國際貿易實務上，「信用狀」係往來銀行提供信用狀擔保付款之模式，確保跨國貿易之順利完成、加速貿易進行，為當今世界重要付款方式。「信用狀統一慣例（UCP）」係國際商會（ICC）制定之信用狀交易實務慣例，自1933年首次頒布以來，目前已成為全世界公認遵行之信用狀標準處理方針。2007年，國際商會公佈最新修訂版本之第600號出版物“UCP 600”，明定因應銀行及航運實務發展、檢討UCP 500之規範文字及語體、抑制銀行拒絕付款率等為主要修訂目標。 鑑於UCP 600對於未來國際貿易發展之影響力，實有全面且深入研究UCP 600條款內容及規範目的之必要。本文以UCP 600新增定義解釋條款、審查單據條款、及運送單據條款為研究主題，透過闡釋條文涵義、比較與UCP 500之差異、探究新條款影響、檢討修訂目標之成效等，俾使信用狀當事人及相關銀行正確理解及適用UCP 600條款內容。 本文首先介紹信用狀之特性、經濟功能及信用狀統一慣例之定位適用等基本概念；其次從文義解釋、法律性質及當事人間法律關係等觀點切入，闡釋UCP 600本次新增之定義及解釋條款；並研究銀行實務最常發生爭議之審查單據程序，詳盡分析UCP 600規定之審單標準、符合提示、拒付瑕疵單據等重要條款。此外，本文探討UCP 600所規定國際航運常見之提單、多式運送單據、不可轉讓海運單及傭船提單等運送單據條款。最後，本文針對UCP 600條款之重要修訂內容予以彙整，嘗試提出該等條款之修正趨勢及未來發展。 / In international trade practice, “letter of credit”which is the most important type of payment in the world is the means of settlement that an issuing bank independently undertake to honour a complying presentation , and that ensures international trade to successfully completed, and speeded up the transactions.“ICC Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credit(UCP)”is the rules of international letter of credit practice promulgated by the Commission on Banking Technique and Practice of the International Chamber of Commerce(ICC).The 2007 Revision, UCP 600, is the latest of a series of revisions of these ICC rules that date from 1933 and have in their evolution become the universal norm for commercial letter of credit. The introduction of UCP 600 expressly indicated the main revised objective was to address developments in banking and transport industries, to look at the language and style used in UCP 500, and to reduce the rejections of the documents presented under letter of credit. In consideration of the influence of UCP 600 for the development of international trade in the future, it was necessary to generally and deeply research the clauses and provisions of UCP 600 and the revised objective. This paper’s research subjects include the formal definitions and interpretations of UCP 600, the provision regarding examination of documents, and the provisions regarding transport documents. In order to make the parties of letter of credit and the relevant banks correctly understand and apply the UCP 600 clauses, this paper interprets the meaning of UCP 600 clauses, compares the differences between UCP 600 and UCP 500, analyses the influence of new provisions, and look at the achievements of this revision. This paper first introduces the fundamental concepts included the characteristic of letter of credit, the economic functions of letter of credit, and the position and application of UCP 600.The second part is to discuss the formal definitions and interpretations that UCP 600 new formulated from the perspectives of language interpretation, quality of law, and the law relationship of the parties. Then this paper discusses the rules for the examination of documents that most controversial in banking industries, and analyses the important provisions regarding standard for examination of documents, complying presentation, and rejection of discrepant documents. Moreover, this paper is referring to the general transport documents clauses stipulated in UCP 600, including bill of lading, multimodal transport document, non-negotiable sea waybill, and charter party bill of lading. Finally, this paper synthesizes the significant revised provisions, and recommends several suggestions about modifying the relevant provisions in UCP 600 and development in the future.

Text in Afrikaans / In die verhandeling word die vergestalting van die sprokiemotief in die tekste, Griet skryf 'n sprokie deur Marita van der Vyver (1992) en Weerkaatsings - 'n sprokie deur Eleanor Baker (1984) nagegaan. Die doel is om vas te stel op watter wyse hierdie "kindgerigte" genre op die literere vlak van die volwasse leser omvorm word. Om hierdie doel te bereik word eerstens 'n begripsverkenning van die sprokie as epiese genre gedoen. In die verkenning van die genre val die soeklig nie net op die Westerse sprokie nie, maar daar word ook gefokus op die inheemse SuidAfrikaanse sprokie. Tweedens word aan die hand van hierdie teoretiese raamwerk 'n noukeurige analise gemaak van die vergestalting van die sprokiemotief binne die twee primere tekste. Die sprokieselemente in Griet skryf 'n sprokie en Weerkaatsings - 'n sprokie word uitgelig en die hantering daarvan vergelykend ondersoek / In the dissertation the manifestation of the fairytale motif in the texts, Griet skryf 'n sprokie by Marita van der Vyver (1992), and Weerkaatsings 'n sprokie by Eleanor Baker (1984) is investigated. The purpose is to ascertain the manner in which this "child-centred" genre is transformed on the literary level of the adult reader. To achieve this goal, a conceptualization of the fairytale as an epic genre is firstly undertaken. In the exploration of the genre, the search light does not only focus on the Western but also on the indigenous South African fairytale. Secondly, by means of this theoretical framework, a detailed analysis is made of the manifestation of the fairytale motif in the two primary texts. The elements of the fairytale in Griet skryf 'n sprokie and Weerkaatsings - 'n sprokie are highlighted and the handling thereof comparatively investigated / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / M.A. (Afrikaans)

Against the background of New Thought history in general, the dissertation researches the origins of the movement in South Africa. On the basis of primary documents, made available by leaders and other informants, questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and participant observation, the roots and history of New Thought in South Africa has been reconstructed. Aspects of New Thought belief, such as God, Jesus, Christ, the Bible, prayer, meditation, wealth, prosperity, death and reincarnation are discussed. It becomes apparent that, with its syncretistic, flexible and open structure, as well as the unique way in which services (weddings, christenings, funerals) are conducted, New Thought offers an alternative to spiritual and religiously minded people in South Africa, and shows potential to play a dynamic role in the cross-cultural bridging that is taking place in a changing South Africa. / Religious Studies and Arabic / M.A. (Religios Studies)

The present thesis explores the Spirituality of following Jesus according to the Fourth Gospel by investigating the whole profile of the term akoloutheo. In particular, this thesis probes what theological implications are communicated by the association of akoloutheo with correlated motifs in the pericopes where it is employed in spiritual connotation. The texts investigated are: John 1:35-51; 8:12; 10:1-42; 12:26; 13:36-14:3; 21:1-19. Each text communicates the particular and manifold aspects of the Spirituality of following Jesus. Yet, the most distinctive aspects of the Johannine Spirituality of following Jesus imparted throughout almost all the research texts can be summarized by “directional” and “relational.” The life of following Jesus is a journey toward a destination to which Jesus leads his followers, that is, into a relationship with the Father by being with Jesus where he is, and by being with him where he goes and will be in glory. It is ultimately participating in the Son’s communion with the Father. Jesus, who was with the Father and in the bosom of the Father, came down (descended) to bring his followers to the Father, and ascends to the Father taking them with him, so they may be with him where he is with the Father in love and glory. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D.Th. (Christian Spirituality)

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Los esfuerzos que hacen los países, en conjunto con organizaciones mundiales, tales como IWA (por International Water Association), ONU-Agua y OMS (Organización Mundial de la Salud), para mitigar el impacto ambiental en el campo de la hidráulica urbana son considerados de vital importancia. Sin embargo, la escasez de los recursos hídricos en el mundo aumenta diariamente. Esto viene dado por el aumento constante de la demanda en los sectores industrial, agrícola y urbano, provocado por el aumento poblacional y el cambio climático. Los administradores de los sistemas de abastecimiento de agua (WSSs, por sus siglas en inglés, water supply systems) se han visto desafiados a suplir la creciente demanda de los diferentes sectores con la cantidad, calidad y eficiencia necesarios y, a su vez, reducir el desperdicio y el mal uso del recurso. Desde esta perspectiva, las fugas de agua son el mayor problema que enfrentan los administradores de estas empresas de servicios públicos. Las fugas en una red provocan problemas de salud, de escasez, económicos y medioambientales. El uso de técnicas de inspección no destructivas debe favorecer una rápida identificación de problemas, para realizar acciones posteriores de reparación en la red. Este trabajo hace uso del GPR (siglas en inglés de ground penetrating radar) como técnica de inspección no destructiva porque: favorece la exploración del subsuelo sin causar alteraciones al medio, es de fácil aplicación y, además, permite obtener pseudo imágenes del subsuelo. Uno de los objetivos de este documento es identificar y extraer características de una fuga en un WSS mediante imágenes de GPR, con el fin último de recrear las fugas a través de modelos 3D. Se realizaron ensayos de laboratorio bajo condiciones controladas donde se emuló una parcela en la cual se había enterrado una tubería con una pequeño orifico que simula una fuga de agua; tras introducir agua al sistema, se realizaron prospecciones con el GPR. Una vez finalizada la exploración del subsuelo, dado que las imágenes de GPR en bruto obtenidas no son fácilmente interpretables por personal no experto, tales imágenes fueron sometidas a procesamiento de datos que favorezcan su fácil interpretación. Este documento presenta dos metodologías de procesamiento de datos que permiten obtener imágenes a partir de las cuales es posible identificar tanto los componentes del sistema como la fuga y su alcance. Las metodologías de tratamiento de datos aplicadas en este documento son una metodología basada en sistemas multi-agente y el filtro de varianza, metodología basada en parámetros estadísticos de segundo orden. Posteriormente, tras aplicar estas metodologías de procesamiento a las imágenes, se sometieron los resultados a un análisis que facilitase la mejor elección evitando la subjetividad del experto. Bajo este concepto, este documento propone el uso conjunto de técnicas multicriterio. Se utilizó el Proceso de Jerarquía Analítica Difusa (FAHP, por sus siglas en inglés, Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process), que permite ponderar varios criterios de evaluación, con el propósito de mitigar la incertidumbre que caracterizan los juicios de los expertos, en conjunto con el método ELECTRE III para obtener la clasificación final de alternativas, todo esto de la manera más objetiva posible. Los resultados de este documento son satisfactorios, permitiendo obtener amplio conocimiento de las fugas y su interacción con el subsuelo, proporcionando pautas para desarrollar posteriormente metodologías de automatización que permitan localizar, seguir y predecir problemas en los WSSs. / [CA] Els esforços que fan els països en conjunt amb organitzacions mundials, como ara IWA (per International Water Association), ONU-Agua i OMS (per Organització Mundial de la Salut), per a mitigar l'impacte ambiental en el camp de la hidràulica urbana són considerats de vital importància. No obstant això, l'escassetat dels recursos hídrics en el món augmenta diàriament, donat per l'augment constant de la demanda en els sectors industrial, agrícola i urbà, provocat per l'augment poblacional i el canvi climàtic. Els administradors dels sistemes d'abastiment d'aigua (WSSs, per les seus sigles en anglès, water supply systems) s'han vist desafiats a suplir la creixent demanda dels diferents sectors amb la quantitat, qualitat i eficiència necessaris i, al seu torn, reduir el desaprofitament i el mal ús del recurs. Enfocant aquesta perspectiva, les pèrdues d'aigua són el problema més gran fet front pels directors d'aquestes utilitats. Les pèrdues d'aigua en una xarxa provoquen problemes de salut, d'escassetat, econòmics i mediambientals. L'ús de tècniques d'inspecció no destructives que afavoreixen una ràpida identificació per a realitzar accions de reparació posteriors en la xarxa. Aquest treball fa ús del GPR (sigles en anglès per ground penetrating radar) com a tècnica d'inspecció no destructiva perquè afavoreix l'exploració del subsol sense causar alteracions al entorn, és de fàcil aplicació i a més permet obtenir pseudo imatges del subsol. Un dels objectius d'aquest document és identificar i extraure característiques d'una pèrdua en un WSS mitjançant imatges de GPR, amb la fi última de recrear les pèrdues a través de models 3D. Es van realitzar assajos de laboratori sota condicions controlades on es va emular una parcel¿la en la qual s'ha enterrat una canonada amb una xicotet forat que simula una pèrdua d'aigua; després d'introduir aigua al sistema, s'obtenen prospeccions amb el GPR. Una vegada finalitzada l'exploració del subsol, atès que les imatges de GPR en brut obtingudes no són fàcilment interpretables per personal no expert, són sotmeses a processament de dades que afavorisquen la seua fàcil interpretació. Aquest document presenta dues metodologies de processament de dades que permeten obtenir imatges de les quals és possible identificar tant els components del sistema com la pèrdua i el seu abast. Les metodologies de tractament de dades aplicades en aquest document són una metodologia basada en multi-agents (MABS, per les seves sigles en anglès, multi-agent-based systems) i el filtre de variància, metodologia basada en paràmetres estadístics de segon ordre. Posteriorment, després d'aplicar aquestes metodologies de processament a les imatges se sotmeten els resultats a una anàlisi que faciliti la millor elecció evitant la subjectivitat de l'expert. Sota aquest concepte, aquest document proposa l'ús conjunt de tècniques de decisió multi-criteri (MCDM, per les seves sigles en anglès, multi-criteria decision-making). Es va utilitzar el Procés de Jerarquia Analítica Difusa (FAHP, per les seves sigles en anglès, Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process) el qual s'utilitza per a ponderar diversos criteris d'avaluació, amb el propòsit de mitigar la incertesa que caracteritzen els judicis dels experts, en conjunt amb el mètode ELECTRE III, per a obtenir la classificació final d'alternatives, tot això de la manera més objectiva possible. Els resultats d'aquest document són satisfactoris, permetent obtenir ampli coneixement de les pèrdues d'aigua i la seua interacció amb el subsol, donant-nos la pauta per a desenvolupar posteriorment metodologies d'automatització que permeten localitzar, seguir i predir problemes en els WSSs. / [EN] The efforts made by the countries in collaboration with world organizations, such as IWA (for International Water Association), UN-Water and WHO (for World Health Organization), to mitigate the environmental impact in the field of urban hydraulics are considered of vital importance. However, the scarcity of water resources in the world increases daily, given by the constant increase in demand in the industrial, agricultural and urban sectors, caused by the population increase and the climate change. Managers of water supply systems (WSSs) are challenged to supply the growing demand of different sectors with sufficient quantity, quality and efficiency and, in turn, reduce waste and misuse of the resource. Focusing this perspective, water leaks are the biggest problem faced by the managers of these utilities. Leaks in a network cause health, shortage, economic and environmental problems. The use of non-destructive inspection techniques favors rapid identification to carry out subsequent repair actions on the network. This work makes use of the GPR (ground penetrating radar) as a non-destructive inspection technique because: it favors the exploration of the ground without causing alterations to the environment, it is easy to apply, and also allows to obtain pseudo images of the subsoil. This document presents two data processing methodologies that allow obtaining images from which it is possible to identify both the system components and the leak and its scope. The data treatment methodologies applied in this document are a multi-agent-based system (MABS) methodology and the variance filter, a methodology based on second-order statistical parameters. Subsequently, after applying these processing methodologies to the images, the results are subjected to an analysis that eases the best choice, avoiding expert's subjectivity. Under this concept, this document proposes the joint use of two multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods. The Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) is used first to weight various evaluation criteria, in order to mitigate the uncertainty that characterize the experts' judgments, in conjunction with the ELECTRE III method, to obtain the final classification of alternatives in the most objective way. The results of this document are satisfactory, allowing to obtain extensive knowledge of leaks and their interaction with the subsoil, giving a guideline to subsequently develop automation methodologies that allow locating, monitoring and predicting problems in WSSs. / Part of this work has been developed under the support of Fundación Carolina PhD and short-term scholarship program / Ocaña Levario, SJ. (2021). Análisis, caracterización y modelación 3D de fugas de agua en sistemas de abastecimiento de agua mediante imágenes de GPR [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/163677 / Compendio

Plurale Weltinterpretationen praktizieren wir täglich, meist ohne uns darüber bewusst zu sein. Zustande kommen sie durch die gleichzeitige und gleichwertige Existenz verschiedener Modelle der Weltinterpretation. Sie sind Produkte menschlicher Schöpferkraft und stehen als parallele Realitäten einander ergänzend und einander widersprechend nebeneinander. Das Buch führt am Beispiel der Tyva Südsibiriens in zwei Modelle der Weltinterpretation und in die Praxis des Umgangs mit ihnen ein. Es zeigt, wie einzelne lokale Akteure zwei von mehreren Modellen flexibel zum Einsatz bringen, um Situationen zu deuten und in ihnen zu handeln. Es wird deutlich, welchen Regeln die Tyva dabei folgen, welche Gründe sie leiten und welche Folgen sie zu tragen haben. Das Ergebnis ist ein Bild zeitgenössischer Kultur, das der gegenwärtig gegebenen Flexibilität und Pluralität des menschlichen Deutens, Handelns und Verhaltens gerecht wird. / Plural World Interpretations are part of our everyday lives, even if we are not aware of the fact. They result from the simultaneous existence of different but equal models for interpreting the world we live in. These models are the product of human constructivity and co-exist as parallel realities, complementing and contradicting each other. Based on fieldwork among the Tyva of southern Siberia, the book discusses the practice of dealing with this multiplicity of world interpretations and shows how individual actors oscillate flexibly between two of many possible models for interpreting specific situations and act on them. The rules Tyvans apply in varying contexts, the reasons behind their choices and the consequences they have to deal with, are analysed. The result is an account of contemporary culture that explores the flexibility and plurality of human interpretation, action and behaviour. / Мы используем множественные интерпретации мира (нем. plurale Weltinterpretationen) ежедневно и, в большинстве случаев, неосознанно. Осуществляется это за счёт одновременного и равноценного сосуществования различных моделей мировоззрения. Они являются продуктом творческой деятельностей человека и сосуществуют в качестве параллельных реальностей, дополняя и, одновременно, противореча друг другу. На примере тувинцев Южной Сибири данная книга знакомит с двумя моделями мировоззрения, а также с практикой их применения. Показывается, как локальные акторы гибко применяют две из существующего множества моделей: и для того, чтобы действовать в складывающихся ситуациях, и чтобы толковать их. Станет понятным, каким правилам при этом следуют тувинцы, какими мотивами руководствуются и какие это имеет последствия. Результатом явится картина современной культуры, которая будет отвечать имеющимся на данный момент запросам гибкости и многообразия в мировоззрении, действиях и поведении человека.

This academic study provides a historical background to the unsung hero Dr. Manas Buthelezi. He is amongst many such heroes who contributed enormously to the liberation of South Africa. Buthelezi fought against apartheid by promoting human liberation and rights; just like other circle unrecognized of heroes who were interested in combating the agonies caused by the apartheid system. This academic study presents the work of Buthelezi in the South African political, socio-economic, cultural and ecumenical effort at combating the apartheid policies. The history of Buthelezi‟s contribution can be deliberated in relation to the South African political and socio-economic dimensions. Church history is an alternative engagement to the social struggles hence a church leader like Buthelezi had to participate in the public arena. Not really; the focus is more on issues within the current ELCSA. Broader historical evidence is considered on the theoretical writings in the field of church history. The analytical aim of the study develops how the struggles internal to the church and the understanding of struggle for liberation in South Africa. The study highlights the history of Lutheranism in South Africa as the background of creating an understanding of this research. The findings of the study are that although the Lutherans were fighting against apartheid system in South Africa they were divided on racial identify between the white and the black. This was also operational in the church in South Africa as well. The church in South Africa was theologically challenged around issues of struggle and liberation. The white community was part of the apartheid government aimed as its interests to benefit from the dominant values of racial connections. The dominant apartheid government oppressed the black community through racial discrimination. Study shows how Buthelezi and other theologians critiqued both the church and the state to resistant apartheid that was operational in the church and the society. The study investigates his contribution in this respect. It will be necessary to look at what happened historically in apartheid and Black Theology. The intention of this study is to investigate how Bishop Dr. Manas Buthelezi in South Africa was involved and committed in the struggle against apartheid. I would like to analyse and reflect on his contribution and writing during apartheid, as this has not yet been researched. Buthelezi served the Lutheran Church and the South African Council of Churches (SACC) as its president, from where he viewed apartheid ideology and practice as contradictory to the Word of God and human wholeness of life. One cannot research Buthelezi without considering his Church where I will explore the ordained ministry and the „lay‟ ministry. Questions on teaching, training and service offered by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern Africa (ELCSA) raise serious matters about its present and future. In the conclusion, I provide an analysis of the problems outlined and make recommendations which can be considered to be alternatives to challenges that face our South African context and that of the church. My recommendations are opened to everyone, to engage each other to furnish alternative solutions to the problems that face the church and the South African context. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Church History)

Una adecuada interpretación del principio de legalidad ofrece buenas razones para admitir la analogía in bonam partem en el Derecho penal aunque de un modo limitado. Incluso cuando el juez mediante ésta excluye o limita el ejercicio del ius puniendi, el aplicador del Derecho penal debe seguir apegado a la ley. De este modo, la analogía in bonam partem debe ser vista como un mecanismo excepcional de integración del Derecho penal frente a inconsistencias axiológicas no previstas ni deseadas por el legislador. Estas excepcionales facultades creadoras reconocidas al juez tienen lugar frente a concretas instituciones jurídico-penales y dentro de un determinado marco argumentativo. En este sentido, la analogía in bonam partem es un medio para crear supralegalmente causas de justificación, causas de exculpación y atenuantes, mientras que no para crear excusas absolutorias. Igualmente, el juez puede crear Derecho solamente a partir de la analogía legis o la analogía institutionis, sin resultar posible acudir a la analogía iuris. / An adequate interpretation of the legality principle offers sound reasons to accept analogy in bonam partem in Criminal Law, though only in a limited way. Even when the judge excludes or limits the ius puniendi through the use of analogy, she should still be strictly subjected to the norm. Therefore the analogy in bonam partem must be seen as an exceptional mechanism of Criminal Law's Integration in the presence of axiological inconsistencies that the Parliament didn't foresee and didn't want. These exceptional law-making powers awarded to the judge refer to specific Criminal law institutions and in a specific argumentative framework. In this sense, analogy in bonam partem is an instrument to supra-legally create justifications, excuses, and mitigating circumstances, but not other types of punishment excluding institutions. In the same manner, the judge can create new Criminal Law only through legis Analogy and institutionis Analogy but not through iuris Analogy.

This academic study provides a historical background to the unsung hero Dr. Manas Buthelezi. He is amongst many such heroes who contributed enormously to the liberation of South Africa. Buthelezi fought against apartheid by promoting human liberation and rights; just like other circle unrecognized of heroes who were interested in combating the agonies caused by the apartheid system. This academic study presents the work of Buthelezi in the South African political, socio-economic, cultural and ecumenical effort at combating the apartheid policies. The history of Buthelezi‟s contribution can be deliberated in relation to the South African political and socio-economic dimensions. Church history is an alternative engagement to the social struggles hence a church leader like Buthelezi had to participate in the public arena. Not really; the focus is more on issues within the current ELCSA. Broader historical evidence is considered on the theoretical writings in the field of church history. The analytical aim of the study develops how the struggles internal to the church and the understanding of struggle for liberation in South Africa. The study highlights the history of Lutheranism in South Africa as the background of creating an understanding of this research. The findings of the study are that although the Lutherans were fighting against apartheid system in South Africa they were divided on racial identify between the white and the black. This was also operational in the church in South Africa as well. The church in South Africa was theologically challenged around issues of struggle and liberation. The white community was part of the apartheid government aimed as its interests to benefit from the dominant values of racial connections. The dominant apartheid government oppressed the black community through racial discrimination. Study shows how Buthelezi and other theologians critiqued both the church and the state to resistant apartheid that was operational in the church and the society. The study investigates his contribution in this respect. It will be necessary to look at what happened historically in apartheid and Black Theology. The intention of this study is to investigate how Bishop Dr. Manas Buthelezi in South Africa was involved and committed in the struggle against apartheid. I would like to analyse and reflect on his contribution and writing during apartheid, as this has not yet been researched. Buthelezi served the Lutheran Church and the South African Council of Churches (SACC) as its president, from where he viewed apartheid ideology and practice as contradictory to the Word of God and human wholeness of life. One cannot research Buthelezi without considering his Church where I will explore the ordained ministry and the „lay‟ ministry. Questions on teaching, training and service offered by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern Africa (ELCSA) raise serious matters about its present and future. In the conclusion, I provide an analysis of the problems outlined and make recommendations which can be considered to be alternatives to challenges that face our South African context and that of the church. My recommendations are opened to everyone, to engage each other to furnish alternative solutions to the problems that face the church and the South African context. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Church History)

The main question of this research which focuses on the role of the Old Testament in the South African context is: If reread from an African liberationist perspective in the context of land redistribution and socio-economic justice in South Africa, could the Israelite Jubilee legislation in Leviticus 25:8-55 offer liberating and empowering possibilities for the poor in South Africa? Methodologically, both the historical-critical method and the African liberationist approach are employed in the present study. The exegesis of Leviticus 25:8-55 in which the historical-critical method is employed lays the foundation for the contextualisation of the issues arising from the exegesis. Furthermore, within the African liberationist framework, the South African context served as a lens to interpret Leviticus 25:8-55. Significantly, this study shows the misuse of power on the part of the rich élites to confiscate productive land from the poor Israelites in the pre-exilic setting. Not only were the rich élites elevated at the expense of the poor, the Levites were equally favoured economically in the Babylonian period. In post-exilic Yehud, of significance is the fact that the Jews were faced with the challenge of loss of land, indebtedness and poverty. The striking parallels between the contexts from which the text of Leviticus 25:8-55 emerged and the context of the modern reader of the Bible in South Africa are shown. It is revealed that African-South Africans who lost their productive land during the colonial and apartheid eras continue to experience indebtedness and poverty. At the same time, the political élites contribute to the present disproportionate benefits from land ownership and socio-economic injustice in the country. Like the context of Leviticus 25:8-55, in South Africa, the rich continue to be richer while many African-South Africans are trapped in the poverty cycle. In the end, it is argued that when re-read from an African liberationist perspective and in the context of the land redistribution and socio-economic justice discourse, Leviticus 25:8-55 can contribute positively to the redress of inequality and consequently to poverty alleviation in South Africa. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Biblical Studies (Old Testament))