitute the observed games.

<div>This project engages in an intersectional and interdisciplinary tracing of the emerging field of feminist game studies and the epistemologies and methodologies that exist within this field. Through such tracing, this project asks—what are feminist game studies’ epistemological goals and frameworks? What methodologies can the field draw from in order to achieve these epistemological goals? Ultimately, this project argues that feminist game studies enacts an epistemology of feminist worldbuilding—that is, an inclusive, embodied, space-claiming mode of producing knowledge—and achieves this worldbuilding through methodologies of intersectional disruption in order to perform disruptive feminist interventions into video game culture. </div><div><br></div><div>In the first chapter of this project, I make use of a methodology of narrative autoethnography to discuss my experience with online harassment as an inroad into interrogating the bodies at risk in gaming spaces in order to make a case for the need for feminist interventions to disrupt the violent structures within video game culture. The second chapter traces the ways hegemonic, patriarchal frameworks in game studies epistemologically deprivilege material, representational analyses of bodies and culture in the study of games and, instead, argues for the implementation of intersectional approaches to video game culture. The third chapter maps the intersectional feminist methodologies that can be implemented in feminist game studies in order to perform generative and disruptive interventions into video game culture and build feminist worlds. </div><div><br></div><div>In the fourth chapter, I apply some of these methodologies of disruption to the alienation of mothers in the gaming industry’s workplace culture and representations of mothers in the games Among the Sleep and Horizon Zero Dawn in order to intervene into video game culture’s prejudicial attitudes regarding labor, mothers, and women. The final chapter continues my autoethnographic work through the connection of my experiences with online harassment to previous experiences with gendered violence and trauma in order to underscore the stakes of feminist game studies praxis. In all these ways, I argue that feminist game studies builds worlds by performing interventions into video game culture through intersectional and pluralistic methodologies of disruption, for such methodologies imagine new, inclusive models of existence and futurity in video game culture.</div>

This essay aims to examine how the synthetic non-human subjects, EDI and Legion, are constituted in terms of their bodies, gender, desire and emotion, in the gaming series Mass Effect. In a close-gaming method I also want to explore in which way the gamer can effect or even change the expressions of the body, gen­der, desire, and emotion made by the synthetic non-human subjects. In order to do this I use Judith Butlers and Sara Ahmeds queer theory, and Donna Haraways cyborg feminism. I concluded that EDI em­braces her embodiments and is given a highly sexualized female body, being more of a woman than a machine. While Legion is rather embracing disembodiment and is given a non sexualized, androgynous male body, be­ing more of a machine than a man. The gamer can decide whether EDI should have a romance with a human in the game or not, but the gamer cannot in the same way decide whether or not Legions and EDIs subject­ivity will be reco­gnized as human subjectivity or at least almost-human subjectivity.

Cette recherche propose une analyse du jeu de stratégie en temps réel StarCraft (Blizzard Entertainment, 1998). Il s’agit de questionner le concept de stratégie dans le jeu sans s’en tenir à ce qu’on peut voir et entendre. Ce mémoire débute sur une description du jeu en détails afin de faire ressortir comment la stratégie joue un rôle dans l’ensemble des compétences qui y sont mobilisées. Ensuite, le cercle heuristique du processus stratégique offre une modélisation du fonctionnement de la stratégie en tant que processus cognitif, basé sur les états du jeu inférés chez le joueur et sur ses plans stratégiques. Ce modèle et les concepts qui en découlent sont consolidés par des analyses de parties spécifiques de StarCraft. / This thesis offers an analysis of the Real-Time Strategy game StarCraft (Blizzard Entertainment, 1998). Its goal is to explore beyond the visible and audible part of the game to elucidate the concept of strategy into play. Following a description of the game and its constraints, it demonstrates how strategy plays a major role within the skills needed to play. Then, our “heuristic circle of the strategic process” describes how strategy works as a cognitive process, and how it interacts with both the game states inferred by the player and his or her strategic plans. Finally, this model and its underlying concepts are supported by close analyses of StarCraft game sequences. / Pour respecter les droits d’auteur, la version électronique de ce mémoire a été dépouillée de ses documents visuels et audio‐visuels. La version intégrale du mémoire a été déposée au Service de la gestion des documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

A concept of underworld runs through many cultures. These realms of spirits and the dead generally share several key characteristics, despite their varied and separate traditions. The commonalities among these different mythological places make it possible to generalize certain characteristics as chthonic for descriptive and analytical purposes. The underworld has appeared widely in video games throughout their history. I argue that the remarkable prevalence reflects a formal relationship between the underworld and video games; specific elements in mythic underworlds comprise a chthonic poetics that resonates with video game worlds and affordances. Video games uniquely support the spatial, thematic, and narrative elements that characterize underworlds and the philosophical questions they engage. Embodiment binds these elements together; they are unintelligible without this core perspective. The body sits at the axis of experience in mythic underworlds like the one described by Dante in the Divine Comedy and in game worlds like the one in World of Warcraft. It provides the medium through which we can experience these simulations as worlds rather than mere information structures. Other formal elements give context and direction to that embodied experience, and exploring how these interact with embodiment can expand our understanding of chthonic embodiment and the experience of space in virtual worlds. Three primary forces acting on the agency, subjectivity and control of the body structure that experience, which in turn reflects the ways of being that emerge from chthonic contexts. By incorporating these forces into their gameplay and narrative structure, games provide more direct access to the mythic power associated with the underworld than previous media forms.

No description available.

No description available.

Pour respecter les droits d’auteur, la version électronique de ce mémoire a été dépouillée de ses documents visuels. / Cette recherche propose d’identifier comment les jeux vidéo narratifs peuvent susciter l’émoi de leurs joueurs en empruntant des moyens qui sont propres à leurs potentiels d’expression. Ainsi, en se positionnant à la suite des travaux de Bernard Perron, il s’agit d’étudier comment, à travers le contrôle et le gameplay, les émotions vidéoludiques viennent trouver leur place aux côtés des émotions fictionnelles et artistiques pour former une expérience que le joueur pourra appréhender avec sa sensibilité d’agent, et non seulement à travers l’histoire pré-scriptée par les développeurs. Pour ce faire, divers jeux sont analysés: Heavy Rain, Brothers: A Tale of Two Sons, The Walking Dead, Life is Strange et Papo & Yo. En prolongement des travaux de Roger Odin, ce mémoire offre une ouverture vers un nouveau type de mise en phase : la mise en phase émotionnelle. / This master’s thesis analyzes how story-driven video games can trigger players’ emotions in their own way. Following Bernard Perron’s research on emotion in video games, our purpose is to explore how, through player control and gameplay, gameplay emotions find their place along fictional and artifact emotions. We will observe how all these contribute to an experience for the player to understand through his sensibility and agency, and not exclusively through the high-level story written by the game developers. To this end, a range of videogames are analyzed: Heavy Rain, Brothers: A Tale of Two Sons, The Walking Dead, Life is Strange and Papo & Yo. Prolonging Roger Odin’s work, the thesis opens up a new type of attunement: emotional attunement.

Ce mémoire vise à établir les bases d’une théorie des mondes possibles vidéoludiques qui soit à même de rendre compte des particularités du jeu vidéo, soit de sa nature artéfactuelle, interactive et ludique. Le premier chapitre offrira un aperçu des théories telles qu’elles ont été développées en philosophie et en littérature et, de la même manière, sur les concepts de monde alternatif (ou historique) et de monde fictionnel. Au second chapitre, il sera question de bien définir la notion de monde vidéoludique afin de cerner les mécanismes par lesquels la joueuse pourra interagir avec celui-ci. Au troisième chapitre, nous nous concentrerons sur les différents modes d’existence des éléments qui composent ces mondes du jeu vidéo, ainsi que sur l’impact qu’auront ces « états d’être » sur la relation entre la joueuse et le système de jeu. Nous terminerons, toujours au troisième chapitre, en définissant la notion de parcours exploratoire pour désigner l’ensemble des éléments nécessaires, possibles et virtuels tels qu’ils se manifestent (et se sont manifestés) au travers de sa pratique de jeu : ils sont l’état du monde tel qu’elle l’a actualisé en tant qu’agente au sein du système. C’est en appliquant ce modèle à divers jeux vidéo, dont Undertale (Toby Fox, 2015) et FTL: Faster Than Light (SubsetGames, 2012), que nous montrerons sa pertinence afin de décrire et d’analyser l’expérience vidéoludique de la joueuse. / This master’s thesis mobilizes the possible worlds theoretical framework in order to develop the core notions of a videoludic possible worlds theory which would account for the medium’s artifactuality, interactivity and ludicity. The first chapter offers an overview of possible worlds theory both in the philosophical and literary traditions, thus defining the notions of alternative (or historical) worlds and fictional worlds. The second chapter is centered around the notion of videogame worlds: we will both define videoludic worlds and examine the mechanisms through which the player can interact with it. The third chapter is dedicated to these ontological states in which the main components of the videogame worlds exist, as well as on their impact on the relationship between the player and the system. We end this third chapter by defining the notion of a player’s “exploratory journey”, that is, all of the necessary, possible and virtual elements as they have manifested themselves throughout her gaming experience. The player’s exploratory journey, thus, represents a state of the videoludic world as it was actualized by a specific player.

The Japanese role-playing games attract players worldwide. Though, this is not necessarily due to a fascination with Japanese culture. While considering recent research on video games in Japanese Studies, especially the monograph by Rachael Hutchinson, this thesis puts an emphasis on Game Studies, as represented by Espen Aarseth. Accordingly, it asks whether the attraction of Japanese video games is primarily due to their game ‘play’, or their stories and narrated themes. In Game Studies this issue is known as the controversy between ‘ludologists’ and ‘narratologists’. Taking Atelier Shallie (2014–2020) as its main example, this study studies the different experiences provided by the ludic (gameplay) and the scripted parts (cutscenes). Ultimately it arrives at the conclusion that the combined theory of Ludonarratology has the greatest potential to account for all narrative factors in a video game such as Atelier Shallie. This includes possibilities for future interdisciplinary research. / この論文では、Espen Aarseth（エスペン・アーセス）に代表されるように、ゲーム研究に重点を置いています。 したがって、日本のビデオゲームの魅力は、主にゲームの「遊び」によるものなのか、それとも物語やナレーション付きのテーマによるものなのかを調べていきます。 ゲーム研究では、この問題は「ludologists」、所謂ゲームを研究する者、と「narratologists」、所謂ストーリを研究する者、の間の論争として知られています。例としてシャリーのアトリエ（2014〜2020年）を取り上げ、この論文はゲームプレイとストーリによって提供されるさまざまな体験を研究していきます。 最終的には、Ludonarratologyという結合理論がシャリーのアトリエを始めとする様々なのビデオゲームのすべてのナラティブを分析し説明を可能とする重要なツールであることだという結論に達します。これには、将来の学際的研究の可能性も含まれます。 / De Japanska rollspelen, också kända som JRPG (Japanese Role-playing Games), tilltalar konsumenter över hela världen. Dock så begrundar det sig inte nödvändigtvis på ett övergripande intresse för Japansk kultur. Med inspiration av ny forskning inom Japanologi som på senare tid har studerat sagor och berättelser inom datorspel, med synnerlig åtanke på monografin av Rachael Hutchinson, så fokuserar den här studien på Spelstudier (i.e. Game Studies), på så vis som Espen Aarseth förespråkar det. Således ställs frågan över hur narrativ inom Japanska datorspel uttrycks i de berättelser som berättas av spelmediet, och hur själva spelandet, alltså “gameplay”, förhåller sig. I spelstudier så kännetecknas debatten för dessa två synsätt av disciplinerna ‘ludologi’, som främst studerar spelande, och ‘narratologi’, som studerar författade berättelser inom spel. Med Atelier Shallie (2014–2020) som exempel så utforskar den här studien de olika erfarenheterna som ludik, alltså spelande och interaktivitet, samt de författade delarna, alltså textrutor och filmsnuttar (i.e. cutscenes), kan bidra med på tu man hand, och tillsammans. Slutsatsen är att den kombinerade teorin som kallas för Ludonarratologi möjliggör noggrannare studier av narrativ och berättande i datorspel.