This master thesis is a case study, in the experience industry, of prototypes in the early stage of the innovation process – the front end of innovation. The innovation is augmented reality (AR) that adds digital made graphics or information in the user's environment. To answer the research questions and to fulfill the purpose of this thesis, which is to gain an understanding of the role of a prototype in an innovation process, a prototype was created. The designing tools used for developing the prototype were brainstorming and storyboarding. The prototype presents a concept of using AR-glasses at an ice hockey venue. A workshop was carried out for evaluating the finished prototype, using the "thinking hats"-method. The conclusion of this study is that a prototype can be used as a starting point for further creativity by creating a common perspective of a technology at the front end of innovation. Further on, it was discovered that a prototype can be good to use earlier in their innovation process, to accelerate the process. In the process of designing the prototype, it was shown that the creation is iterative, rather than linear.

Abstract The rapid development of digital technology and software in recent years has created great variety of totally new business opportunities. Software startups are commonly considered to be the fastest in exploiting the new opportunities and the most innovative in creating new products and services. At the same time, software startups are often small, immature enterprises with limited resources and inexperienced teams. The initial team plays a key role in the early stages of a software startup. This research focuses on the initial team from the perspective of human capital – the knowledge, experiences, skills, and other cognitive abilities. It studies the initial team empirically, utilizing the multi-case study and triangulation methods applying the human capital, resource-based view, capability, and the opportunity discovery and creation theories. The empirical data were gathered from thirteen software startups in Italy, Norway and Finland, and from a student experiment. From the analysis of this data, a generic structure of a software startup’s initial team was identified, consisting of three different roles, with each having a specific human capital profile. This team structure sought a balance between the team’s human capital and problems and challenges to be solved. The level of the initial human capital of the team and the means to strengthen it varied, and affected the progress of the work in the studied startups. Though the components of the team’s human capital were not rare and inimitable in terms of the resource-based view, building a balanced startup team created a unique and task-specific setup, which is a key capability of a software startup. The balanced startup team structure is proposed to be the generic human capital model of a software startup’s initial team. / Tiivistelmä Digitaalitekniikan ja ohjelmistojen nopea kehitys viime vuosina on synnyttänyt suuren joukon kokonaan uusia liiketoimintamahdollisuuksia. Ohjelmistostartup-yrityksiä pidetään yleisesti nopeimpina hyödyntämään uusia mahdollisuuksia ja erityisen innovatiivisina luomaan uusia tuotteita ja palveluita. Kuitenkin samalla, ohjelmistostartup-yritykset ovat usein pieniä, kehityksensä alussa olevia yrityksiä, joilla on pienet resurssit ja kokematon henkilökunta. Varhaisen vaiheen ohjelmistostartup-yrityksissä alkutiimin merkitys on keskeinen. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan alkutiimiä inhimillisen pääoman, osaamisen, kokemuksen ja taitojen, näkökulmasta. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan alkutiimiä kokeellisesti, käyttäen monitapaustutkimuksen ja triangulaation menetelmiä ja soveltaen inhimillisen pääoman, resurssipohjaisen näkemyksen, kyvykkyyden ja liiketoimintamahdollisuuksien hyödyntämisen teorioita. Kokeellinen tutkimusaineisto on kerätty kolmestatoista yrityksestä Italiasta, Norjasta ja Suomesta ja yhdestä opiskelijoilla tehdystä kokeellisesta tutkimuksesta. Tutkimuksessa löydettiin alkutiimin yleinen malli. Mallissa on kolme roolia, kullakin oma inhimillisen pääoman profiili. Mallissa on tiimin inhimillisen pääoman ja ratkaistavien ongelmien tasapaino. Tiimien inhimillisen pääoman määrä ja sen kehitystavat vaihtelivat, ja vaikuttivat tutkittavien yritysten edistymiseen. Vaikka alkutiimien inhimillisen pääoman komponentit eivät olleet ainutkertaisia resurssipohjaisen näkemyksen kannalta, tasapainossa olevan alkutiimin rakentaminen synnytti ainutkertaisen, tehtävänmukaisen tiimirakenteen, jota voidaan pitää yrityksen keskeisenä kyvykkyytenä. Havaittu tiimirakenne esitetään yrityksen alkutiimin inhimillisen pääoman yleiseksi malliksi.

The times coming with the End of the Cold War were very turbulent. Politicians had to take into the consideration lots of scenarios and the next global trends to make correct decisions. Most of the very numerous visions of the future global order followed more or less the twofold pattern: order or anarchy. "The End of History and the Last Man" and "The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order" written by two prominent American political scientists Francis Fukuyama and Samuel P. Huntington and published at the beginning of the 90s are the most representative works that fit into this pattern. These provocative and controversial theories have been criticized and empirically challenged by many on one side, on the other side it hasn't impeded others to use them as a starting point for their next analyses. This dissertation thesis is a contribution to the debate between the dissenters and the supporters of these theories from a predictive point of view. Through the research theoretical methodology it is argued that the examined theories are still valid even nowadays because their theoretical essence (or hard core in the Lakatosian research program) has not been refuted yet. Nevertheless, the hard core of the theories determines their very specific character which puts forward the importance of the factors labelled in the Lakatosian framework as an external history of a science. These factors organized according to the Mehtas criteria of so called strong idea are, especially in the social sciences, decisive for how a theoretical construct is accepted in a broader non-academic context. It is demonstrated that both theories fulfill all criteria to be very influential in practice, although the idea of clash of civilizations is even more powerful in this respect. The specific features of all theories are illustrated on two case studies: Union of South American Nations and Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Firstly, the selection of these case studies is justified and secondly, the anomalies in terms of the Lakatosian methodology are identified and then explained. There have been found no unexplainable anomalies, which practically confirms the validity of both research programs on one side, on the other side it facilitates a better assessment of the studied theories in a sense of their interpretative scope and possibilities.

Le fait que dès ses années d'exil scandinave, entre 1933 et 1947, le jeune Willy Brandt se lance dans le débat sur l'avenir d'une Europe unifiée et en propose des conditions concrètes de réalisation est encore très largement méconnu. Pourtant, la question de l'Europe jalonne les écrits d'exil du jeune socialiste réfugié en Norvège. Cette thèse de doctorat met en lumière ces primes idées européennes, le « rêve des Etats-Unis d’Europe », que Willy Brandt développe en exil. Elle interroge non seulement le rôle de l’exil scandinave dans l’émergence d’une pensée fédérale européenne chez Brandt, mais également la teneur de son projet et son éventuelle originalité. Cette étude repose sur un corpus de textes écrits de la main de Willy Brandt en Scandinavie entre 1933 et 1947. Dans ses ouvrages consacrés à la politique internationale, dans ses articles rédigés pour la presse ouvrière mais aussi, parfois, dans sa correspondance personnelle, l’objectif est d’identifier, dans une perspective d’analyse du discours, le motif de l’Europe unie et de l’analyser en contexte afin de le comprendre et de discerner ses potentielles évolutions. Cette étude se base sur des sources originales et pour partie non exploitées, ce qui a nécessité un travail conséquent de recherches en archives mais aussi, dans la mesure où Brandt publie à cette époque en norvégien et en suédois, l’apprentissage des langues scandinaves. Cette thèse de doctorat montre que par son influence contextuelle et culturelle, l’exil scandinave a marqué la pensée européenne de Brandt et que son modèle d’Europe sociale et démocratique porte indéniablement l’empreinte du socialisme scandinave. / The fact that during his Scandinavian exile between 1933 and 1947, the young Willy Brandt has been engaged in the debate about the future Europe and even proposed concrete conditions for its realization is still largely unknown. Still, the question of Europe marked out his exile writings and was as such the focus of particular attention from the young socialist refugee in Norway as early as 1939. This doctoral thesis aims to highlight these early European ideas, the “dream of the United States of Europe”, that Willy Brandt developed during his exile. It shall question not only the role of his Scandinavian exile on the emergence of a European federal thought in Brandt’s exile writings, but also the content of his project, its particularities and furthermore its possible originality. At a time when resistance groups were massively discussing the idea of the European unification, what may characterize Brandt's proposal for Europe? And how did these first European ideas evolve during the Second World War as the contexts of conception and communication also changed. To answer these questions, this PhD thesis is based on the analysis of texts written by Willy Brandt in Scandinavia between 1933 and 1947. The corpus consists of three types of documents: books or monographs about the war and the global international context, journalistic writings (newspaper articles, brochures, pamphlets, conference manuscripts all signed by Brandt between 1933 and 1947) and personal correspondence. The objective has been to identify in all these exile writings the motive of Europe as well as any other element relating to the theme of a united Europe or likely to be part of a more general reflection on international politics and the new post-war European order. This thesis has the particularity of being based essentially on original documents and hitherto largely unexploited sources, which has required a considerable amount of archival research. Moreover, since the sources used in this PhD thesis were written in Norwegian, Swedish and German, learning two Scandinavian languages, namely Norwegian and Swedish, was necessary. This study shows that through its contextual and cultural influence, the Scandinavian exile marked the emergence and evolution of Brandt’s European ideas between 1933 and 1947. The model of a social and democratic Europe the young Brandt dreamed of and developed during the Second World War undeniably bears the imprint of Scandinavia, and in particular Scandinavian socialism. By doing so, the thesis sheds new light on Willy Brandt’s political foothold and shows the importance of his exile years in the formation of a statesman and his foreign and European policy. / Die Tatsache, dass Willy Brandt während seines Exils in Skandinavien zurinternationalen Diskussion über die Zukunft eines vereinten Europas beigetragen, und sogarkonkrete Bedingungen für eine künftige Einigung des Kontinents vorgeschlagen hat, ist nochkaum beachtet worden. In seinen Exilschriften tauchte das Thema „Europa“ allerdings immerwieder auf. Vor allem ab 1939 schenkte der junge Flüchtling dem Projekt einer künftigeneuropäischen Einigung besondere Aufmerksamkeit. Zum ersten Mal wird in der vorliegendenForschungsarbeit ein eingehender Überblick über Willy Brandts Europavorstellungen im Exil,deren Ursprung und deren Entwicklung, angeboten, und zwar im Rückgriff auf ursprüngliche,zum Teil bisher unbenutzte Quellen aus deutschem und skandinavischem Archivmaterial.Die Dissertation setzt sich zum Ziel, die Entstehung und die Entwicklung von WillyBrandts frühen Europavorstellungen im besonderen Kontext des skandinavischen Exilszwischen 1933 und 1947 zu analysieren, und fragt folgendes: Inwiefern hat das Exil inSkandinavien die Entstehung und die Ausformung von Brandts außenpolitischenKonzeptionen dauerhaft geprägt? Willy Brandts journalistische und literarische Schriften aus der Exilzeit zwischen 1933und 1947, die ein umfangsreiches Archiv aus Zeitungs-, bzw. Zeitschriftenartikeln, Büchern,Broschüren und gemeinsamen Veröffentlichungen bilden, liegen der vorliegendenForschungsarbeit zugrunde. Ziel ist es gewesen, in diesen Exilschriften das Motiv „Europa“sowie jedes andere Element zu identifizieren und zu erörtern, das sich auf das Thema einesvereinten Europas beziehen oder Teil einer allgemeineren Reflexion über die internationalePolitik und die neue europäische Nachkriegsordnung sein dürfte.Die Besonderheit dieses Forschungskorpus besteht in seiner Mehrsprachigkeit. Die imRahmen des vorliegenden Forschungsprojekts benutzten Texte und Manuskripte wurdennämlich auf Deutsch aber auch auf Norwegisch und auf Schwedisch verfasst. Wichtig war esin dieser Hinsicht, die Originalfassungen heranzuziehen, und damit der gesamtenForschungsarbeit nicht nur Authentizität sondern auch Originalität zu verleihen. In diesemZusammenhang gehörte das Erlernen von zwei skandinavischen Sprachen, nämlichNorwegisch und Schwedisch, natürlich auch zu den Grundlagen des Projekts.Diese Studie hat gezeigt, dass das skandinavische Exil die Entstehung und dieAusformung von Brandts frühen Europavorstellungen zwischen 1933 und 1947 kontextuellund inhaltlich geprägt hat. Im Modell des sozialistischen und demokratischen Europa, wovoner im Exil träumte und das er im Laufe des Zweiten Weltkrieges weiter entwickelte, lassensich nämlich etliche programmatische, kulturelle und politische Einflüsse der skandinavischen– und insbesondere der norwegischen – Sozialdemokratie erkennen. Dabei hat die vorliegendeDissertation die Bedeutung des skandinavischen Exils für die menschliche und politischeEntwicklung des Willy Brandt sowie für die Entstehung eigener außenpolitischer, ja sogareuropäischer Konzepte beim späteren Staatsmann nachvollziehen können.

In Sweden, there are students who live in small student apartments. These apartments can be called compact living as a student apartment can be as small as 16 square meters. To take advantage of the place that is in small homes, it would be good if larger furniture could be combined into a piece of furniture. On behalf of Husmuttern AB, this work has been aimed at exploring furniture concepts with sleeping and their functions in a compact living environment for students. The issues being examined are: -          What functions are desirable in a multifunctional seating and sleeping furniture for students and people living in compact living environments? -          How can a multifunctional seating and sleeping furniture be designed, that is applied to students living in a compact-living environment? Human Centered Design was used as a method and thus a qualitative data collection was carried out in the form of observations. The respondents were in the primary target group and were observed in their everyday lives in their homes. A focus group was involved in generating ideas and concepts. Functional prototypes were built, and 3D models were created in SolidWorks. Digital testing of the concepts was carried out and the development of the Generation Sofa Bed was realized. There is a discussion about how reliable this study is, when the results became situational. However, the respondents were from a limited audience and had different views on what they wanted from a sofa bed, which provided rewarding information for the development of the furniture. The conclusion is that while the Generation Sofa Bed needs to be further developed through testing and evaluation of storage facilities, it has great potential to become a finished product. / I Sverige bor det studenter i små studentlägenheter. De lägenheterna kan kallas för compact living då en studentlägenhet kan vara så liten som 16 kvadratmeter. För att ta vara på den plats som finns i små hem vore det bra om större möbler kunde kombineras till en möbel. På uppdrag av Husmuttern AB har detta arbete haft som syfte att utforska möbelkoncept med sov- och sittfunktioner i en compact living miljö för studenter. De frågor som undersöks är: 1.      Vilka funktioner är önskvärda i en multifunktionell sitt- och sovmöbel för studenter och personer som bor i compact living miljö? 2.      Hur kan en multifunktionell sitt- och sovmöbel konstrueras, som är tillämpad för studenter som bor i compact-living miljö?  Human Centered Design användes som metod och därmed genomfördes en kvalitativ datainsamling i form av observationer. Respondenterna var med i den primära målgruppen och observerades i sin vardag i sina hem. En fokusgrupp var med och genererade idéer och koncept. Funktionsprototyper byggdes och 3D modeller skapades i SolidWorks. Digital testning av koncepten genomfördes och utvecklingen av Bäddsoffan Generations blev förverkligad. Det finns en diskussion om hur pålitlig denna studie är, då resultaten blev situationsbaserade. Dock var respondenterna från en begränsad målgrupp och hade olika syn på vad de ville ha av en bäddsoffa, vilket gav givande information till utvecklingen av möbeln. Slutsatsen är att medan Bäddsoffan Generations behöver vidareutvecklas genom testning och utvärdering om förvaringsmöjligheter, så har den stor potential att bli en färdig produkt.

The subject of this diploma thesis is structural design of a car showroom building in Olomouc. The layout dimensions are 16 x 37 m, the roof is designed as a 5° slope half span roof with cantilever hanging of 6 m. Roof layout dimensions are therefore 22 x 37 m. The object is designed as a two – storey building with two levels of second floor. Maximum height of the structure is about 9,0 m. The design is based on a study of two materiál variants – timber and steel structure. More suitable variant was chosen and following drawings, structural design report and technical report were processed. Main structural system is designed as a one rigid corner column – girder connection, 6 m axis dimensions. Main structural material is a glued laminated timber, completed with coniferous timber and steel elements. The roofing is supported by rafters which are connected to the main roof truss. Bearing element of floors is a Novatop Element structural systém. The spatial rigidity of structure is ensured by steel stiffeners. Structural analysis was carried out by finite element method in software Scia Engineer 21, where the design of the basic elements for ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state was made. Connection design was processed manuály and with software Idea Statica and Hilti Engineering Suite.

The development of the site allows to connect different residential areas by pedestrian and biking routes; to remove the barrier created by the site, which destroys integral space of the town; and to create a communication axis with the hill Barbořina. At present the site is defined as an agricultural area for further development. As it is no longer used on purpose, it can be considered as brownfield. The proposal is to create a park area, which will become a part of the urban fabric, will create space for new activities and will solve communication problems, such as lack of pedestrian and bicycle connection between the town and Barbořina.

No description available.

[EN] THESIS INTRO The aim of this thesis is to offer a new vision of Antonio Gaudi's architectural project for the Sagrada Familia, within the context of the historical dialogue between architecture and liturgy. The thesis considers the sacred vision of the 'church-building' concept, understanding this not as an isolated sanctuary from the outside secular world, but as a place where liturgy is in constant dialogue with the physical and human environment in which the Christian faith is celebrated by the religious community. Gaudí proposes something extremely attractive and revolutionary at both the architectural and liturgical levels, maintaining the coherence between the instruction he had received, his writings (mainly the Reus Manuscript), and the mature expression of his professional experience. The Santa Coloma and Mallorca projects engage directly with his idea of what the Church should be when the construction of Sagrada Familia begins, in times when ecclesiastical architecture was no more substantial than that embodied by the national vows. Gaudi demonstrates how a comprehensive, unified and harmonic approach to the congregational area could give form to the architectural project in its entirety. In answer to the question, 'What should the 'church-building' represent?', the structure, space, and construction elements are ordered and regulated in an imaginative manner, being both modern and concise in line with Gaudi's idea of beauty, linked to the idea of the 'character' of church architecture, it's theological meaning and its functionality in liturgical terms. It is also worth pointing out the physical permeability and artistic dialogue with the urban surroundings. The project is based on solid foundations: The elevation of the Catholic dogma, the search for a stable structural system and wise use of light as a means of architectural definition. As a result, Gaudi achieves a type of architecture, which is both expressionist and living protorationalist, self-generating and in permanently engagement with the demands of the most up to date liturgical praxis at that time: The Liturgical Movement. This movement emerges from the Benedictine abbeys of Central Europe in the early twentieth century, and is officially promoted by Pius X and continues right up to the Second Vatican Council. Gaudi's answer to the 'form versus function' debate is to progressively remove the previous style constraints from the space. His architectonic language overcomes the conditioning factors, and reworks everything with a non-material and purely spiritual vision. The structural geometry based on the interweaving of ruled surfaces into domes and columns, follows a plan which is based on the liturgical ordering of the space. The significance of events and religious elements arises from the act of worship and is explained by the theological liturgy. The space, which has been dematerialised by the use of light and colour, offers itself in service to the transcendental nature of worship, aided by a painstakingly calculated constructive symbolism and liturgical furniture. In this way, the iconographic and acoustic balance pursued is fully efficient in returning the place of Christian worship to its original essence, thereby obtaining a notable liturgical harmony, which is perceived both internally and externally. / [ES] RESUMEN La presente Tesis quiere aportar una visión novedosa del proyecto arquitectónico de Antonio Gaudí para la Sagrada Familia dentro del diálogo histórico entre Arquitectura y Liturgia. Los objetivos que se persiguen están relacionados con la visión sacra del edificio-iglesia, entendiendo este no como espacio aislado de lo profano sino como lugar litúrgico en dialogo con el medio físico y humano donde la comunidad orante celebra la Fe cristiana. Desde la coherencia entre la formación recibida, sus escritos -fundamentalmente el Manuscrito de Reus-, y la madura expresión de la experiencia profesional adquirida, Gaudí realiza un planteamiento sumamente atractivo y revolucionario desde los planos arquitectónico y litúrgico. Los proyectos de Santa Coloma y de Mallorca dialogan interactivamente con su idea de lo que quiere ser una Iglesia en orden a la ejecución de la Sagrada Familia en un tiempo en que la arquitectura eclesiástica no va más allá de lo que significaban los votos nacionales. Gaudí muestra cómo la concepción integral, unitaria y armónica del espacio celebrativo puede configurar completamente el proyecto arquitectónico. Frente a la pregunta ¿qué quiere ser el edificio-iglesia?, la estructura, espacios, y elementos constructivos son ordenados y regulados imaginativamente, de una manera moderna y sintética según su idea de belleza, ligada al concepto de carácter de la arquitectura eclesiástica, a su significación teológica y a su funcionalidad litúrgica. Destaca también la permeabilidad física y dialogo artístico con el hábitat urbano. El proyecto se asienta en sólidos fundamentos: la exaltación del dogma católico, la búsqueda de un sistema estructural estable y sabia utilización de la luz como elemento de definición arquitectónica. El resultado es que Gaudí consigue una arquitectura expresionista y protorracionalista viva, que se autogenera en permanente dialogo con las exigencias de la praxis litúrgica más actual en aquel momento: el Movimiento Litúrgico que emerge desde las abadías benedictinas de Centro Europa en los albores del siglo XX, es promovido oficialmente por Pio X y llega hasta el Concilio Vaticano II. En el debate forma-función Gaudí actúa liberando progresivamente el espacio de condicionamientos estilísticos previos, su lenguaje supera los condicionantes y lo re-elabora en términos de una visión desmaterializada y netamente espiritual. La geometría estructural, entretejida de superficies regladas en bóvedas y columnas, sigue un plan fundamentado en la ordenación litúrgica del espacio. La precedencia de actuaciones y elementos es dada por el culto y explicada por la teología litúrgica. El espacio, desmaterializado por la luz y el color, se pone al servicio de la trascendencia del culto, ayudado por una estudiada y cuidada simbología constructiva y mobiliario litúrgico. De esta manera, el equilibrio iconográfico y acústico buscados se muestran eficaces para el reencuentro del lugar de culto cristiano con su esencia original obteniéndose un confort litúrgico notable, que se percibe externa e internamente. / [CA] RESUM La Tesi vol presentar una visió novedosa del projecte arquitectònic d'Antoni Gaudí per a la Sagrada Familia dins del diáleg históric entre Arquitectura i Liturgia. Els objectius cercats están relacionats amb una concepció sacra de l'edifici-església, entés aquest no com un espai aillat del mon profá sinó com un indret litúrgic que conversa amb el medi físic i humá on cel.lebra la seua Fe la comunitat cristiana. Des de la coherència amb l' educació i formació rebudes, els seus escrits -especialment el Manuscrit de Reus-, i la madura expressió de l'experiencia professional adquirida, Gaudí realitza un plantejament molt atractiu i revolucionari des dels punts de vista arquitectònic i litúrgic. Els projectes de Santa Coloma i de Mallorca es presenten com assaigs dins d'un itinerari que tria dur a terme la seua idea d'el que vol esser una Església. Ambdós son orientats cap a la execució de la Sagrada Familia perque aquest es un projecte molt singular en un temps en que l'arquitectura eclesiástica europea no va més enllá d'el que signifiquen els vots nacionals. Gaudí mostra cóm la concepció integral, unitaria i armónica del espai cel.lebratiu pot configurar completament el projecte arquitectònic. Davant de la questió ¿qué vol esser l'edifici-església?, l' estructura, espais, i elements constructius son imaginativament ordenats d' una manera moderna i sintética segons la seua idea de la bellesa, lligada al carácter d'aquesta arquitectura i a la seua significació teológica i funcionalitat litúrgica. Hi ha que destacar també la permeabilitat física i l'interacció artística amb l'hábitat urbá. El projecte posa els seus fonaments sobre la lloança del dogma católic que es converteix en motor de la recerca d'un sistema estructural estable i d'una cuidada utilització de la llum com a element clau de la definició espacial. A la fí de la seua tasca Gaudí arriba a un expressionisme protorracionalista vibrant, en continua autogeneració a partir de la praxis litúrgica més actual d'aquell temps: el Moviment Litúrgic. Aquest, eixint dels monéstirs benedictins centroeuropeus al començament del segle XX, es dessentrotlla amb l'empenta oficial del Papa Pius X fins al Concili Vaticá II. En el debat forma-funció, Gaudí allibera progresivament l'espai dels condicionaments estilístics mitjançant un llenguatge que re-elabora el problema en termes d'una visió estructural, funcional i artística. La geometría, entreteixida amb un bon grapat de superficies reglades emprades en voltes i columnes, segueix un plà fonamentat en la jerarquizació dels espais. La precedència en les actuacions i els elements constructius es posen al servei del culte, prenent com a base la teología litúrgica. L'espai, desmaterialitzat per la llum i el color, i significat per una imaginativa iconografía, tria la trascèndencia, bé que reforçat pel imaginatiu simbolisme constructiu i el mobiliari litúrgic. D'aquesta manera, l'equilibri iconográfic i acústic cercats ens mostren útils per al retrovament del espai de culte cristià amb el seu sentit original, obtenint-se un gran confort litúrgic, com clarament es percebéix externa e internament. / Reig Martínez, JÁ. (2016). EL ESPACIO CELEBRATIVO COMO CONFIGURADOR DEL PROYECTO ARQUITECTONICO DE LA SAGRADA FAMILIA DE ANTONIO GAUDÍ [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/64075

「沒有標準化就沒有現代經濟。」在知識經濟時代，掌握制定規則權力者，就占有主宰市場的領導地位。由於絕大多數標準係由政府或私人組織所制定，因此，研究標準制定組織具有重要意義。此外，觀察當代立法趨勢，政府以採訂私人組織或非政府組織所擬定之產業標準的方式，擴增其管制功能，在此潮流下，採訂私人草撰標準成為法律規範一環，此舉一方面可能形成授權立法之漏洞，另一方面將迫使個人暴露於著作權侵權行為之刑事、民事以及行政制裁大帽。同時，政府將產品標準及認證之工作委由產業協會等私人組織承擔亦成主流，該項¬「公益性」作業即可能成為事實標準制定者用來限制競爭、不當逐利的手段。 本文便以上述爭議問題為出發點，討論標準制定組織所擬定之標準，特別是經過政府機關以法律規範形式採用後，是否仍該當著作權的保護客體？並將研究延伸到網路產業中標準著作權保護的適當性問題，以及針對標準這類事實編輯物的資料庫保護進行分析；其次，本文將針對一國之產業標準制定組織為研究重心，探討例如標準制定與認證中的限制競爭及獨占管制的法律問題，以及隱然成為事實標準的市場領導者涉及智慧財產權的拒絕交易紛爭等課題。然而，針對上述命題的前提要件是對標準的概念與應用有相當之瞭解，以導入標準制定組織之運作、不同層級標準制定過程之影響及其所涉及之智慧財產爭議問題研究。因此，本文將對國家標準以及行業標準制定及運用過程所涉及之著作權及競爭法問題作深入且廣泛之瞭解，以此為基礎，分析各層級標準制定體系的規範內涵，繼而詮釋一國保護行業標準之著作權與競爭法之法律規定；並提出建言作為我國標準化體系之發展、參與國際標準制定活動、標準著作權保護分析架構、事實編輯物（資料庫）保護模式、競爭法對標準與認證活動之適用以及切入拒絕交易案件等之參考。 / In a knowledge-based economy, whoever dominates rules-developing overpowers the market. Most of the standards are set by the government and private organizations; therefore, a study on standard-setting organizations is of essential value. The Government leverages its regulatory function by adopting law standards promulgated and copyrighted by non-governmental actors. Despite governmental ambitions, no one is responsible for evaluating the legitimacy of this approach ex ante and no framework exists to facilitate analysis. On the other hand, standard-developing and conformity assessment increasingly falls on the shoulders of industry associations and lead to impartiality concerns from the antitrust law perspective. Regarding standards that are generated and controlled by private actors exposing citizens to criminal, civil and administrative sanctions, this paper contributes an analytical framework and proposes institutional mechanisms to implement it in terms of copyright. This paper extends by questioning if copyright would be an appropriate form to protect standards in the Internet industry. Then, it explores ways to protect compilation of facts and databases once they are de facto standards. Following the antitrust concerns, this paper focuses on industry standard-setting organizations within a specific territory to explore the antitrust and unfair competition problems confronting the role of the de facto standard-setters or the certification performers and the refusal to deal involving intellectual property issues. As foundations, this paper initiates by a detailed study of concepts and applications surrounding standardization; then, it leads to how a standards is produced, how standard-developing organizations in various levels affect the market, and how the intellectual property problems involves in standardization. In conclusion, based upon in-depth coverage of copyright and antitrust predicaments facing applications of national standards and industry standards, this paper interprets how copyright and antitrust laws work to protect business standards. At the same time, it delivers suggestions for the development of our standardization system, involvement of international standard-setting activities, an analytical framework for standards in copyright, protection for compilation of facts and databases, and how antitrust laws works when it comes to non-governmental standard-setting actors.