O foco central desta tese consiste em procurar compreender um fenômeno que se verifica na atualidade em torno das imagens ultra-sonográficas fetais. O que era a princípio e em princípio uma tecnologia de imagem médica, inventada com propósitos diagnósticos, gradualmente transformou-se em objeto de consumo e lazer. Para investigar o fenômeno, a pesquisa teórica aborda como foram construídos o olhar e o observador modernos, e de que modo as tecnologias de imageamento médico incidem na construção social do corpo. Outro aspecto teórico consiste na investigação, de um ponto de vista sócio-histórico, acerca da produção da gravidez e do feto como temas médicos, e de que modo a tecnologia de ultra-som aplicada à obstetrícia está situada na articulação de vários processos: o da construção de um novo olhar, o das reconfigurações do corpo, o da medicalização da gestação e do feto e, finalmente, o da construção do feto como Pessoa antes de seu nascimento. Estudos antropológicos produzidos no exterior, ao longo da década de 1990, apontaram que o fenômeno envolvendo as imagens fetais encontrava-se inscrito nos e delimitado pelos códigos socioculturais específicos de onde ocorriam. A inexistência de pesquisas acerca do tema, no contexto brasileiro, foi o ponto de partida para uma investigação empírica. Foi realizada uma observação antropológica de ultra-sonografias obstétricas, em abordagem etnográfica, em três clínicas privadas de imagem, ao longo de 2003, no Rio de Janeiro, visando compreender como tal fenômeno se dava, de que modo era produzido e significado pelos atores e quais os desdobramentos de tais práticas, modelados por especificidades culturais locais. O trabalho de campo evidenciou que a ultra-sonografia obstétrica caracteriza-se por ser uma tecnologia de imagem interativa, em contraste com outras técnicas de imageamento médico, uma peculiaridade que propicia a construção de diversos significados a partir das imagens fetais cinzentas e esfumaçadas. A produção do prazer de ver o feto é a pedra de toque que une o útil ao agradável, e o consumo de imagens é um ponto de articulação de diversas questões expostas ao longo da tese. Pode-se pensar nesta situação como parte de um panopticismo que devassa corpos femininos e fetais, em um mesmo processo normatizando-os e construindo novos sujeitos calcados em corporalidades virtuais. / The central focus of this thesis consists of seeking to understand a phenomenon which is presently taking place in the area of fetal ultrasound images. What began as a medical imaging technology, invented for diagnostic purposes, gradually became an object of consumption and leisure. In order to investigate this phenomenon, the theoretical investigation looks at how the modern mode of seeing and the observer were constructed, and in what way technologies of medical imaging impact the social construction of the body. Another theoretical aspect consists of the investigation, from a socio-historical point of view, of the production of pregnancy and of the fetus as medical subjects, and in what way the technology of ultra-sound applied to obstetrics is situated at the nexus of various processes: the process of constructing a new mode of seeing, of the reconfigurations of the body, of the medicalization of gestation and of the fetus, and, finally, of the construction of the fetus as a person before its birth. Anthropological studies carried out abroad, during the nineties, show that the phenomenon involving fetal images was inscribed in and delimited by the specific socio-cultural codes where the imaging was done. The lack of research in this area in the Brazilian context was the point of departure for an empirical investigation. An anthropological observation of obstetric ultra-sounds, with an ethnographic approach, was carried out in three private imaging clinics, during the course of 2003, in Rio de Janeiro, with the intention of understanding how this phenomenon took place, in what way it was produced and signified by those involved, and what were the ramifications of these practices, modeled by local cultural particularities. The field work showed that obstetric ultrasonography can be characterized as an interactive imaging technique, in contrast to other medical imaging techniques, a peculiarity which lends itself to the construction of various significations having as their origin gray and hazy fetal images. The production of the pleasure of seeing the fetus is the touchstone which links the useful to the pleasing, and the consumption of images is point of connection for various questions raised in the thesis. One can think of this situation as part of a panopticism which scans female and fetal bodies, at one and the same time normatizing them and constructing new subjects shaped by virtual corporalities.

The aim of the thesis is to explore socially shared ideas about mental illness in everyday contexts. Drawing on social representation theory, organizations for users of mental health services and self-help groups are regarded as communities where social knowledge is constructed that makes intersubjective understanding of illness experiences possible. In order to investigate such knowledge as a resource in joint construction of meaning, a theoretical model is introduced where a distinction is made between a discursive level of situated ‘representational work’ and an underlying level of sociocultural resources. A focus group study was carried out with 27 participants who label their health problems as anxiety, depression or bipolar disorder, and were members of service user organizations. The focus group conversations were analysed with regard to thematic, interactional and discursive features to answer the questions: 1) how is mental illness represented, 2) how is the mentally ill person represented, and 3) how are others’ views on mental illness represented. The results show how mental illness is represented as a complex phenomenon that is contextualised to a number of frames of reference. Further, the analysis identified different types of resources that are utilized in representational work: local knowledge of the communities, medical concepts, different explanatory models, narrative structures, metaphors and conceptual dichotomies. It also revealed dialogical properties of the representational work that have rhetorical functions for self-presentation as a team performance. The discussion suggests that widely shared resources are put to use in group- and situation-specific representational projects, and that representations that are produced in group discourse can be characterised as ‘polemical social representations’ that respond to a double stigma of mental illness in everyday life where mental illness is regarded as a sign of ‘weakness’ as well as ‘otherness’.

On note de nos jours une intensification, aux États-Unis, de l’usage de la race en santé publique, une idée qui est parfois rejetée dans la mesure où elle est associée à des pratiques controversées. Les races sont vues, dans ce contexte, comme le produit du racisme, une technologie du pouvoir de l’État moderne qui a consisté à fragmenter l’humanité pour permettre les colonisations. C'est ainsi que la race a été prise en charge par le discours pour marquer la différence, discours qui est constitué d'un ensemble hétérogène de dispositifs, des institutions, des énoncés scientifiques, des normes et des règles. Le racisme s’est développé en parallèle avec l'affirmation d'un pouvoir sur la vie visant à assurer la gestion des corps et des populations, notamment par le biais des pratiques de santé publique. Cette thèse s'appuie sur une étude ethnographique réalisée sur un corpus de documents de la santé publique parus aux États-Unis et issus de bureaux fédéraux et d’une importante revue spécialisée dans le domaine sanitaire, et qui ont été publiés entre 2001 et 2009. Cette étude a analysé la manière dont la race est représentée, produite comme objet de connaissance, et régulée par les pratiques discursives dans ces documents. Les résultats confirment que le discours sur la race varie au cours du temps. Toutefois, les résultats indiquent la relative permanence en santé publique d'un régime racialisé de représentation qui consiste à identifier, à situer et à opposer les sujets et les groupes à partir de labels standardisés. Ce régime est composé d'un ensemble de pratiques représentationnelles qui, couplées aux techniques disciplinaires et à l’idée de culture, aboutissent à la caractérisation et à la formation d’objets racialisés et à des stéréotypes. De plus, cet ensemble d’opérations qui fabrique la racialisation, a tendance, avec la sanitarisation et la culturalisation, à naturaliser la différence, à reproduire l’ordre symbolique et à constituer les identités raciales. Par ailleurs, la racialisation apparaît tiraillée entre un pouvoir sur la vie et un pouvoir sur la mort. Enfin, cette étude propose une alternative postraciale qui envisage la constitution des groupes humains de manière fluide et déterritorialisée. / At present one can note an intensification of the usage of race in public health in the United States, an idea that is sometimes rejected because of its association with controversial practices. Races are viewed, in this context, as the product of racism, a technology of power of the modern State that consisted of fragmenting humanity to permit colonisations. Thus, race has been established within the discourse to mark difference, discourse that consists of a heterogeneous ensemble of apparatuses, institutions, scientific statements, norms and rules. Racism developed concomitantly with the affirmation of power over life aimed at ruling out bodies and populations through public health practices among others. This thesis is based on an ethnographic study of a corpus of public health documents in the United States from federal Government offices and a major public health journal published between 2001 and 2009. This study analyzed the ways in which race is represented, produced as object of knowledge, and regulated by discursive practices in these documents. The results confirm that the discourse on race varies throughout time. Hence, results indicate the relative permanence of a racialized regime of representation that consists of identifying, situating and opposing subjects and groups based on standardized labels. This regime constitutes an ensemble of representational practices which, together with disciplinary techniques and the use of culture as an idea, lead to the characterization and formation of racialized objects and stereotypes. Also, these operations that fabricate racialization, tend, together with medicalization and culturalization, to naturalize difference, reproduce the symbolic order, and constitute racial identities. On the other hand, racialization appears to be torn between a power over life and a power over death. Finally, this study suggests a post-racial alternative that envisages human group constitution as fluid and deterritorialized.

Face au projet de l’utérus artificiel, ce mémoire est consacré à comprendre et expliquer les tenants sociohistoriques bornant son développement. Employant une méthode de « cartographie du présent », nous établissons en premier lieu la solidité empirique de l’ectogenèse, telle qu’exprimée en laboratoire et par les discours experts actuels. Cette analyse préliminaire permet de dégager la question névralgique de l’effacement du corps maternel dans la procréation, ce que nous problématisons suivant une perspective sociohistorique et anthropologique. L’hypothèse principale de ce mémoire est que l’utérus artificiel constitue l’extension radicale de représentations et pratiques existantes qui effacent de maintes façons le corps; ainsi nous cherchons à repérer le cheminement de cette radicalisation. En fouillant l’archéologie de l’assistance à la procréation – des accoucheuses médiévales à la techno-maternité contemporaine en passant par l’obstétrique moderne – notre objectif est de bien identifier la généalogie de la médicalisation, de la pathologisation et de la technicisation croissantes du corps maternel et de l’engendrement afin de caractériser la construction sociale d’une maternité machinique. Autrement dit, il s’agit de jalonner les représentations et pratiques sociales à l’oeuvre dans l’approche contemporaine de la procréation qui participent à l’oblitération du corps et ainsi créent un terreau fertile pour l’implantation de l’UA. / Faced with the present development of artificial womb technology, this master thesis aims to comprehend its sociohistorical origins and logic. Making use of a « cartography of the present » method of analysis, we start off by establishing the empirical constitution of ectogenesis, such as it is expressed in laboratory research and actual expert discourses on the subject. This preliminary analysis enables us to draw the problematic question of the erasure of the maternal body from the scene of reproduction, which we frame in a sociohistorical and anthropological perspective. Our principal hypothesis states that the artificial womb represents a radical outcome of current social representations and practices. Therefore, we try to trace the path of this radicalization by scrutinizing assisted procreation, from the medieval midwives’ practice to modern obstetrics and contemporary techno-maternity. Thus the genealogy of the increasing medicalization, pathologization, and technicization of the maternal body serves to identify the social construction of a mechanical maternity. In other words, we argue that our present mode of procreation continually erases the body and thus sets the scene for the implantation of the artificial womb.

L’histoire de la médicalisation de la maternité en Chine reste encore mal connue et ce mémoire constitue une amorce pour tenter de défricher ce riche et vaste terrain. Il examine dans quel cadre et dans quelle mesure la prise en charge de la maternité des femmes chinoises a évolué au sein des postes médicaux consulaires français du sud de la Chine (Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan), de l’arrivée des premiers médecins en 1898, jusqu’à la veille de la Seconde Guerre mondiale en 1938. Il démontre comment a pu se traduire l’œuvre médicale française en matière de prise en charge de la grossesse, de l’accouchement et des soins à donner au nouveau-né dans les établissements de santé consulaires, et tente de voir jusqu’à quel point, pourquoi et dans quels domaines précisément l’offre de soins à l’occidentale proposée par les Français dans ces régions a pu atteindre les futures et nouvelles mères chinoises. / The history of medicalization of maternity in China is still poorly understood and this master thesis is a first step in the attempt to clear this rich and vast ground. It examines the context in which and to what extent the care of the Chinese women’s maternity has evolved in the French medical consular posts of Southern China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan), from the arrival of the first doctors in 1898 until the eve of the Second World War in1938. It demonstrates how the French sanitary mission took care of pregnancy, childbirth, and new-born health in the consular health establishments, and attempts to see how far, why, and in what areas specifically the Western health care proposed by the French in these regions could have reached the future and new Chinese mothers.

No description available.

La médicalisation de la naissance, par l’extension des possibles qu’elle occasionne, confronte à de nouveaux choix. Ces décisions, autrefois prises par les médecins, se réfèrent désormais au « projet » des parents. Non plus simple réponse à une proposition du corps médical comme peut l’être le consentement, le projet fait du patient le sujet décisionnaire, à l’origine comme à la fin : le projet est donc le critère qui guide les pratiques, la nouvelle instance de décision. Là où la médicalisation, accusée de « déshumaniser » la naissance, pouvait apparaître comme un instrument d’assujettissement et de désubjectivation au service d’une société industrielle pour Illich ou d’une biopolitique pour Foucault, une résistance à cette gouvernementalité aurait vu le jour sous la forme du projet. Garante de l'autonomie et de choix singuliers, la référence au projet aurait ainsi une valeur émancipatrice, relèverait d’un nouveau mode de subjectivation. Pourtant, cette catégorie s'insérant dans une nouvelle forme d’organisation sociale à laquelle Boltanski donne le nom de « cité par projets », elle apparaît dès lors comme un rouage de cette cité, elle-même inséparable du nouveau cadre que constitue le néolibéralisme. Penser la naissance en terme de projet, c’est alors étendre le néolibéralisme jusque dans la naissance. Car celle-ci marque le début de la vie humaine ; laquelle est précisément associée, dans la gouvernementalité néolibérale, au nouveau capital à entretenir. Et si auparavant le début de la vie humaine représentait un domaine d'impuissance, la médicalisation a modifié cette donnée : la médecine s'est emparée de ce premier temps de la vie, et dorénavant, on peut agir dans le champ de la naissance. La médicalisation de la naissance, via le projet, a ainsi permis l’extension du néolibéralisme à l'ensemble de l'existence. La catégorie de projet, loin de constituer une véritable alternative, est au contraire soluble dans le néolibéralisme contemporain et la nouvelle forme de gouvernementalité qui le caractérise. La naissance peut-elle alors résister au néolibéralisme? Plus que d’envisager de libérer la catégorie de projet de son sens néolibéral, c’est du côté d’une pensée voire d’une philosophie de la naissance qu’une voie sera esquissée. C’est dans l’attention à la naissance comme totalité vécue, comme expérience incarnée et non comme support de projet, qu’une résistance peut voir le jour. Contre le volontarisme néolibéral du projet nous suggérerons l’incarnation philosophique de la naissance. / The medicalization of birth by extending the realm of the possible, confronts with new choices. These decisions, formerly taken by doctors, now refer to the project of the parents. No more a mere answer to the offer from the medical corps as the consent can be, the project gets the patient into a decision making subject, at the beginning like at the end: then the project is the criterion that guides practices, the new decision making authority. Where the medicalization, accused of “dehumanizing” birth, could appear as an instrument of subjugation and desubjectivation in the service of an industrial society for Illich or of biopolitics for Foucault, a a resistance to this governmentality has emerged in the form of the project. Guarantor of autonomy and singular choices, the reference to the project would then have a liberating value, would constitute a new mode of subjectivation. However, this category getting into a new form of social organization which Boltanski gives the name of “projective city” thus appears to be a cog of this city, itself inseparable from the new framework that neoliberalism consist in. Thinking the birth in terms of project means expanding neoliberalism up to birth. For this marks the start of human life; which precisely embodies, in the framework of neoliberalism, the new capital to look after. And if the start of this human life formerly stood for an area of helplessness, medicalization changed this fact: medicine captured this first time of life, and from now on we can act in the field of birth. Hence the medicalization of birth, via the project, has enabled the expansion of neoliberalism to the whole of the existence. The project category, far from offering a real alternative, is on the contrary soluble in the contemporary neoliberalism and the new form of governmentality that characterizes it. Can birth then resist neoliberalism? Rather than planning to release the project category of its neo-liberal meaning, we might find a way around a thought, even a philosophy of the birth. A resistance can emerge from the attention to birth as a lived whole, as an embodied experience, and not as the support of a project. Against the neo-liberal voluntarism of the project we shall suggest the philosophical incarnation of birth.

Esta tese centra-se na problemática da violência contra as mulheres, nas trajetórias em serviços de acolhimento e em práticas sociais e profissionais de cuidado. Baseada em estudos anteriores da autora, parte das afirmações de que serviços e práticas são inadequados, desarticulados, medicalizados e desrespeitam as mulheres vitimadas. Nesse sentido, a partir de experiências de mulheres em situação de violência buscou refletir, compartilhadamente, sua relação com os serviços e suas concepções de cuidado. Trata-se de estudo misto, que descreve e analisa a violência contra mulheres à luz de diferentes enfoques teóricos entre as teorias principalistas do direito à vida em segurança, da saúde e do gênero. O local de realização foi o Centro de Referência e Atendimento à Mulher (CRAM) do município de Porto Alegre. As participantes foram mulheres atendidas no CRAM em decorrência de situações de violência. A geração de dados ocorreu por meio de pesquisa documental em 536 formulários de atendimento, observação sistemática realizada no serviço e entrevistas em profundidade com 14 mulheres. A análise dos dados ocorreu, primeiramente, pela análise quantitativa que sistematizou registros provenientes dos formulários de atendimento do CRAM que corresponderam ao perfil dos atendimentos e das informações sociodemográficas das mulheres atendidas, bem como dos agressores. A segunda etapa correspondeu à análise dos dados qualitativos, provenientes da pesquisa documental, da observação e das entrevistas, com utilização do método da Análise de Conteúdo. Descreveu-se a organização e os processos de trabalho do CRAM, as características dos atendimentos realizados e o perfil das mulheres atendidas e dos agressores. Na análise das trajetórias, constatou-se que na maioria delas estão presentes serviços e/ou profissionais de saúde, principalmente para atendimento relacionados à saúde mental. Identificou-se que as mulheres não são adequadamente acolhidas no setor Saúde. Nos setores Segurança e Justiça, foram observadas negligências institucionais que reproduzem e potencializam a violência. O CRAM foi unanimemente bem avaliado, sendo articulador da rede de atenção. Outros serviços da rede (conselho tutelar, escola, serviços de assistência social, casas abrigos), também se constituem em pontos de apoio importantes para as mulheres, evidenciando a relevância de estabelecer adequada articulação da rede intersetorial. Na linguagem das mulheres, as experiências de sofrimento e busca de acolhimento remetem aos principais elementos para um atendimento eficaz e satisfatório que são: orientação, apoio e proteção. Atribuem às experiências de violência, os sentidos de humilhação, de culpa e de medo, as quais são geradores de intenso sofrimento e têm impactado em sua saúde. As violências impossibilitam o pleno desenvolvimento de uma vida digna. Portanto, entende-se que o enfrentamento dessas situações é necessariamente intersetorial, implicando articulação e fundamentação na garantia dos Direitos Humanos das mulheres. Conclui-se que existe, predominantemente, inadequação das práticas para a construção de projetos de acolhimento e cuidado para as mulheres em situação de violência. Nesse sentido, pensa-se que é preciso assumir nova razão terapêutica, incorporando elementos do cuidado que incluam as tecnologias relacionais e que considerem os direitos humanos, os direitos de cidadania e os aspectos subjetivos nas experiências vividas por essas mulheres. / This dissertation approaches the problem of violence against women upon trajectories in support services and in social and professional care practices. Based on previous studies by the author, it starts from statements that services and practices are inadequate, not articulated, medicalized and that they disrespect victimized women. Thus, a reflection was made from the experiences of women under violence condition by sharing their relation with the services and their care conceptions. This mixed study describes and analyzes the violence against women by considering different theoretical approaches among the Principalism theories regarding the right to safe life, to health and to gender and it was carried out in the Woman Reference and Attendance Center (CRAM) in Porto Alegre. The participants were women attended within the CRAM due to violence situations. The data were collected by means of documentation survey in 536 attendance forms, systematic observation at the service and in-depth interviews with 14 women. At first, the data underwent quantitative analysis that systematized records from CRAM attendance forms which corresponded to the attendance profile and the social and demographic information of the attended women and the offenders as well. The second step corresponded to the analysis of the qualitative data from the documental survey, the observation and the interviews by applying the Content Analysis method. A description detailed CRAM organization and working processes, the characteristics of the performed attendances and the attended women and offenders´ profile. The trajectories analysis showed that in most of them, services and/or health professionals are offered for mental health attendance and that the women are not properly welcome in the Health sector. Regarding Safety and Justice sectors, there has been institutional negligence which reproduces and enhances violence. CRAM service was unanimously well assessed and considered an organizer of the care network. Other network services (guardianship council, school, social support services, shelters) also are important support locations for women that evidence the relevance of establishing adequate articulation of the inter-sectoral network. In the language of women, experiences of distress and search for support address to the main elements of effective and satisfactory service, i.e.: advice, support and protection. They attribute to violence experiences the feelings of humiliation, guilt and fear which generate intense distress and impact on their health. Violence hinder the full development of a dignified life. Therefore, it is understood that the confrontation of these situations is necessarily inter-sectoral, implying articulation and foundation to safeguard the Human Rights to women. The conclusion drawn is that there is predominance of inadequate practices for the construction of support and care projects for women undergoing violence situation. Thus, it is needed to undertake a new therapeutic reason that incorporates care elements which include relation technologies and that consider human rights, citizenship rights and subjective aspects from these women´s experiences. / Esta tese aborda la problemática de la violencia contra las mujeres, en las trayectorias en servicios de acogida y en prácticas sociales y profesionales de cuidado. Considerando estudios anteriores de la autora, parte de afirmaciones de que servicios y prácticas son inadecuados, desarticulados, medicalizados y no respetan las mujeres victimadas. Desde experiencias de mujeres en situación de violencia, se buscó reflexionar compartiendo su relación con los servicios y sus concepciones de cuidado. El estudio mixto describe y analiza la violencia contra mujeres considerando diferentes enfoques teóricos entre las teorías del Principalismo del derecho a la vida en seguridad, de la salud y del género, realizado en el Centro de Referencia y Atendimiento a la Mujer (CRAM) de Porto Alegre. Participaron mujeres atendidas en el CRAM debido a situaciones de violencia. Los datos resultaron de pesquisa documental en 536 formularios de atendimiento, observación sistemática en el servicio, y entrevistas en profundidad con 14 mujeres. Los datos pasaron, primeramente, por análisis cuantitativo que sistematizó registros de los formularios de atendimiento del CRAM que correspondieron al perfil de los atendimientos y de las informaciones sociodemográficas de las mujeres atendidas y de los agresores. La segunda etapa correspondió al análisis de los datos cualitativos, provenientes de la pesquisa documental, de la observación y de las entrevistas, utilizando el método de Análisis de Contenido. Se describió la organización y los procesos de trabajo del CRAM, las características de los atendimientos realizados y el perfil de las mujeres atendidas y de los agresores. El análisis de las trayectorias mostró que en su mayoría están presentes servicios y/o profesionales de salud, principalmente para atendimiento a la salud mental y que las mujeres no son adecuadamente acogidas en el sector Salud. En los sectores Seguridad y Justicia fueron observadas negligencias institucionales que reproducen y potencializan la violencia. El CRAM fue unánimemente bien evaluado, siendo articulador de la red de cuidado. Otros servicios de la red (consejo tutelar, escuela, servicios de asistencia social, hogares de abrigo), también se constituyen en puntos de apoyo importantes para las mujeres, evidenciando la relevancia de establecerse adecuada articulación de la red intersectorial. En el lenguaje de las mujeres, las experiencias de sufrimiento y búsqueda de acogida remeten a los principales elementos para atendimiento eficaz y satisfactorio: orientación, apoyo y protección. Se les atribuyen a las experiencias de violencia, los sentidos de humillación, culpa y miedo, que generan intenso sufrimiento e impacto en su salud. Las violencias imposibilitan el pleno desarrollo de una vida digna. Así, se entiende que el enfrentamiento de esas situaciones es necesariamente intersectorial implicando articulación y fundamentación en la garantía de los Derechos Humanos de las mujeres. Se concluye que existe predominantemente inadecuación de las prácticas para la construcción de proyectos de acogida y cuidado para las mujeres en situación de violencia. Aún, es preciso asumir nueva razón terapéutica, incorporando elementos del cuidado que incluyan las tecnologías relacionales y que consideren los derechos humanos, los derechos de ciudadanía y los aspectos subjetivos en las experiencias vividas por esas mujeres.

Desde o final do século XX, o tema saúde é um das mais procurados na internet para diversos fins. As pessoas que convivem com HIV/AIDS não estão afastadas dessa tendência, formando inclusive um dos grupos de usuários que mais acessam a internet. Um grupo com um passado e presente de produção de movimento social que muito contribuiu para a reconhecida política HIV/AIDS brasileira. O objetivo desta tese é identificar e analisar os padrões de busca e interação com o conteúdo em saúde na internet no cotidiano das pessoas com HIV/AIDS, em particular nos potenciais desdobramentos em processos de medicalização, tomada de decisão sobre condutas em saúde e relação com movimento social. A metodologia se baseou em análise de conteúdo de entrevistas e realização de etnografia virtual de uma página fechada no Facebook. As discussões sobre o material pesquisado foram divididas em categorias analíticas, cuja análise gerou os seguintes resultados: a sociabilidade produzida na internet contribui para diminuir o sofrimento em relação ao preconceito, tanto em relação ao HIV/AIDS, quanto à homossexualidade; há uma carência de espaços de acolhimento virtual em detrimento a uma maior oferta de espaços para discussão sobre políticas públicas; a medicalização na rede produz a chance de se obter condutas não recomendadas, no entanto, pessoas vinculadas a grupos virtuais possuem mais estímulos a não abandonar a medicação; a confiabilidade nos conteúdos da internet em geral possui um padrão de acesso a sites recomendados pelos órgãos oficiais do setor saúde; é comum pesquisar antes ou depois da consulta médica, no entanto a negociação se dá em cyberespaços de acolhimento; muitos ativistas do HIV/AIDS foram estimulados a participar do ativismo político através da internet. Há necessidade de se ampliar espaços virtuais de acolhimento através de políticas públicas incentivadoras; a formação médica precisa contemplar questões relacionadas à internet e saúde sobre sociabilidade, adesão, e terapêutica digital, prescrição de sites, blogs e redes sociais, devendo-se ponderar com questões de medicalização e prevenção quaternária. / Since the late twentieth century, health is one of the most popular subjects on the Internet for various reasons. People living with HIV/AIDS are not apart from this trend, being one of the groups of users with most intensive Internet access. This group is characterized by a intense participation in a social movement that greatly contributed to the acclaimed HIV/AIDS Brazilian policy. The objective of this thesis is to identify and analyze the search patterns and interaction with content on the Internet in the daily health of people with HIV/AIDS, particularly in potential developments in medicalization processes, decision making on health behaviors and relationship with social movements. The methodology involved interviews, which were later subject to content analysis, and a virtual ethnography of a closed secret group on Facebook. The discussion of the produced material was divided into analytical categories, whose analysis yielded the following results: sociability produced in the internet helps to reduce suffering in relation to prejudice, both with regard to HIV/AIDS and homosexuality; there are not many welcoming zones for people living with HIV and AIDS (PLHA) on the internet at the expense of a greater supply of spaces for discussion on public policy; medicalization produces opportunities to incur in unhealthy behaviors, however, people linked to social networks have more encouragement to not give up the medication; the reliability of internet content in general has a pattern of access to sites recommended by official agencies of the health sector; it is common to search before or after medical consultations, though negotiations about medication and symptoms take place in social networks; activists of HIV/AIDS were encouraged to participate in political activism over the internet. There is a need to have welcoming zones to PLHA on the internet guaranteed by public policy; medical education needs to cover issues related to the internet and health, such as sociability, compliance, and "digital therapy", prescription sites, blogs and social networks, but should consider issues of medicalization and quaternary prevention as well.

Desde o final do século XX, o tema saúde é um das mais procurados na internet para diversos fins. As pessoas que convivem com HIV/AIDS não estão afastadas dessa tendência, formando inclusive um dos grupos de usuários que mais acessam a internet. Um grupo com um passado e presente de produção de movimento social que muito contribuiu para a reconhecida política HIV/AIDS brasileira. O objetivo desta tese é identificar e analisar os padrões de busca e interação com o conteúdo em saúde na internet no cotidiano das pessoas com HIV/AIDS, em particular nos potenciais desdobramentos em processos de medicalização, tomada de decisão sobre condutas em saúde e relação com movimento social. A metodologia se baseou em análise de conteúdo de entrevistas e realização de etnografia virtual de uma página fechada no Facebook. As discussões sobre o material pesquisado foram divididas em categorias analíticas, cuja análise gerou os seguintes resultados: a sociabilidade produzida na internet contribui para diminuir o sofrimento em relação ao preconceito, tanto em relação ao HIV/AIDS, quanto à homossexualidade; há uma carência de espaços de acolhimento virtual em detrimento a uma maior oferta de espaços para discussão sobre políticas públicas; a medicalização na rede produz a chance de se obter condutas não recomendadas, no entanto, pessoas vinculadas a grupos virtuais possuem mais estímulos a não abandonar a medicação; a confiabilidade nos conteúdos da internet em geral possui um padrão de acesso a sites recomendados pelos órgãos oficiais do setor saúde; é comum pesquisar antes ou depois da consulta médica, no entanto a negociação se dá em cyberespaços de acolhimento; muitos ativistas do HIV/AIDS foram estimulados a participar do ativismo político através da internet. Há necessidade de se ampliar espaços virtuais de acolhimento através de políticas públicas incentivadoras; a formação médica precisa contemplar questões relacionadas à internet e saúde sobre sociabilidade, adesão, e terapêutica digital, prescrição de sites, blogs e redes sociais, devendo-se ponderar com questões de medicalização e prevenção quaternária. / Since the late twentieth century, health is one of the most popular subjects on the Internet for various reasons. People living with HIV/AIDS are not apart from this trend, being one of the groups of users with most intensive Internet access. This group is characterized by a intense participation in a social movement that greatly contributed to the acclaimed HIV/AIDS Brazilian policy. The objective of this thesis is to identify and analyze the search patterns and interaction with content on the Internet in the daily health of people with HIV/AIDS, particularly in potential developments in medicalization processes, decision making on health behaviors and relationship with social movements. The methodology involved interviews, which were later subject to content analysis, and a virtual ethnography of a closed secret group on Facebook. The discussion of the produced material was divided into analytical categories, whose analysis yielded the following results: sociability produced in the internet helps to reduce suffering in relation to prejudice, both with regard to HIV/AIDS and homosexuality; there are not many welcoming zones for people living with HIV and AIDS (PLHA) on the internet at the expense of a greater supply of spaces for discussion on public policy; medicalization produces opportunities to incur in unhealthy behaviors, however, people linked to social networks have more encouragement to not give up the medication; the reliability of internet content in general has a pattern of access to sites recommended by official agencies of the health sector; it is common to search before or after medical consultations, though negotiations about medication and symptoms take place in social networks; activists of HIV/AIDS were encouraged to participate in political activism over the internet. There is a need to have welcoming zones to PLHA on the internet guaranteed by public policy; medical education needs to cover issues related to the internet and health, such as sociability, compliance, and "digital therapy", prescription sites, blogs and social networks, but should consider issues of medicalization and quaternary prevention as well.