Une des questions centrales de la métaéthique est celle de savoir si les propriétés morales sont des propriétés naturelles ou non-naturelles. Ce mémoire fait valoir que nous ferions bien de remettre en question une constellation d’arguments en faveur du non-naturalisme moral : l’argument de la question ouverte, l’intuition normative et l’argument du gouffre. L’influent argument de la question ouverte de Moore, d’abord, ne soutient le non-naturalisme que s’il commet une pétition de principe. L’intuition normative commet ou bien le sophisme d’inférer sur la base de sa différence spécifique qu’une chose n’appartient pas à un genre donné, ou bien sous-estime la panoplie de propriétés naturelles qui possèdent les caractéristiques censées être distinctives des propriétés morales et normatives. L’argument du gouffre, quant à lui, sous-estime l’ubiquité du fossé logique et conceptuel censé marquer une discontinuité métaphysique profonde entre les domaines normatif et naturel. / One of the burning questions among metaethical realists is whether moral facts and properties are natural or non-natural. In this thesis, I argue that we should treat a family of arguments for non-naturalism with considerable scepticism: the Open Question Argument, the Normative Intuition, and the argument from the Is-Ought Gap. Moore’s famous Open Question Argument only supports moral non-naturalism if it begs the question against the modest (non-reductionist) naturalist. As for the Normative Intuition, it either commits the fallacy of inferring on the basis of a thing’s specific difference that it does not belong to the genus it putatively belongs to, or it underestimates the breadth of natural properties that possess the features which non-naturalists allege are distinctive of moral and normative properties. The argument from the Is-Ought Gap, for its part, underestimates the ubiquity of the logical and conceptual gap that allegedly marks a deep metaphysical discontinuity between the normative and natural domains.

This study is an account of the development of a personal, intuitive epistemology for psychotherapy, and an exploration of some possible implications thereof for a general professional epistemology. Initial analysis of the author's problematic clinical cases revealed that assumptions regarding the nature and process of therapy predisposed the author to a reliance on rational, theoretically founded therapeutic praxis. When rationality was perceived not to be achieving the desired ends in therapy, the author experienced escalating, critical self-consciousness, and worked ever harder at improved rational problem-solving. This constituted a self-reinforcing problem cycle during 'stuck' consultations. The premise that effective action is rational was seen to constitute a weltanschauung of the therapist, and understood to be inconsistent with the postmodern frame of ecosystemic theory. A hermeneutic .action research process was initiated, its concern to accommodate spontaneity as an antidote to rigidifying rationality in the author's clinical and academic praxis. The exploration of spontaneity and intuition was massively influenced by the author's unexpected immersion in shamanic tradition, itself predicated on mythological and intuitive construction of "a" world, rather than denotive description of 'the' world, as is the case in logocentric practice. i'he social disjunction and existential challenge occasioned by immersion in such tradition occasioned angst in the author, and it took years to find an uneasy rapprochement between the different contexts of the author's life. Nonetheless, a change in the author's epistemology and clinical praxis were effected, and the initial problematic clinical situation - partly a consequence of a relational stance entailed in notions of objectivity, a hidden concomitant of logocentrism - has not recurred. A case which evokes the revised epistemology and cognitive-affectiverelational stance of the author is presented. The possibility of an intuitive psychotherapy and its coherence with ecological thought and the tenets of postmodernism and narrative therapy are explored. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

In this thesis, I discuss how the undergraduate computer scientist is trained, and how they learn what I am calling computational intuition. Computational intuition describes the methodology in which computer scientists approach their problems and solve them through the use of computers. Computational intuition is a series of skills and a way of thinking or approaching problems that students learn throughout their education. The main way that computational intuition is taught to students is through the experience they gain as they work on homework and classwork problems. To develop computational intuition, students learn explicit knowledge and techniques as well as knowledge that is tacit and harder to teach within the lectures of a classroom environment. Computational intuition includes concepts that professors and students discuss which include “computer science intuition,” “computational thinking,” general problem solving skills or heuristics, and trained judgement. This way of learning is often social, and I draw on the pedagogy of cognitive apprenticeship to understand the interactions between the professors, tutors, and other students help learners gain an understanding of the “computer science intuition.” It is this method of thinking that computer scientists at the Claremont Colleges have stated as being one of the most essential items that should be taught and gained throughout their education and signals a wider understanding of computer science as a field.

Thesis (MA (VA))--Stellenbosch University, 2012 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis investigates a variety of different texts I find interesting, and reveals how these texts provide insight into my artistic practise. This thesis investigates what the combination of a collection of texts that interest me can reveal about my concerns and artistic practice. Most of the primary research takes the form of utilising seemingly randomly selected texts, although the selection process is far from arbitrary. The motivation for the initial selection of the specific texts derives from one common source: my personal and artistic interest. These texts all interest me in very specific ways. This implies that there must be something that they all have in common. The central factor that brought these texts together is my own preoccupations. The themes that arise from the comparison and juxtaposition of these texts will thus be themes of my own creation. If these themes are generated by me, then they will inevitably be self-reflexive and reveal as much about me as about their own subject matter. Because my personal interest is the driving factor behind the research process, the thesis takes the shape of an individuated response to the specific texts, and as such the results are unexpected and dynamic. The nature of the research is closely related to that of my practical work. This is why I use my artistic practice as a central vehicle to bring all the threads and ideas together in the second half of the thesis. The themes that arise from the writing process, when viewed in conjunction with my artistic practice, not only place this practice within a theoretical context, but also clarify (for myself as much as for viewers) Ferdinand Kidd. Introverted Explorations. Stellenbosch University. 2011 many obscurities. In the end this process helps me to better understand and answer the question that has been with me since I started making art: When I can do anything, why do I do what I do? / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek die kombinasie van 'n versameling tekste wat my interesseer. Die fokus is op wat hierdie versameling tekste oor my eie spesifieke belangstellings en kunspraktyke uitwys. Alhoewel die grootste gedeelte van die aanvanklike navorsing blyk na 'n onwillekeurige seleksie van tekste, is hierdie seleksie-proses geensins arbitrêr nie. Die oorspronklike seleksie van tekste vir die tesis het een aspek in gemeen: my belangstelling. Die tekste is vir my op 'n sekere en spesieke manier interessant. Hieruit volg die afleiding dat die tekste 'n kenmerk in gemeen het en as die sentrale faktor wat hierdie tekste byeengebring het, myself is, is die temas wat ontwikkel uit die vergelyking en jukstaponering van die tekste dus temas wat ek geskep het. As ek dus die temas geskep het, is dit noodwendig self-reflektiewe temas wat net soveel oor myself as hul eie onderwerpe onthul. Aangesien my eie belangstelling die dryfveer agter die navorsingsproses is, is die tesis in wese 'n geïndividualiseerde respons op spesifieke tekste met die gevolg dat die resultate onverwags en dinamies is. Hierdie aard van die navorsing stem ooreen met die aard van my praktiese werk. Gevolglik gebruik ek my eie kunspraktyk as 'n sentrale tema om die verskeidenheid idees en gedagtes byeen te bring in die tweede helfte van die tesis. Met behulp van die temas wat uit die navorsing- en skryfproses ontstaan en dan binne verband met my eie kreatiewe praktyk geplaas word, word my kreatiewe praktyk binne 'n teoretiese konteks geplaas, en terselfdetyd word obskure konsepte sinvol toegelig. Uiteindelik bewerkstellig hierdie proses 'n antwoord en beter begrip vir die vraag wat sedert die aanvang van my kunspraktyk ontstaan het: Wanneer ek enigiets kan doen, hoekom doen ek wat ek doen?

Si le rapport entre Derrida et Bergson n’a pas fait l’objet de nombreuses études, les commentaires existants témoignent à peu près tous d’une vision commune : entre les deux philosophes, les divergences peuvent être atténuées, voire dissoutes, par la considération de convergences plus fondamentales. Les pages qui suivent seront l’occasion pour nous de faire contrepoids à cette vulgate interprétative. Sans nier l’existence de points de contact entre Derrida et Bergson, nous voudrions en effet montrer qu’un important désaccord subsiste entre eux au sujet de la possibilité de l’intuition. Alors que Derrida met en cause les doctrines intuitionnistes, Bergson érige l’intuition en méthode philosophique. Le présent mémoire prendra pour fil conducteur les motifs de cette discorde. Réduit à sa plus simple expression, l’objectif que nous y poursuivrons sera de montrer que les pensées bergsonienne et derridienne, lorsque mises en dialogue, révèlent un désaccord partiel qui permet de réfléchir de façon féconde sur la possibilité de l’intuition. Pour être plus exact, nous caresserons ici une triple ambition : i/ cerner étroitement l’objet du litige entre Derrida et Bergson, trop peu souligné par les commentateurs, et dont nous montrons qu’il s’articule à une entente partielle ; ii/ tirer au clair les diverses raisons qui amènent l’un à s’en prendre à l’intuition, l’autre à embrasser la méthode intuitive ; iii/ établir que certains arguments de Bergson, bien qu’ils connaissent un regain d’intérêt depuis quelques années, paraissent lacunaires lorsqu’on les confronte à différentes objections. / Although studies of the relation between Derrida and Bergson are few and far between, they nearly all share a common vision: that of attenuating – or even altogether eliminating – the divisions between the two philosophers’ thought, by considering their more fundamental convergences. The following pages will allow us to counterbalance this common interpretation. Without denying the points that Derrida and Bergson do have in common, we will show an important divergence in opinion between the two on the idea that intuition is possible and founded. While Derrida lays doubt on intuitionist doctrine, Bergson establishes intuition as a philosophical method. This thesis examines the motives behind this divergence. Put simply, a comparison of Derridian and Bergsonian thought reveals a partial disagreement that enables fruitful reflection about whether or not intuition is possible. More precisely, we pursue three objectives here: i/ to clearly identify the scope of the disagreement between Derrida and Bergson, often overlooked by previous commentaries, showing that it includes a partial agreement; ii/ to clarify the diverse reasons leading Derrida to deny the very existence of intuition while Bergson embraces intuition as a philosophical method; and iii/ to show that certain Bergsonian arguments, although enjoying a resurge in interest in recent years, appear unable to stand up to several different objections.

In my bachelor’s project I have examined how different starting points can affect the working process and the results, when making picture books or comics. I have made around 15 experiments, in which I chose a starting point and created a story with this starting point as a framework. The starting points were related to the different components one has when making picture books or comics, such as: drawings, aspects of the book object (size, paper, flickering of pages) and relations between text and image. The purpose has been to investigate working methods, to learn more about the medium-specific qualities of the picture book, and to expand my own storytelling. The final result is four books, in which the four different starting points are interconnected in the stories.

Uppsatsen syftar till att studera verksamma HR(Human resources)-praktiker inom rekryteringsområdets uppfattning gentemot användningen av ett anonymiserat första urval i rekryteringsprocessen. För att studera detta formuleras frågeställningar kring hur ett anonymiserat urval uppfattas av dessa praktiker samt vilka negativa och positiva aspekter de kan identifiera med ett sådant arbetssätt. Studien ämnar att undersöka detta via en kvalitativ studie med en induktiv ansats. Datainsamlingen sker via semistrukturerade intervjuer där praktikernas uppfattningar kring ämnet skiljer sig markant. Anonymisering ses som ett gynnsamt verktyg för kandidater där de får en mer rättvis chans att avancera i rekryteringsprocesser på bekostnad av rekryteraren som får en större arbetsbelastning. Studien mynnar ut i att rekryteringsförfarandet präglas av en situationsbetingad paradigm där olika organisationer är i behov av olika åtgärder. Således kan ett anonymiserat urval anses behövligt i organisationer där diskriminering förekommer medan organisationer med redan standardiserade och beprövade processer kan anse det som överflödigt.

”Jag visste alltid saker, strax innan de hände, vilka personer som skulle dyka upp bakom ett hörn, eller vad en person skulle säga. Det var ett sorts vetande som långt ifrån alltid var angenämt eller ens användbart, det bara var där. Men det var egentligen en bieffekt av något annat. Jag levde på en sorts gräns, mellan bråddjup och fast mark, med ena foten i ett fullständigt oförutsägbart dimlandskap där rökridåer endast tillfälligtvis tunnades ut varpå något kunde skönjas, och andra foten i ett byråkratiskt arkivsystem där jag sorterade och sorterade. Jag hade vant mig vid att alltid bara gå rakt fram och rätt in när ett okänt hav öppnade sig framför mig, och att själv öppna alla ingångar i mig. Att alltid pröva skillnaden mellan det som jag trodde att jag ville säga och göra, och det som valde att visa sig starkast, bara jag tittade efter. Det jag ständigt undersökte var mitt eget tänkande, och genom olika former sökte jag få syn på det. Jag var tvungen, för att göra mig verkligare för mig själv, än de andras bild av mig. Allt detta var jag, det var genuint jag. Men livet självt kom emellan med kriser och katastrofer och så stängde jag av mitt genuina jag utan att förstå att denna självbevarelsedrift paradoxalt nog skulle innebära en sorts död. Konsten har alltid varit mitt livs följeslagare, mer sällan som försörjare, istället som en sorts motsvarighet till barndomens osynliga låtsaskamrat bakom barnkammarväggen. Ett väsen som hela tiden försvinner bakom hörnet så man aldrig ser dess ansikte, och man kan aldrig så noga veta om den är snäll eller elak. Men det är något som dröjer i dunklet…som söker mig. Det var bara det att jag slutade lyssna…”

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:33:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Khalil Salem Sugui.pdf: 611234 bytes, checksum: acb33e915ebd130a4a5b247dfae3aafc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-12 / This research investigates the value of tacit knowledge in education, especially as regards the teaching practice of portuguese language. For both elucidates the dimensions of both explicit knowledge as implicit knowledge, which is resize when one takes into account empirical and contextual aspects, whose structure builds new epistemological values, sometimes associated with the experience, sometimes articulated with prior knowledge. Indeed, the relevance of this research is due to the current overvaluation of explicit knowledge, which minimizes the importance of other potential gnosiological, such as intuition, and leads to the idea that many lessons are either totally right or totally wrong, deconstructing the principle of relativity and ponderability inherent epistemological act. It is intended, in this thesis, overcome this dualistic view, valuing, coherently, the tacit dimension of knowledge, as well as all other potential presents in this gnosiological plan. Indeed, in relation specifically to the linguistic study, this study is the assumption that every speaker has tacit knowledge of language and cognitive considers that such acquisitions can be used to advantage in the teaching and learning language process. Through a pedagogical look that enhances the personal aspects, and subsidiary tacit knowledge, we explore the importance of timely insight, intuition and discovery in the construction process of human knowledge, strengthening, thus, an organizational structure and articulated in terms the consolidation of skills and competencies consistent with the needs of today's knowledge society. The thesis draws upon theory in studies of Michael Polanyi, which mostly show the importance of tacit knowledge in human epistemological conformation. Other philosophers of science, such as Aristotle, Plato and Progogine are also used, in order to clarify, a dialogical way, the horizons of human knowledge as well as their internal dynamics and gradations. The research within the linguistic study bolsters on studies and concepts developed by Kleiman, Bechara, Chomsky and Van Dijk, seeking, according to these surveys, the values of key scoring tacit knowledge in the construction of linguistic knowledge / Esta pesquisa investiga o valor do conhecimento tácito no ensino, sobretudo no que se refere à prática docente de língua portuguesa. Para tanto, elucida as dimensões tanto dos saberes explícitos quanto dos saberes implícitos, os quais se redimensionam quando se leva em consideração aspectos empíricos e contextuais, cujas tessituras erigem novos valores epistemológicos, ora associados à vivência, ora articulados aos saberes prévios. Com efeito, a relevância dessa pesquisa deve-se à atual supervalorização do conhecimento explícito, que minimiza a importância de outros potenciais gnosiológicos, como a intuição, e conduz à ideia de que numerosas ilações são ou totalmente certas ou totalmente erradas, descaracterizando, desse modo, o princípio de relativização e ponderabilidade inerente ao ato epistemológico. Pretende-se, nessa tese, superar tal visão dualística, valorizando, de maneira coerente, a dimensão tácita do conhecimento, bem como todos os demais potenciais gnosiológicos aliançados a esse plano. Deveras, no que tange especificamente ao estudo linguístico, este estudo parte da suposição de que todo falante detém conhecimentos tácitos da língua e considera que tais aquisições cognitivas podem ser utilizadas com vantagem no processo de ensino e aprendizagem de língua. Mediante um olhar pedagógico que valorize os aspectos pessoais, tácitos e subsidiários do conhecimento, explora-se pontualmente a importância da percepção, da intuição e da descoberta no processo de construção do conhecimento humano, fortalecendo, dessa forma, uma estrutura orgânica e articulada no tocante à consolidação de habilidades e competências coerentes com as necessidades da atual sociedade do conhecimento. A tese respalda-se teoricamente nos estudos de Michael Polanyi, os quais majoritariamente evidenciam a importância do conhecimento tácito na conformação epistemológica humana. Outros filósofos da ciência, como Aristóteles, Platão e Progogine são também utilizados, objetivando clarificar, de modo dialógico, os horizontes do conhecimento, bem como suas gradações e dinâmicas internas. A pesquisa, no âmbito do estudo linguístico, ampara-se nos estudos e conceitos desenvolvidos por Kleiman, Bechara, Chomsky e Van Dijk, procurando, à luz dos princípios investigados em tais pesquisas, pontuar os valores do conhecimento tácito fundamentais na construção do conhecimento linguístico

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T18:32:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana_Paula_Guimaraes.pdf: 610701 bytes, checksum: 212e83ccef9c9d6481a86a299b6a331a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-09-27 / This study is aimed at assessing the use of either reason or intuition as mental frameworks on the strategic decision process, considering the degree of perceived uncertainty on the business environment. It is based on field research data collection, transverse regarding time span and oriented to correlation relationships between variables. The survey was conducted in a sample of 201 professionals working in organizations located at the city of S??o Paulo, Brazil and performing jobs in which strategic decisions are taken. Questionnaires included respondents demographic data, their perceptions about environmental business uncertainty, the existence of stress related to strategic decision taking as well as their personal style of decision making. Results confirmed different degrees of perceived uncertainty on the business environment and revealed six different styles of decision-making and positive associations between: (1) demographic variables such as age, time of professional experience and hierarchical level of the job with the decision-making style adopted; (2) the stress sensation with the perception of uncertainty of State and of Response and (3) the stress sensation with the study operational hypothesis called adjustment (fit). This research fosters the understanding of how the perceived environmental uncertainty affects the strategic decision-making process and helps to identify possible stress sources for the strategic decision maker. It also confirms the role played by age and professional experience in adopting more flexible patterns in decision making such as intuition and reaffirms the point of view of authors who consider stereotyped the statement that: women is the naturally intuitive gender. Finally, it points out as future research the need to explore new ways that can provide a better fit between individual profiles and the degree of environmental uncertainty on the business environment faced by organizations. / O presente estudo avalia a utiliza????o da raz??o e da intui????o no processo decis??rio em estrat??gia, dada certa percep????o de incerteza no ambiente de neg??cios. Baseia-se em uma pesquisa descritiva, com dados prim??rios, de rela????o temporal transversal e delineamento correlacional. O m??todo utilizado foi o de survey , atrav??s da constru????o de dois instrumentos de pesquisa in??ditos, em uma amostra de 201 participantes, composta de profissionais que pertencem a n??veis hier??rquicos que tomam decis??es estrat??gicas nas organiza????es e cujas empresas em que trabalham possuem sede ou escrit??rios na cidade de S??o Paulo, Brasil. Os question??rios foram preparados para coletar dados demogr??ficos do respondente, sua percep????o de incerteza no ambiente de neg??cios, a presen??a de sensa????o de estresse ao tomar decis??es estrat??gicas e seu estilo de tomada de decis??o. Os resultados possibilitam identificar diferentes tipos de percep????o de incerteza, seis estilos decis??rios diferentes, al??m de associa????es entre: (1) vari??veis demogr??ficas tais como idade, tempo de experi??ncia profissional e n??vel hier??rquico com o estilo decis??rio adotado; (2) a sensa????o de estresse com a percep????o de incerteza de Estado e de Resposta e (3) a sensa????o de estresse com a hip??tese de trabalho denominada ajustamento. A elabora????o desta pesquisa contribui para a melhor compreens??o da influ??ncia da percep????o de incerteza quanto ao ambiente de neg??cios, no processo decis??rio em estrat??gia, e para detectar poss??veis fontes de estresse para os tomadores de decis??o. Tamb??m confirma a import??ncia da idade e da experi??ncia profissional na ado????o do estilo intuitivo e reafirma a posi????o de autores que consideram ser uma vis??o estereotipada a afirma????o que: o sexo feminino ?? naturalmente intuitivo. Em continuidade a esta linha de pesquisa, trabalhos futuros poder??o possibilitar novos passos na busca da efic??cia organizacional atrav??s da melhor adequa????o do perfil dos profissionais ao n??vel de incerteza no ambiente de neg??cios vivenciado pelas organiza????es.