This thesis engages in the theme of early school-age pupil's home preparation for school particularly in collaboration between school, parents and child in the process of home preparation. The theoretical part of the thesis is focused on the relationship between adults and children in history. Hereafter we occupy with the child's socialization and evolutional aspects in preschool and younger school-age. We engage in the child's school entrance, school education and younger school-age children's home preparation from the view of the collaboration between the school, the family and the child in next chapters. The empirical part we address the attitudes of children and their parents to home preparation and the parent involvement in the home preparation in the first and second class. We are the most interested in the difference or the agreement in the given issue by the pupils of the first and second classes. The research is qualitative-quantitative composed. We devote to the theme from the point of the children in the qualitative part of the research and from the point of the children and their parents in the quantitative part. The thesis is a part of research no. GAČR 406/04/0316 supported by GA ČR (Czech Science Foundation) which is realized by the Department of psychology at Faculty of Arts at...

Syftet för detta arbete är att undersöka relationer mellan matematikundervisning och matematikläxor i högstadiet. Litteraturstudien ska besvara vilken betydelse matematikläxor har för elever, föräldrar och lärare. Flera tidigare forskningsstudier har redan visat att läxor är ett viktigt verktyg för elevers allmänna lärande i skolan, men fokus för denna studie ligger på matematikundervisning. För att hitta litteratur som är relevant för undersökningen används sökmetoder beskrivna i metodlitteratur. Litteratursökningen sker i den nordamerikanska databasen ERIC och den nordiska databasen DIVA. Anledning till dessa två databaser valdes är att sökresultat i ERIC kan ge mer globalt perspektiv i matematikutbildning, medan resultat av litteratursökning från DIVA innehåller forskning från nordiska länder, vilka har mer liknande skolsystem som Sverige. Litteraturen ska vara refereegranskad för att den ska ha en god tillförlitlighet. Resultatet från litteraturstudien visar att samverkan mellan föräldrar, elever och lärare i matematikläxor har stor betydelse. Genom att förtydliga utformning av matematikuppgifter samt återkoppling kan lärare positivt påverka kvaliteten hos matematikläxor. Genom automatisk återkoppling blir digitala matematikläxor mer effektiva än traditionella matematikläxor. Forskning visar även att elevernas motivation är det allra viktigaste när det gäller matematikläxor. Föräldrars roll varierar beroende på kulturbakgrund. I en kultur där föräldrar brukar engagera sig i barnens läxor, kan deras roll vara stor, men om föräldrar saknar engagemang i barnens läxor, då är deras påverkan svag. Tänkbar forskning inom området i framtiden kan handla om hur många föräldrar som har förutsättningar att hjälpa barnen med läxor. Eftersom det finns läxhjälp i svenska skolan, kan man också forska om hur läxhjälpen påverkar elevers prestationer i läxor samt deras skolresultat i matematik. Nyckelord: Matematikundervisning, matematikläxor, grundskola, årskurs 7–9, familjens påverkan i matematiklärande / The purpose of this work is to investigate relationships between mathematics teaching and mathematics homework in grades 7 to 9 . The literature study will answer the importance of mathematics homework for students, parents and teachers. Several previous research studies have already shown that homework is an important tool for students' general learning in school, but the focus of this study is on mathematics teaching. To find literature that is relevant to the study, search methods are used that were described in the literature about methods. The literature search takes place in the North American database ERIC and the Nordic database DIVA. The reason for choosing these two databases is that search results in ERIC can provide a more global perspective in mathematics teaching, while results from literature searches from DIVA include research from Nordic countries, which have school systems more similar to Sweden. The literature must be peer-reviewed in order for it to have good reliability. The results from the literature study show that collaboration between parents, students and teachers in mathematics homework is of great importance. By clarifying the design of mathematics assignments and feedback, teachers can positively influence the quality of mathematics homework. Through automatic feedback, digital math homework becomes more efficient than traditional math homework. Research also shows that students' motivation is the most important thing when it comes to math homework. The role of parents varies depending on cultural background. In a culture where parents tend to get involved in their children's homework, parents' roles can be large, but if parents lack commitment to their children's homework, then their influence is weak. Possible research in the field in the future may be about how many parents have the potential to help their children with homework. Since there is study help for homework in the Swedish school, one can also research how such study help affects students' performance in homework and their school results in mathematics. Keywords: Mathematics teaching, mathematics homework, middle school, grades 7-9, the family's influence in mathematics learning

Obwohl therapeutisch angestrebte Veränderungen im Rahmen der kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie vor allem als Veränderungen des Erlebens und Verhaltens im Alltag des Patienten konzipiert werden, konzentriert sich die Psychotherapieforschung bei der Aufklärung relevanter Wirkmechanismen bislang eher auf Einflüsse der unmittelbaren therapeutischen Interaktion sowie auf den Beitrag konkreter Intervention. Prozesse außerhalb der therapeutischen Sitzungen wurden in ihrer Bedeutung für Veränderungen eher vernachlässigt. Es ist jedoch davon auszugehen, dass ein umfassenderes Verständnis dieser Prozesse helfen könnte, psychotherapeutische Behandlungen weiter zu optimieren und ihre Gesamteffektivität zu erhöhen. Die vorliegende Arbeit macht veränderungsrelevante Prozesse außerhalb des eigentlichen Therapiekontextes zum Ausgangspunkt verschiedener Überlegungen zur Optimierung verhaltenstherapeutischer Behandlungen. Dabei werden exemplarisch Prozesse in der Wartezeit zwischen Anmeldung zur Psychotherapie und Beginn der eigentlichen Behandlung sowie therapeutische Hausaufgaben als veränderungsrelevante Aktivitäten zwischen zwei Therapiestunden untersucht. Einen wichtigen Bereich potentieller Veränderungsprozesse stellen Einflüsse in der Zeit vor der Therapie dar. In der Überblicksarbeit „Wartezeit für Psychotherapiepatienten – und wie sie zu nutzen ist“ (Helbig, Hähnel, Weigel & Hoyer, 2004) wird zunächst die derzeitige Versorgungslage im Psychotherapiesektor in Bezug auf Wartezeiten dargestellt und damit assoziierte Probleme aufgezeigt. Es werden Empfehlungen für einen konstruktiven Umgang mit diesen Wartezeiten diskutiert sowie eine konkrete Vorgehensweise vorgeschlagen. In einer Praxiserhebung wurden darüber hinaus ca. 300 Patienten auf einer Warteliste für ambulante Verhaltenstherapie mit einem Kurzfragebogen zu eigeninitiierten problembezogenen Aktivitäten und Coping-Strategien befragt („What do patients do before it starts? Coping with mental health problems on a CBT waiting list“; Helbig & Hoyer, 2008). Es zeigte sich, dass das therapierelevante Verhalten in der Wartezeit erheblich variierte, jedoch fast alle Patienten bereits während der Wartezeit im Hinblick auf ihr Problem aktiv wurden. Überraschenderweise konnten keine klaren Assoziationen zwischen Patienten-Charakteristika und Art des gezeigten Selbsthilfe- oder Copingverhaltens nachgewiesen werden. Eine erste Exploration der Effekte von Selbsthilfe-Verhalten in der Wartezeit auf das Therapie-Ergebnis ergab hypothesenkonträr, dass aktive Selbsthilfe ein ungünstigeres Behandlungsergebnis im Hinblick auf depressive Symptome vorhersagte – hier bleibt jedoch offen, inwieweit dieses Ergebnis durch den fehlenden Erfolg der Selbsthilfestrategien und einen damit verbundenen Selbstwirksamkeitsverlust moderiert wird. Die Ergebnisse führten zu der Hypothese, dass systematische und erwiesenermaßen nutzbringende Angebote für Patienten in der Wartezeit helfen könnten, Kosten durch Inanspruchnahme weiterer Dienste zu sparen und die Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung von Patienten schon vor Beginn der Therapie zu erhöhen. Diese Annahme wurde anhand einer speziell für die Wartezeit entwickelten Intervention untersucht („Hilft wenig viel? Eine Minimalintervention für Patienten während der Wartezeit auf ambulante Verhaltenstherapie“; Helbig & Hoyer, 2007). In einer universitären Psychotherapieambulanz wurden 75 Patienten mit Angst- bzw. depressiven Störungen nach Anmeldung zur Behandlung kontrolliert einer Versuchs- oder einer Kontrollgruppe zugewiesen. Während die Kontrollgruppe wie üblich auf den Behandlungsbeginn wartete, erhielt die Versuchsgruppe bibliotherapeutische Materialien sowie ein Informationsblatt zur Überbrückung von Wartezeit. Beide Gruppen wurden vor und nach der Wartezeit im Hinblick auf Erwartungen und Einstellungen zur Behandlung sowie hinsichtlich ihrer Zufriedenheit mit der Einrichtung untersucht. Die Minimalintervention erbrachte differenziell positive Effekte, insbesondere bei Personen mit geringem Vorwissen über Psychotherapie; ein global positiver Einfluss auf die untersuchten Variablen konnte jedoch nicht nachgewiesen werden. Bei Teilnehmern mit depressiven Erkrankungen wurden sogar vereinzelt negative Effekte der Intervention beobachtet. Entsprechend wurde geschlussfolgert, dass ein patienten- und störungsübergreifendes Vorgehen in der Wartezeit für eine Optimierung der psychotherapeutischen Versorgung nicht Erfolg versprechend erscheint. Neben Prozessen in der Wartezeit auf Psychotherapie sind auch Prozesse zwischen den eigentlichen Therapiesitzungen ein möglicher Ansatzpunkt zur Steigerung der Gesamteffektivität. Trotz ihrer theoretischen Bedeutsamkeit existieren bislang nur wenige empirische Befunde zur Frage, wie Hausaufgaben zur Therapieeffektivität beitragen und wie sie gewinnbringend einzusetzen sind. Eine Befragung von 77 verhaltenstherapeutisch arbeitenden Psychotherapeuten ergab, dass der Einsatz von Hausaufgaben in der Praxis mit einer Vielzahl von Problemen behaftet ist: Nur ca. ein Drittel der vereinbarten Aufgaben wurde durch den Patienten wie geplant erledigt („Problems with homework in CBT: Rare exception or rather frequent?“; Helbig & Fehm, 2004). Die Hausaufgaben-Compliance war dabei positiv korreliert mit der Vergabe schriftlicher Materialien, einem späteren Therapiestadium sowie der allgemeinen Einstellung zu Hausaufgaben. Aus diesen Ergebnissen wurden konkrete Maßnahmen für einen gewinnbringenden Einsatz von Hausaufgaben abgeleitet. Aufgrund der überraschend häufigen Probleme im Umgang mit Hausaufgaben beschäftigte sich eine weitere Arbeit mit allgemeinen Empfehlungen für den effektiven Einsatz von Hausaufgaben und deren empirischer Fundierung („Der Einsatz von Hausaufgaben in der Psychotherapie. Empfehlungen und ihre empirische Fundierung“; Helbig & Fehm, 2005). Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Mehrzahl der in der Literatur genannten Empfehlungen noch nicht empirisch untersucht ist bzw. nicht nachgewiesenermaßen mit der Hausaufgabenerledigung assoziiert ist. In den bisher beschriebenen empirischen Arbeiten wurden Schwierigkeiten bei der aussagekräftigen Erfassung des Geschehens außerhalb des Therapiekontexts deutlich. Aus diesem Grund wurde im Rahmen einer weiteren Studie das Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) als ambulantes Monitoring-Verfahren auf seine Anwendbarkeit bei der Untersuchung von klinisch relevanten Veränderungsprozessen überprüft („Implementierung, Akzeptanz und Informationsgehalt eines „Ecological Momentary Assessment“-Ansatzes bei Patienten mit Panikstörung und Agoraphobie“; Helbig, Lang, Swendsen, Hoyer & Wittchen, 2009). Insgesamt konnte EMA gut in eine allgemeine Versorgungsstruktur implementiert werden und bot einen deutlichen Informationsgewinn gegenüber klassischen Erhebungsmethoden. In weiteren Studien sollte jedoch weiter untersucht werden, ob der Einsatz von EMA zu systematischen Stichprobenselektionseffekten führt. Die vorgestellten Befunde lassen den enormen Forschungsbedarf erkennen, der auf dem Gebiet veränderungsrelevanter Prozesse außerhalb der therapeutischen Beziehung und Intervention besteht. Aus diesem Grund wird abschließend eine weiterführende Forschungsagenda entwickelt und praxisnahe Vorschläge zur Optimierung der therapeutischen Versorgung abgeleitet. / Therapeutic outcome in cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) is often defined as lasting changes in cognitive, emotional and behavioural processes in a patient’s daily life. Psychotherapy research, on the contrary, mainly focuses on processes during therapeutic sessions and effects of specific interventions in examining mechanisms of change. Processes outside the therapeutic setting were mostly neglected, although it might be assumed that a comprehensive knowledge of these processes might help optimizing treatment and enhancing overall therapeutic effectiveness. The present dissertation is based on assumptions about the importance of change-relevant processes outside the direct therapist-patient-interaction on CBT outcome. Processes during waiting time for psychotherapy and therapeutic homework assignments are exemplarily scrutinized. Influences prior to therapy start are an important research subject in studying change processes outside the therapeutic setting. In a first paper, the status of German psychotherapy health care in relation to waiting times is reviewed, and related problems are discussed („Waiting time for psychotherapy – and how to make use of it“; Helbig, Hähnel, Weigel & Hoyer, 2004). Recommendations for using these waiting times for therapy preparation are proposed. Additionally, about 300 patients on a outpatient CBT waiting list were surveyed using a specifically developed questionnaire that retrospectively assessed problem-related activities and coping strategies („What do patients do before it starts? Coping with mental health problems on a CBT waiting list“; Helbig & Hoyer, 2008). It showed that patient behaviour during waiting time largely varied; however, almost all patients instigated activities in regard to their problem. Surprisingly, no clear associations between patient characteristics and coping behaviour could be found. A preliminary exploration of self-help effects during waiting on therapy outcome pointed out unfavourable effects of active self-help – however, it remained open whether failure in self-help and a related decrease of perceived self-effectiveness contributed to this surprising finding. It was concluded that a therapist initiated offer for using waiting times might help reduce additional health care utilization and promote patients’ self-effectiveness even prior to therapy start. This assumption was examined in a subsequent study on the effects of a minimal intervention for waiting list patients („Effects of a minimal intervention for patients on a CBT waiting list“; Helbig & Hoyer, 2007). 75 patients reporting depressive and anxiety disorders at intake were allocated to either waiting as usual or an intervention group. Patients in the intervention group received bibliotherapeutic materials and a leaflet informing about strategies that might help bridging the waiting time. Before and after waiting, consumer satisfaction, attitudes towards psychotherapy and treatment expectations were assessed in both groups. The minimal intervention had some positive effects, especially in patients with less knowledge about psychotherapy; however, there was no global improvement in the intervention group. In patients with depressive disorders, single adverse effects were observed. It was concluded that the use of therapy preparation strategies cannot overall be recommended, but has to take differences among patients into account. Besides processes prior to therapy start, intersession processes might be used for enhancing overall therapy effectiveness. Despite their theoretical importance, little is known about therapeutic homework assignments and their effective use. A survey among 77 behaviour therapists showed that only about one third of homework is completed as assigned („Problems with homework in CBT: Rare exception or rather frequent?“; Helbig & Fehm, 2004). Homework compliance was positively associated with providing written materials, a later stage of therapy and positive attitudes towards homework. Recommendations for homework assignment were derived from these findings. Due to the surprisingly frequent problems related to homework use, a review on recommendations for effective homework use and their empirical foundation was conducted („Homework recommendations in theory and research. Empirical results on the recommended use of homework“; Helbig & Fehm, 2005). It was shown that the majority of homework recommendations is not examined yet, or lacks empirical evidence. The empirical studies described above disclosed methodological difficulties in a meaningful assessment of intersession processes. Thus, a last study was designed to test the feasibility of an ambulatory assessment strategy (EMA) for examining clinically relevant mechanisms of change (“Feasibility, compliance and information content of an Ecological Momentary Assessment approach in patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia”; Helbig, Lang, Swendsen, Hoyer & Wittchen, 2009). Overall, EMA demonstrated feasibility in routine care as well as substantial information gains compared to questionnaire measures. Further studies should reappraise whether EMA is linked to systematic sample selection effects. Presented findings refer to a substantial need for further research on change-relevant processes outside the therapeutic setting. Against this background, the dissertation concludes with an intersession research agenda and with recommendations for enhancing therapeutic effectiveness.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to describe the role of the digital technologies in the homework preparation of the pupils, how do they use the digital technologies and whether they use it for the learning at all. This thesis evaluates also if the pupils can use the digital technologies for learning and in which way they use them, what is their vision of learning, what pluses and minuses in the digital technology usage see the pupils from the sixth to ninth grade. How do the parents encourage their children to use these technologies for the homework. The theoretical part focuses on the role and possibilities of using digital technologies in the education and homework of pupils as well as on the possible positive and negative aspects of using DT in the life of sixth to ninth grade pupils of nine-year primary school. It also describes the developmental characteristics of older school-age children and net generation. The practical part deals with a research survey performed among 169 pupils of a primary school in Most with the aim to discover whether and in which way are the pupils using the digital technology for the homework and what are the preferred technologies. The thesis focuses further on the results of the semi-structured interviews with the parents of the pupils to find out, how far are...

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The purpose of this study was to increase knowledge about how teachers view the importance of reading lessons in year one. The study also examined how teachers practically work with reading homework and how these teachers felt that it benefited the students' reading development. The study was conducted using semi-structured qualitative interviews with eight teachers working in primary school. All teachers who participated in the study are certifiedteachers to teach Swedish in primary school. The study is based on the socio-cultural perspective and pragmatism. Which means that students learn best in connection between theory and practice and where language is in focus. The results showed that the teachers who participated agreed that the ultimate purpose of the reading homework is to increase the students' reading fluency with the help of mass training. The teachers consider the reading homework necessary in year one. Repetitive reading is presented as an important aspect in students' early reading learning by both research and teachers. Reasons why teachers choose to work with reading homework differ somewhat. But the time aspect in school is something that teachers are critical of. The result shows that the teachers mean a certain reading must take place at home. Because of this the reading homework is considered a good aid by the teachers.

Det finns inget reglemente för huruvida matematikläxor ska delas ut eller inte, det är upp till varje pedagog eller skola att bestämma det själva. Det finns många fördelar såväl som nackdelar med att dela ut matematikläxor. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om lärares erfarenhet och om den aktuella läroplan vid lärares examen påverkar f-3 lärare till att dela ut eller inte dela ut matematikläxor. Vi undersöker även vilken typ av matematikläxa som delas ut samt antalet matematikläxor som delas ut i veckan. Det är en kvantitativ studie där vår datainsamling skett via en enkätundersökning. Den slutsats vi kommit fram till är att varken erfarenhet eller aktuell läroplan vid examen påverkar antalet matematikläxor som delas ut. Vi kan konstatera att lärarna oftast delar ut matematikläxor med syftet att repetera och befästa kunskap och det är vanligast att dela ut en (1) matematikläxa i veckan. / There is no regulation as to whether homework in mathematics should be assigned or not, it is up to each teacher or the school to decide. There are many advantages as well as disadvantages to handing out homework in mathematics. The purpose of this study is to examine if teachers' experience and if the curriculum at the time of the degree affects whether teachers assign mathematics homework. We will also examine what type of homework in mathematics that is assigned, and the number of times homework is given each week. This is a quantitative study where our data collection took place via a survey. The conclusion we have reached is that neither experience nor current curriculum at the time of the degree affect the amount of homework that is handed out. We can conclude that the teachers usually hand out homework in mathematics with the purpose of rehearsing and fortifying knowledge and it is most common to hand out homework once a week.

This study examined the differences between eighth grade athletes and nonathletes in terms of mathematics and reading achievement based on standardized test scores from direct cognitive assessments in mathematics and reading. The data for this study came from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Kindergarten Class of 1998- 1999 (ECLS-K). Data were collected from student and parent surveys in conjunction with direct cognitive assessments. The research questions were as follows: 1. To what extent is there a difference in mathematics achievement between eighth grade athletes and non-athletes while controlling for self-reported future educational goals and socioeconomic status? 2. To what extent is there a difference in mathematics achievement between eighth grade athletes and non-athletes while controlling for self-reported weekly time spent on homework and socioeconomic status? 3. To what extent is there a difference in reading achievement between eighth grade athletes and non-athletes while controlling for self-reported future educational goals and socioeconomic status? 4. To what extent is there a difference in reading achievement between eighth grade athletes and non-athletes while controlling for self-reported weekly time spent on homework and socioeconomic status? iv Factorial ANOVA‘s were used answer each research question. An additional variable, gender, was utilized to further evaluate differences in mathematics and reading scale scores. Based upon the results, no statistical significance was found in the threeway interaction effects for any of the research questions. As the two-way and main effects comparisons were evaluated, statistical significance was indicated within each question based on the multiple independent variables. Overall, the athletes did not outscore non-athletes. There were consistent differences in mean scores in reading and mathematics based upon self-stated future educational goals where students maintained higher mean scores in reading and mathematics as their educational goals increased. In addition consistent differences in mean scores in reading and mathematics were indicated where students below the poverty level had lower mean scores than students at or above the poverty level. Finally, students‘ mathematics and reading achievement significantly increased as their self-reported weekly time spent on homework increased. v This study is d

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The aims of this paper are to present some of the findings about the creation and utilization of online assignments and choice of support software for several calculus classes at Simon Fraser University (SFU) by considering the needs and perspectives of the instructors, students, and administrators. The term online assignment is used for a set of problems that are posted, submitted, graded, and recorded electronically through a course learning management system (LMS) of choice. The purpose of this note is to contribute to the discussion about a common question detected among research papers on the theme of online assignments; how can technology be used in teaching so that students benefit the most? Questions are provided to guide an instructor in choosing online assignment problems, and a list of necessary skills is supplied for an instructor to be able to deal effectively with this pedagogical tool.