Min essé är samling av undersökningar, funderingar och teorier om bildning, kunskap, utbildning och lärarrollen i rådande utbildningssystemet. Mina förhoppningar är att essén belyser lärarens yrkesroll i en ny ljus. Jag använder mig av vetenskap och egna exempel som skall spegla av det forsknings området kring utbildningssystem, vad är kunskap och bildning genom ett vetenskapligt arbete, litteratur och praxis i försöket att synliggöra ett lärarens kunnande... Essén är också undersökning om dem viktiga delar av en lärares och skolledningens kunnande i att undervisningen håller sig i livet; att föra samtal och kommunicera, ibland förhandla och att debattera i förhållandet till utbildningssystem.

he business climate is undergoing a transformation and managers are faced with several challenges, notthe least of which is related to pricing strategy. With an increased transparency in the market as well as anincreased competitive pressure, and with more sophisticated and well-informed consumers, retailbusinesses find it hard to navigate the pricing jungle. At the same time, the conventional wisdom in thefield of pricing and the theoretical models on the topic, originate from a time long before thedigitalization. Old models are not a problem in itself, but when there are new forces in the pricingecosystem, driven by technological advancement, an assessment of the incumbent models is in the bestinterest of both businesses and academia. The reason for this is that, the use of old models that rely oninaccurate assumptions may impact businesses’ prioritizing of resources or their overall business strategy.In addition, researchers might be distracted and the research field disrupted. Thus, the purpose of thisstudy is to discuss whether or not there are additional dimensions in pricing strategy that are not coveredby the incumbent pricing models. Here, dimensions refer to the key components of businesses’ strategicdecision making in regards to pricing.This thesis examines pricing models in today’s business context in order to answer the research question:“Are there additional dimensions of the empirical reality of pricing strategy that are not covered by theincumbent pricing models?” The research question has been studied qualitatively through a literaturereview, a pilot study and twelve case studies, where the pilot study had the purpose of exploring thedepth, whereas the multiple case studies focused on the breadth, of pricing strategies. The case studiescover businesses in different retail industries and of different sizes, namely the industries of Clothing &Accessories, Daily Goods, Furniture and Toys & Tools, and of the following sizes: micro, small, mediumand large. The empirical data has mainly been gathered by conducting interviews with production, salesand management personnel at the case businesses. The data has been structured, reduced and analysedwith the help of a framework of analysis that has been developed throughout the pilot study.The results of this study lean on previous research and a main divider in pricing strategies has beenidentified as businesses use either a data-driven or an intuition-driven approach in their strategic workwith pricing. As such, it is proposed that the division of pricing strategies need to be acknowledged, sincethe separate methodological approaches may lead to different results, while implying different costs,resources and required knowledge. Furthermore, the division may form a basis for competitive advantage,be extended to other areas of strategic management and become clearer, since the adoption of technologyand its impact will increase in the future. As a result, in the future of pricing, they key is going to be toaccount for both the strategic perspectives and the methodological approaches in the strategic decisionmaking process of pricing.

Problem solving at the crossroads between chemistry and mathematics presents significant challenges for students at all levels of education. This licentiate thesis aims to enhance our understanding of such problem solving, with a focus on how university students approach problems in the context of chemical kinetics. The thesis is based on two papers. The video data analysed in these papers were collected from problem-solving sessions where second-year chemistry students worked in pairs to solve tasks centred around a key concept in chemical kinetics. The first paper aimed to develop a framework suitable for analysing problem solving at the interface of chemistry and mathematics. Deductive and inductive analysis of the collected video data resulted in the extended mathematical modelling cycle (MMC). This empirically derived framework offers a fine-grained picture of the processes and resources at play during problem solving in chemical kinetics, suggesting that students: (1) engage in a range of (sub)processes beyond those typically outlined in the classical MMC; and (2) employ extra-mathematical resources (EMRs) in all stages of the MMC. The EMRs can be divided into chemical and other resources. While chemical resources are essential in translating chemical information into mathematical relationships, they also play a crucial role during mathematical work, offering guidance to the mathematical operations. The purpose of the second paper was to further characterise the nature and roles of other resources. Findings suggest that other resources can be divided into: implicit models of results, explicit examples from experience, and superficial procedural resources. Analysing their roles in problem solving revealed that implicit models primarily influence students’ ideas of where they are going, while explicit examples and superficial procedural resources provide a basis of strategies for how to get there.

Объектом исследования явились прогностические способности студентов. Предметом исследования стали психологические особенности прогностической прогностической компетентности (антиципационной состоятельности) и интуиции у студентов с разным уровнем самотрансценденции и экзистенциальной исполненности (как операциональной составляющей самотрансценденции). Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (72 источника) и приложения, включающего в себя бланки применявшихся методик. Объем магистерской диссертации 89 страниц, на которых размещены 4 рисунка и 6 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются основная и дополнительные гипотезы, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, а также этапы проведения исследования, научная новизна, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы. Первая глава включает в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по теме феномена самотрансценденции. Представлены разделы, посвященные исследованию структурных составляющих самотрансценденции и их взаимосвязей студентов. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: опроснику «Шкала экзистенции» (А. Лэнгле, К. Орглер) – шкала самотрансценденции; «Тесту экзистенциальных мотиваций» (В. Б. Шумский, Е. М. Уколовa, Е. Н. Осин, Я. Д. Лупандина) – шкала экзистенциальной исполненности; тесту антиципационной состоятельности (прогностической компетентности) (В. Д. Менделевич); опроснику интуитивного стиля С. Эпстайна (адаптация Т. В. Корниловой, С. А. Корнилова). Также в главе представлен сравнительный и корреляционный анализ результатов исследования. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики. / The object matter of the study are prognostic abilities of students. The subject of the study are the psychological characteristics of predictive competence (anticipatory consistency) and intuition among students with different levels of self-transcendence and existential fulfillment (as an operational component of self-transcendence). The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of literature (111 sources) and an appendix, which includes the forms of the applied methodologies. The volume of the master's thesis is 121 pages, on which are placed 12 figures and 7 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the development of the problem, sets the goal and objectives of the study, defines the object and subject of the study, formulates the main and additional hypotheses, indicates the methods and empirical base, as well as the stages of the study, scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance of the work. The first chapter includes a review of foreign and domestic literature on the topic of the phenomenon of self-transcendence. Sections devoted to the study of the structural components of self-transcendence and their interrelations of students are presented. The conclusions on the first chapter are the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It presents a description of the organization and methods of the study and the results obtained by all the methods used: the questionnaire "Scale of Existence" (A. Lenglet, K. Orgler) - the scale of self-transcendence; "Test of existential motivations" (V. B. Shumsky, E. M. Ukolova, E. N. Osin, Y. D. Lupandina) - the scale of existential fulfillment; test of anticipatory consistency (prognostic competence) (V. D. Mendelevich); S. Epstein's intuitive style questionnaire (adapted by T. V. Kornilova, S. A. Kornilov). The chapter also presents a comparative and correlation analysis of the results of the study. The conclusion of the second chapter include the main findings of the empirical study. In conclusion, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses put forward, are summarized, the practical significance of the study is substantiated, and possible prospects for further development of this issue are described.

Cet ouvrage est consacré au kantisme non orthodoxe de Friedrich-Albert Lange (1828-1875) et Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) développé dans la seconde moitié du XIXe qui propose une révision psychophysique de l’épistémologie kantienne. On affirme que ce procédé n’aboutit pas à une réduction psychologique de la connaissance qui aurait pour conséquence d’éliminer une objectivité judicative (contrairement à ce que prétendent plusieurs commentateurs) ; en revanche, ce procédé apporte des modifications significatives aux conditions de possibilité nécessaires et universelles de l’expérience qui légitiment chez Kant une objectivité judicative. On démontre que l’épistémologie développée par ces deux auteurs peut être qualifiée de « naturalisme méthodologique » et partage avec l’épistémologie naturalisée développée au XXe siècle par Willard von Orman Quine (1908-2000) une série de stratégies argumentaires analogues qui expliquent essentiellement « how evidence relates to theory, and in what ways one's theory of nature transcends any available evidence. » (Quine, 1969, 83) Ainsi afin de soutenir qu’il existe une telle épistémologie naturalisée au XIXe siècle, on divise l’ouvrage en trois parties. La première section (chapitres premier et deuxième) introduit le concept de « naturalisme épistémologique » et étudie ses conséquences doctrinales et conceptuelles. La seconde section (chapitres troisième, quatrième et cinquième) argumente que l’inscription de l’épistémologie kantienne dans un cadre conceptuel naturalisé n’implique pas l’élimination d’une réflexion de second ordre sur les raisons qui légitiment une objectivité judicative au profit d’une simple étude des causes psychophysiques de la perception et des jugements qui s’y rapporte. La troisième section (chapitres sixième et septième) est consacrée à la question de l’objectivité des jugements logico-mathématiques et plus particulièrement à leur signification intuitive dans le cadre de l’expérience psychophysique. À partir de ces trois sections, on prétend pouvoir démontrer que l’épistémologie naturalisée de Helmholtz, Lange et Quine mobilise des stratégies argumentaires structurellement analogues malgré des contextes historiques et conceptuels radicalement différents. On retrouve à la fin de chaque section des remarques conclusives comparatives qui mettent en valeur (autant que faire se peut) ces stratégies argumentaires analogues utilisées au XIXe et au XXe siècle.

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En réadaptation en déficience physique, les intervenantes psychosociales utilisent plusieurs types de savoirs, mais la relation entre ceux-ci est peu étudiée. Ce projet regarde quelle place ces intervenantes accordent à différents types de savoirs dans leurs pratiques. Nous distinguons savoirs théoriques, produits scientifiquement, savoirs pratiques, produits par l’action et l’expérience, et savoirs existentiels, englobant croyances et valeurs. Les données recueillies qualitativement par huit entrevues semi-dirigées auprès d’intervenantes psychosociales en réadaptation ont été codifiées et analysées horizontalement et verticalement. Ceci démontre que tous les savoirs ont une place dans l’intervention et qu’ils devraient être égaux et complémentaires. Ils remplissent des fonctions influençant divers aspects de l’intervention ou s’adressant à différents acteurs, à différents moments de l’intervention. Ce projet a permis de construire des savoirs pratiques et des savoirs théoriques qui ont des retombées sur la pratique et la recherche, mais laissent plusieurs points en suspens à reprendre ultérieurement. / Social workers practicing in the physical rehabilitation field work with different types of knowledge, but only a few studies looked into the relationship between them. The present research project aims at understanding the place these social workers allow different types of knowledge in their practice. We distinguish theoretical knowledge, produced scientifically, practice knowledge, built from action and experience, and existential knowledge, like beliefs and values. The information collected qualitatively from eight semi-directed interviews with these social workers was codified and analyzed horizontally and vertically. This demonstrates that all types of knowledge have a place in practice and are equal and complementary. They fulfill different functions either addressed to specific actors, and moments in intervention, or to many of them at once. This project produced both practical and theoretical knowledge that have an impact on practice and research, but that leave some unresolved questions to get back to in the future.

A travers les faits et manifestations considérés comme irrationnels par l’entendement scientiste et positiviste, on décèle du point de vue de la philosophie de l’esprit, une rationalité poétique qui est à l’œuvre dans tout esprit humain. Ce super- rationalisme qui intègre en même temps le sensible et le rationnel obéit à une logique du symbolisme qu’on retrouve dans l’Ontologie africaine. L’africanisme ontologique induit une philosophie de l’invisible où la connaissance intuitive libère l’esprit du dogmatisme rationaliste. Il permet d’appréhender l’Être dans sa totalité en examinant la question du rapport à soi, et du rapport à l’autre à travers la figure du sage africain.Aujourd’hui, la rencontre des cultures et des civilisations permet un croisement des rationalités et une pluralité de valeurs qui sont le fondement du nouvel humanisme dont nous nous réclamons. Un humanisme spirituel basé sur le respect et la compréhension de l’autre par la différence de sa pensée et de ses attributs socio-psychologiques. / In facts and manifestations watched as irrationals by the scientist and positivist understanding, one can detect from the point of view of the philosophy of Being, a poetic rationality which is at work in every human spirit. This “super-rationalism” able to integrate at the same time both the perceptible and the rational obeys a logic of symbolism we find in the African Ontology.The ontological Africanism leads into a philosophy of the finiteness where the intuitive knowledge frees the spirit from the rationalist dogmatism. It enables a comprehension of the Being as a whole looking at the question of the relationship to the self, and the relationship to the other through the figure of the African sage.Today, the encounter of cultures and civilizations allows a crossing of rationalities and a plurality of values that are the foundation of the new humanism we claim as ours. An humanism based on the respect and the understanding of the other by accepting the difference of his own thought as well as his socio-psychological attributes.

This essay aims to explore the philosophical meaning of the expression ”present and real” in Clara – or, On Nature’s Connection to the Spirit World by F. W. J. Schelling. Clara is unique among the works of Schelling since it is written as a discussion embedded in a symbolic and fictional context. One of the reasons for this is its aim to ground all scientific knowledge in that which is “present and real”. After having presented an overview of the life and philosophy of Schelling, as well as his relevance in contemporary philosophy, this essay is constituted by a thorough textual analysis of Clara. The analysis reveals how the text through descriptions of emotions, environments and a symbolic story highlights a certain “qualitative aspect” of the present and real.  As what is simultaneously ”the ideal in the real” and “the real in the ideal” this aspect escapes rational quantifying reason, revealing a foundational indivisible unity of life. An awareness of this intuitively known aspect of life can give rise to an immediate knowing, and felt as inspiration it can trigger the mind into the process of making what is immediately known into scientific “realized” knowledge. This way, an awareness of the pre-rational can lead to a permanent clairvoyance – a cognition in which that, which initially appears as irrational, can be made comprehensible. Interestingly, “the ideal in the real” coincides with the concept of “qualia”, the potential existence of which is lively debated within the field of consciousness studies today. Not much has been written about Clara so far, possibly partly because it concerns “the Spirit World” in its substantial sense. However, this essay hopes to show that Clara is phenomenologically, ontologically and epistemologically relevant and that it has a philosophical value of its own. / Denna uppsats syftar till att analysera den filosofiska innebörden av uttrycket ”närvarande och verkligt” i F. W. J Schellings verk Clara – or, On Nature’s Connection to the Spirit World. Detta verk är unikt bland Schellings övriga verk då det är utformat som en diskussion satt i en symbolisk och fiktiv kontext, bland annat i syfte att förankra all vetenskaplig kunskap i det närvarande och verkliga. Efter en presentation av Schellings liv, filosofi och dagsaktualitet utgörs uppsatsen av en ingående textanalys som visar hur Schelling med hjälp av känslo- miljö- och händelseskildringar i Clara framhäver en särskild ”kvalitativ aspekt” av det närvarande och verkliga. Denna undflyr det rationella kvantifierande förnuftet och uppenbarar livets grundläggande odelbara enhet. Såsom det ideala i det reala sammanfaller denna aspekt med begreppet ”kvalia” vars existens livligt debatteras inom medvetandefilosofin idag. Clara visar dock att det ideala i det reala även är detsamma som det reala i det ideala och att en medvetandegörning om denna kvalitativt, omedelbart och intuitivt kända aspekt av livet kan ge upphov till ett omedelbart vetande och inspiration som kan realiseras vetenskapligt. I samverkan med förnuftet kan denna förrationella medvetenhet leda till en beständig klarsynthet inom vilket allt, även det som först förefaller irrationellt, kan göras begripligt.  Inte mycket har tidigare skrivits om Clara, möjligen delvis beroende på att den berör andevärlden i konkret bemärkelse, vilket kan verka vetenskapligt avskräckande. Denna uppsats hoppas dock visa på verkets fenomenologiska relevans och dess filosofiska egenvärde. [1]För mer info om kvaliadebatten se exempelvis: Edmond Wright (editor). The case for qualia. (Cambridge: MIT press, 2008)