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151	Le rôle des juridictions supranationales de la CEMAC et de l'OHADA dans l'intégration des droits communautaires par les Etats membres / The role of supranational jurisdictions of CEMAC and OHADA in the integration of community Law by member States Fipa Nguepjo, Jacques 04 July 2011 (has links) La Cour de Justice Communautaire (CJC), la Cour des Comptes Communautaire (CCC) et la Cour Commune de Justice et d’Arbitrage (CCJA) sont les trois juridictions supranationales créées respectivement par les traités de la CEMAC et de l’OHADA pour renforcer les nouveaux processus d’intégration économique et juridique des Etats membres. Dans la mesure où ces juridictions exercent un contrôle juridictionnel déterminant de la norme communautaire, le premier contrôle étant effectué par les juridictions nationales des Etats parties, la conception, l’organisation, le fonctionnement, les caractéristiques, les rôles ou compétences de ces juridictions nouvelles ainsi que la destinée des décisions qu’elles rendent dans leurs fonctions strictement judiciaires ou dans celles accessoires d’appui à la procédure arbitrale, présentent un intérêt digne d’une recherche doctorale. S’il est apparu que des jalons supplémentaires d’efficacité des nouveaux processus d’intégration ont été plantés par la création desdites juridictions, il a également été constaté que des pesanteurs d’ordre juridictionnel, structurel ou fonctionnel continuent d’en retarder la vitesse de croisière. Les solutions que nous avons proposées pour surmonter ces difficultés se regroupent en une réorganisation des juridictions communautaires, une répartition claire des compétences entre elles, un renforcement de la procédure de contrôle du droit communautaire, une vulgarisation permanente du droit de l’intégration, une revalorisation des titres exécutoires, une clarification des fonctions du juge d’exécution, une restriction du domaine de l’immunité d’exécution, un réaménagement des procédures de recouvrement, une formation continue des acteurs de la justice, une amélioration de leur condition de travail et de vie, une résurgence de l’éthique morale, une réelle indépendance de la justice… C’est dire que l’étude met un accent sur les obstacles qui entravent les nouveaux processus d’intégration et propose des solutions pour parfaire les textes législatifs et leurs interprétations jurisprudentielles, dans la perspective d’accélérer le développement économique des Etats concernés en particulier, pour une meilleure prospérité globale des économies mondiales. / The Communautary Court of Justice (CCJ), the Communautary Court of Account (CCA) and the Common Court of Justice and Arbitration (CCJA) are the three supranational jurisdictions respectively created by EMCAC and OHBLA treaties to reinforce the new processes of economical and judicial integration for their member States. In the measure where these jurisdictions are competent to exercise a juridictional control, by determining the communautary norms, the first control being carried out by the national juridictions, the conception, the organisation, the functioning, the characteristics, the roles or competences of these new jurisdictions and also the destiny of the decisions they rend in their strictly judiciary functions or in their accessory functions of supporting the arbitral procedure, present an interest worthy of a doctorate research. If it appears that the supplementary Milestones of efficiency of the new processes of integration had been installed by the creation of the said jurisdictions, it had also been observed that the gravities of jurisdictional, structural or functional order continue to delay the speed of cruise. The solutions that we have proposed to overcome these difficulties involves the reorganization of communautary jurisdictions, the clearly distribution of competences between them, the reinforcement of the communautarian law control procedure, a permanent vulgarisation of integration law, a revalorisation of executary titles, a clarification of immunity of execution domain, a development of the recovery procedures, a continual training of judicial actors, and improvement of their working and living conditions, a resurgence of moral ethic, a real independence of the Justice… This means that the study put a stress on the obstacles which hold up the new processes of integration and propose solutions to perfect the legislative texts and their jurisprudential interpretations, in the perspective of accelerating the economic development of the concerned States, for the best global prosperity of the world’s economies. Arbitrage Avis consultatif CEMAC Compétences Conflit Cour des comptes communautaire Cour de justice communautaire (CJC) Corruption Efficacité Exécution provisoire Exequatur Harmonisation Immunité d'exécution Insaisissabilité Intégration Juge communautaire Juge national OHADA Réformes Régulation Renvoi préjudiciel Rôle Sentence arbitrale Supranationalité Traité Titre exécutoire UEAC UMAC Afrique Afrique centrale Advisory opinion Arbitral sentence Arbitration CCJA Communautary court of justice Communautary judge Conflicts Court of account Corruption Enforceable provisional execution Enforcement EMCAC Executory title Exequatur Immunity of execution Imperceptibility Integration National court OHBLA Preliminary ruling Provisional execution Reforms Regulation Supranationality Treaty UEAC UMAC Africa -- Economic integration Law -- International unification Jurisdiction Competent authority
152	La société anonyme unipersonnelle en droit OHADA : étude critique / The one-person limited company under the OHADA LAW : A Critical Study N'Takpé, Adjoua Marie-Hortense 30 June 2016 (has links) Le régime juridique de la société anonyme unipersonnelle (SAU) de droitOHADA est défini par renvoi au régime prévu pour la SA pluripersonnelle, avec desadaptations minimales. En réalité, le caractère unipersonnel de la SA lui confère une certaineparticularité qui rend inappropriée la transposition pure et simple des règles du modèlepluripersonnel. Outre les difficultés d’application qu’elle entraîne souvent, la technique durenvoi laisse irrésolues de nombreuses questions suscitées par l’unipersonnalité. Le régimejuridique de la SAU dans son ensemble en ressort insuffisamment adapté à l’unicitéd’actionnaire.Une adaptation du régime juridique de la SAU de droit OHADA au particularisme del’unipersonnalité devient alors nécessaire. Elle doit être entreprise sous fond de simplificationdes règles, d’une part à l’égard de la société, à travers les règles relatives à sa constitution et àson évolution, d’autre part, à l’égard des acteurs que sont l’actionnaire unique, les organesd’administration et de contrôle.Au-delà de son approche critique, l’étude a surtout pour ambition de proposer unmodèle de société anonyme unipersonnelle au régime juridique plus lisible, simple et attractif. / The one-person limited company under the OHADA LAW has seen itslegal regime being defined with reference to the regime of the multi-persons limited company,with minimum adaptations. In fact the one-person character of the Limited company gives it a certain peculiarity that renders inappropriate the pure and simple transportation of rules of the multi-person limited company model. Besides the difficulty of implementation that it oftenentails, the technique of referring leaves unresolved many questions raised by the one-personlimited company model. The legal regime of the one-person limited company as a whole thatarises is insufficiently adapted to the unique shareholder.An adaptation of the one-person limited company legal regime of the OHADA LAWto the particularity of the one-person thus becomes necessary. It has to be undertaken underthe simplification of rules, on the one hand with regards to the company, through rules relatedto its constitution and its evolution, on the other hand, with respect to the actors that are thesole shareholders, administrative and control bodies. Acte unilatéral Acteur Actionnaire unique Adaptation Administrateur général Aménagement Constitution ab initio Constitution par réunion des actions Contrat avec soi-même Étude critique Dissolution-confusion Dissolution-liquidation Droit OHADA Harmonisation Pluripersonnalité Régime juridique Réunion des actions en une main SA classique SA pluripersonnelle Séparation des patrimoines Société anonyme unipersonnelle Transmission universelle du patrimoine Unipersonnalité Unilateral act Actor Sole shareholder Adaptation General administrator Planning Constitution ab initio Constitution by shares Contract with oneself Critical study Dissolution-confusion Dissolution-liquidation OHADA LAW Harmonisation Multi-persons Legal regime Meeting of shares in one hand Classical limited company Multi-persons limited company Separation of property One-person limited company Transfer off assets One-person 340
153	La légalité de la preuve dans l'espace pénal européen / Admissibility of evidence in the European criminal justice area Marty, Marie 01 April 2014 (has links) La recevabilité de la preuve est sans doute l’une des questions les plusimportantes de l’espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice de l’Union européenne,mais aussi une des plus complexes. Les difficultés relatives à l’utilisation d’unepreuve recueillie dans un État membre, devant les juridictions répressives d’un autreÉtat membre, semblent cependant avoir été sous-estimées par le législateureuropéen. En effet, l’amélioration de l’efficacité de la répression transnationale a étéune des priorités de la politique criminelle de l’Union ces quinze dernières années. Àce titre, le renforcement des mécanismes de coopération judiciaire, y compris ceuxvisant à l’obtention de la preuve transnationale, a été privilégié. Grâce au principe dereconnaissance mutuelle des décisions judiciaires en matière pénale, fondé sur laconfiance réciproque que les États membres se portent, les divergences etéventuelles incompatibilités entre les systèmes nationaux ont été tenues en échec,permettant ainsi la libre circulation des preuves dans l’espace pénal européen.Cependant, cette justification théorique n’est pas suffisante pour assurer larecevabilité mutuelle des preuves, la bonne administration de la preuve pénaledemeurant une question nationale, souverainement appréciée par le juge national.De plus, tant l’étude comparative des régimes probatoires nationaux que laprésentation des instruments de coopération judiciaire montrent des déficiencesprofondes, appelant ainsi à une protection accrue et harmonisée des droitsfondamentaux dans les procédures répressives au niveau européen, dans le butd’assurer la recevabilité mutuelle des preuves pénales dans l’espace pénaleuropéen. / Admissibility of evidence is one of the most crucial and complicatedissues in the European Union’s area of freedom, security and justice. However, thedifficulties regarding the use of evidence gathered in one Member State inproceedings in another Member State through the mechanisms of judicialcooperation seems to have been underestimated by the European Union legislator,and this despite the success of criminal proceedings with a cross-border characterbeing considered a priority for the last fifteen years. Indeed, the EU’s criminal policyhas been striving for the strengthening of the efficiency of judicial cooperationbetween judicial authorities. This requires the improvement of the instrumentsdedicated to obtaining criminal evidence. Thanks to the principle of mutualrecognition of judicial decisions in criminal matters, based on mutual trust betweenMember States, the differences between and potential incompatibilities of nationalsystems should not be an obstacle to the free circulation of evidence in the EUcriminal justice area.However, this theoretical justification is not sufficient to ensure mutual admissibility ofevidence, as the good administration of evidence remains a national issue, with awide margin of appreciation accorded to the national judge. Furthermore, both thestudy of national procedural norms and the study of the European Union legalframework show deficiencies, requiring a coherent concept for the protection offundamental rights in criminal proceedings at the EU-level. A better and harmonisedprotection of procedural guarantees is the path to ensure the mutual admissibility ofevidence, overcoming national differences. Accès au dossier Assistance de l'avocat Aveu Admissibilité Confiance mutuelle Coopération judiciaire Décision d'enquête européenne Droits de la défense Droit au silence E'nquête Entraide judiciaire Équité procédurale Espace de liberté Sécurité et justice Garanties procédurales Harmonisation Instruction Libre circulation Loyauté Preuve Provocation policière Recevabilité Reconnaissance mutuelle Schengen Témoignage Access to the file Admissibility Area of freedom Security and justice Assistance of a lawyer Confession Entrapment European evidence warrant Evidence Evidence investigation order Fair trial Freedom of circulation Harmonisation Investigation Judicial cooperation Loyalty Mutual legal assistance Mutual trust Mutual recognition Procedural guarantees Rights of the defence Right to remain silent Schengen Testimony 340
154	Organised crime in the Southern African development community with specific reference to motor vehicle theft Lebeya, Seswantsho Godfrey 30 November 2007 (has links) International police co-operation is a recipe for success in the fight against transnational organised crime. Such cooperation has never been without challenges, especially in the light of disharmonious national laws. SARPCCO has made promising advances towards the elimination of blockages which hamper police cooperation. The joint, bilateral, simultaneous operations which are continuously carried out and the transferring of skills through training are exemplary to the rest of the world. SARPCCO is, however, struggling to make serious inroads into the organised motor vehicle theft because of the problems in returning them to their lawful owners. The objective of this study is to analyse the laws used by the SARPCCO member countries in fighting motor vehicle theft, transnational organised crime, recoveries, repatriation, prosecution and extradition of offenders. The SARPCCO member countries on which the analysis is done are Lesotho, South Africa, Swaziland and Zambia. / Jurisprudence / LL. M. Arrest and jurisdiction Extradition of offenders Harmonisation of legislation Repatriation of exhibits Motor vehicle theft Organised criminal group or syndicate Transnational organised crime Organised crime 345.262068 Transnational crime -- Africa, Southern Organized crime -- Africa, Southern Law enforcement -- Africa, Southern
155	The legal implications of harmonising labour laws in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region Okharedia, Akhabue Anthony 13 November 2012 (has links) The purpose of this research is to explore the need for, and the legal implications of, harmonising labour laws in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Chapter One highlights a number of factors that call for the harmonisation of labour laws in the SADC region and discusses some of the reasons why labour laws are not well developed in the region. The influence of globalisation on labour standards in southern Africa and the influence of regionalism on the harmonisation of labour laws are discussed at length. The inference that could be drawn from this discussion is that for a regionalisation process in southern Africa to be successful, there is an urgent need to harmonise the region’s labour law system. This thesis confirms that Southern Africa has many lessons to learn from the regional harmonisation of labour law in the European Economic Community and the current European Union. The implementation of international labour standards in southern Africa is investigated. The main areas examined include (1) freedom of association, (2) collective bargaining, (3) forced labour and (4) discrimination. The findings of this investigation show that there is no uniformity in the implementation of International Labour Organisation (ILO) standards in the SADC region and, therefore, it is recommended labour law should be harmonised in terms of ILO standards. In respect of the benefits to be derived from the harmonisation process, an empirical investigation was conducted in the SADC region and the following is recommended: the harmonisation of labour law in the SADC region will help with the implementation of ILO standards, protection of workers against the economic power of employers in the workplace and maintaining similar benefits for migrants in the region. / Mercantile law / LL.D. Collective bargaining Compulsory labour Discrimination in the work environment Forced labour Freedom of association Harmonisation of labour law International labour standards SADC 344.106 International Labour Organization
156	Co-operation in training and accreditation of accountants in Southern Africa : views of South African public accountants and auditors Doussy, F. (Frank), 1958- 07 1900 (has links) The study was prompted mainly by the need for and possibility of collaboration or even mutual accreditation of practising chartered accountants and auditors in the countries of Southern Africa. In establishing common ground between these countries of Southern Africa it was found that the countries share not only geographical space but also strong and increasingly important trade links, movement of people between the countries and in some instances a common history, culture and language in the form of English. The current harmonisation process of accounting standards worldwide enhanced this process. A literature study was done emphasising South Africa as part of the Southern African region, with a special emphasis on accountancy education. An analysis of current international co-operation was done with special reference to the current international harmonisation process. As part ofthe background an analysis was done of the current status of the accountancy profession in each Southern African country. As this study was done from a South African perspective, the emphasis was on the views of members of the accounting profession in public practice with regard to greater cooperation in the region in the accountancy field. This was achieved by means of an empirical survey. It was found that the aforesaid professionals are overwhelmingly in support of greater cooperation in the region. They believe that it would enhance the status of individual accounting bodies worldwide~ that costs, information and infrastructure could be shared; and that it would enhance professionalism and improve service to clients. Specific areas were identified where co-operation could be improved, namely that academic training should be harmonised, practical tralning should be interchangeable and agreements should be reached with individual countries. Some concern was expressed that above all, control should be maintained over the standards of academic and practical education. It is recommended that the bodies governing the accountancy establishment in South Africa, especially the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants and the Public Accountants' and Auditors' Board, should increase their current efforts to establish greater formal relations with other countries in the Southern African region. / Auditing / D. Compt. (Accounting Science) Training accountants Training co-operation Public accountants Southern Africa Education South Africa Accreditaion Maintaining standards Accounting profession Chartered accountants Harmonisation Academic education Pratical education 657.071168
157	A critical appraisal of the harmonisation of Shona-Nyai cross-border varieties in Zimbabwe and Mozambique Mazuruse, Mickson 02 1900 (has links) The study sought to explore possibilities of harmonising Shona-Nyai cross-border varieties in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Emerging from the responses were problems of attitudes, ignorance of what the harmonisation project entails and the different levels of development among the varieties to be harmonised. Participants believed that the challenges they faced could be resolved and they proposed some intervention strategies. Results from the questionnaire, the interview and documents analysed affirmed the generally held view that, the future of Shona-Nyai as a language and culture is securely in the hands of the speakers’ initiatives. The argument of the study has been that, the success of such a harmonisation project depends on the presence of favourable and conducive political and economic conditions through enabling language engineering activities. Information collected from the questionnaires was mainly presented in tables and information from interviews and document analysis was presented qualitatively in words. The language as a right and the language as resource orientations of language planning guided this study. The intention was to show that the preservation of linguistic diversity is important in the maintenance of group and individual identity and harmonisation should further this cause. Findings from this thesis indicate that for a successful harmonisation project to take place there is need for research in the documentation of underdeveloped Shona-Nyai varieties so that they have some presence in the education domain. The study recommends that people’s mindsets must be changed by packaging the harmonisation project in a way which they understand and appreciate. A holistic approach in solving the language problem can be achieved through a mixed approach of language policy formulation. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African languages) Language planning Language policy Mother-tongue Official language Status planning Corpus planning Acquisition planning Language attitudes Indigenous languages Empowerment Harmonisation Standardisation Cross-border languages Variety 496.397582421 Language policy -- Zimbabwe Language policy -- Mozambique Language planning -- Mozambique Language planning -- Zimbabwe Zimbabwe -- Languages Mozambique -- Languages
158	L'arbitrage commercial international et les garanties procédurales Joseph, Jacceus 06 1900 (has links) Cette recherche aborde un sujet complexe, qui est en plein débat doctrinal en droit de l'arbitrage international: L'arbitrage commercial international et les garanties procédurales. Au fait, l'arbitrage commercial international revêt le mode traditionnel des règlements de litiges du commerce international et des relations économiques internationales. À cause de l'hybridité de sa nature (contractuelle et juridictionnelle), il est le plus souvent préféré par les parties aux tribunaux étatiques. Cette faveur vis-à-vis de ce mode de règlements de litiges internationaux s'explique par le développement de l'économie internationale, par la globalisation du marché, par la conclusion de nombreuses conventions internationales en la matière, par la création des centres d'arbitrage, enfin par la modernisation des lois et règlements nationaux. En revanche, il est constaté que l'arbitrage souffre d'un déficit de prévisibilité et de certitudes pour les acteurs du commerce international. Que l'on songe seulement à la multiplication des rattachements législatifs et des contrôles judiciaires: conflits de lois, conflits entre les règles de conflits, etc. Nous avons démontré que la solution aux difficultés de la méthode conflictualiste serait l'harmonisation de la procédure arbitrale internationale et que ce mode de règlement de différends débouche de plus en plus sur le rapprochement entre traditions juridiques différentes (Common Law et droit civil).Toutefois, ce mouvement de convergence est loin d'être achevé. Beaucoup d'autres pratiques arbitrales continuent de garder l'empreinte de la diversité des procédures étatiques et celle des grands systèmes juridiques mondiaux. / This research work tackles a complex subject, which is in the heart of a doctrinal debate in International arbitration Law: International Commercial Arbitration and procedural safeguards. In fact, International Commercial Arbitration is a traditional method of dispute resolution in International Trade and International Economic Relations. Parties to a dispute would rather prefer this mode of dispute resolution to state courts because of its hybrid nature (contractual and judicial).One can explain this preference for this method of international dispute resolution by the development of the international economy, the market globalization, the conclusion of numerous international conventions in the domain, the creation of arbitration centers, the modernization of national laws and regulations. By contrast, one can note that arbitration lacks predictability and certainty for parties in International Trade. One can just think of the multiplication of legislative attachments and judicial controls: conflicts of laws, conflicts between methods of conflicts of laws, etc. We have demonstrated that the solution to the difficulties of the conflictualist method would be the harmonization of the International Arbitral Procedures and that this method of dispute resolution would lead, more and more to the approximation between different judicial traditions (Common law and Civil Law). However this convergence movement is far from being achieved. Many other arbitral practices do still keep the imprint of diverse state procedures and of major legal systems worldwide. Arbitrage commercial international Principe de la contradiction International Commercial Arbitration Harmonization of Arbitration Proceedings Principle of Contradiction
159	L’harmonisation du droit d’asile dans l’Union Européenne : de Tampere à Stockholm Sotelo, Luz Maria 02 1900 (has links) Ce mémoire concerne le droit d’asile dans l’Union Européenne. Il s’agit non seulement d’une analyse législative de la mise en œuvre d’une politique européenne commune d’asile issue de la création de l’espace de liberté, sécurité et justice établi par le Traité d’Amsterdam, mais aussi de l’évaluation du niveau d’harmonisation atteint par cette politique au sein de l’Union, et enfin d’une réflexion sur la relation entre le processus de mise en œuvre de la politique commune d’asile d’une part, et le respect des droits fondamentaux des chercheurs et des demandeurs de la protection internationale par les États Membres et la Communauté d’autre part. / This thesis relates to the right of asylum in the European Union. It is not only a legislative analysis on the implementation of the Common European Asylum System as a consequence of the creation of an area of freedom, security and justice by the Amsterdam Treaty, but also it is an assessment of the harmonization level that this Common European Asylum System has reached within the EU, and finally it is an appraisal of the relationship between the implementation of this Common European Asylum System on one side and the respect for human rights of asylum seekers and international protection seekers by Member States and by the Community on the other side. Droit d’asile Union Européenne Harmonisation législative Droits de l’homme Protection Internationale Asylum European Union Common European Asylum System (CEAS) Harmonization of Legislation Human Rights International Protection
160	Encadrement provincial des valeurs mobilières : à la recherche d’un modèle amélioré Laurendeau, Marie-Annick 08 1900 (has links) Mise en garde : Ce mémoire a été réalisé grâce au soutien financier du Fonds d’éducation et de saine gouvernance de l'Autorité des marchés financiers. Les informations, opinions et avis exprimés n'engagent que la responsabilité de Marie-Annick Laurendeau. / Le débat sur la structure de la régulation provinciale ou fédérale en valeurs mobilières occupe la scène financière depuis nombre d’années. Suivant le Renvoi de la Cour suprême de 2011 sur le sujet, un projet de régulateur coopératif, regroupant les régulateurs provinciaux avec le ministère des Finances fédéral pour l’encadrement des valeurs mobilières et devant permettre la collecte de données nationales ainsi que la gestion du risque systémique, a vu le jour. Pourtant, l’amélioration du modèle d’encadrement provincial actuel adresserait également les enjeux de la régulation. Nous présenterons donc des solutions possibles pour améliorer la régulation décentralisée en valeurs mobilières. Pour ce faire, nous analyserons les éléments perfectibles du régime en place afin de proposer des solutions axées sur la collaboration ainsi que sur la création d’organisations pancanadiennes spécialisées rassemblant l’expertise et les ressources des régulateurs de même que facilitant les relations avec leurs homologues étrangers. Enfin, la coopération entre les régulateurs provinciaux et fédéraux dans l’harmonisation réglementaire, la représentativité internationale, la mise en application et la prévention du risque systémique est possible. Nous étudierons alors des solutions novatrices dont un rôle renforcé pour les Autorités canadiennes en valeurs mobilières afin d’assurer l’harmonisation, notamment par l’élargissement du régime de passeport, l’ajout d’une agence nationale responsable du droit criminel et pénal et d’un tribunal administratif d’adjudication commun dans chacune des provinces canadiennes pour la réciprocité automatique des décisions, ainsi que la création d’un Conseil de stabilité financière canadien. / For years now, the structure of securities regulation has been debated between the provincial and federal governments. Following the Reference from the Supreme Court on the matter in 2011, the project of a cooperative regulator, grouping the provincial regulators with the federal ministry of Finance to regulate securities and allowing to collect national data as well as to manage systemic risk across the country, has arisen. However, the improvement of the actual provincial regulatory model would also address the issues regarding the framework of securities regulation in Canada. Thus, we will present possible solutions in order to improve the decentralized regulatory model. Our analysis will look at the aspects that could be improved in the current framework to propose solutions such as enhancing collaboration and creating specialized Canadian organizations to group regulators’ expertise and resources as well as to facilitate relations with foreign regulators. Finally, cooperation between provincial and federal regulators to join their efforts regarding regulatory harmonization, international representativeness, enforcement and the prevention of systemic risks are possible through innovative solutions. As such, we will study the benefits of a strengthened role for the Canadian securities administrators to harmonize regulation, namely by broadening the passport regime, a national agency for criminal and penal enforcement, an administrative adjudicative tribunal in each province, the automatic reciprocity of regulatory decisions, as well as a Canadian financial stability board. Autorité des marchés financiers globalisation du droit harmonisation réglementaire risque systémique valeurs mobilières régulateurs financiers mise en application des lois enforcement canadian securities authorities globalization regulatory harmonization securities regulation systemic risk financial regulators

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