Esta dissertação baseia-se em uma pesquisa-intervenção realizada em cinco escolas de nível fundamental e infantil, e em uma escola de ensino especial/ atendimento educacional especializado (AEE) de uma cidade de pequeno porte do interior do Rio de Janeiro, na região sul do estado. O presente trabalho situa-se no contexto das discussões sobre as práticas de medicalização na escola-empresa e nas sociedades de controle, e tem como objetivo a investigação da medicalização e a judicialização como exigências que têm moldado um viés predominante médico-assistencialista ao trabalho do psicólogo, concentrando-se em atendimentos individualizados a alunos e famílias nas escolas públicas. O método adotado é o da cartografia (Deleuze & Guattari). Os conceitos de Medicalização (Conrad, Illitch, Szasz). Controle (Deleuze), e o conceito científico-ficcional de Pré-Crime (Dick) são a coluna vertebral do trabalho. A pesquisa de cunho qualitativo utiliza os referenciais teórico-práticos da análise institucional (AI) e dos estudos da filosofia de diferença, de autores como Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guatarri, assim como a contribuição valiosa de estudiosos mais contemporâneos, como Veiga-Neto, Gallo e Marcondes. Os analisadores dos relatórios pré-crime de medicalização do fracasso escolar, da (in)disciplina e da loucura através funcionam como pistas para as passagens dos diagnósticos para as práticas e modos coletivos de subjetivação, contexto mais amplo que nos conduz à visibilidade das questões do trabalho, da saúde no trabalho no magistério, e às plataformas de alianças coletivas entre técnicos(psicólogos) e não-técnicos (professores) para a construção dos processos de desmedicalização e desmedicalização na Educação. / This dissertation is based on a intervention-research conducted in five primary and infant schools, and a special education unit / specialized educational services (ESA) of a small town in the interior of Rio de Janeiro, in the southern the state. This work is in the context of discussions about the practices of medicalization in school-enterprise and the societies of control, and aims to investigate the medicalization and judicialization requirements as a bias that have shaped the predominant medical-welfare work of the psychologist, focusing on individualized care to students and families in public schools. The method adopted is that of cartography (Deleuze & Guattari), and throughout the text, three analyzers are used as clues leading to processes. Concepts of medicalization (Conrad, Illitch, Szasz), Control (Deleuze), and the concept of science-fictional Precrime (Dick) are the backbone of the work. The qualitative research uses the theoretical and practical institutional analysis (IA) and studies of philosophy of difference, by authors such as Foucault, Deleuze and Guattari, as well as the valuable contribution of more contemporary scholars, as Veiga-Neto, Gallo and Machado, addressing the issues of educational policy of inclusion, and new ways of doing minority-militants education and institutional work of psychologist in education. The questions refer to the analysis of pre-crime reports on medicalization of school failure, the (in) discipline and madness through the respective analyzers, clues to the passage through and far beyond the diagnosis empire, towards practice and collective modes of subjectivity, the broader context in which leads to the visibility of work issues, health at work in teaching, and platforms for collective alliances between technical professionals (psychologists) and nontechnical (teachers) for the construction of the processes of demedicalization and deinstitutionalization in Education.

Introdução: O tema medicalização emerge como objeto de estudo no campo da sociologia da saúde, a partir da década de 70, nas vozes de Irving Zola, Ivan Illich, Peter Conrad e Michel Foucalt; as quais indicaram a crescente influência da medicina em campos que até então não lhe pertenciam. E, no decorrer dos anos, o termo vem sendo apropriado por vários campos: na saúde, na educação, na psicologia, entre outros. Esta configuração levou alguns estudiosos da primeira década do século XXI, a se preocupar com o uso impreciso e vago do conceito de medicalização na produção científica. Neste sentido, este estudo busca olhar para os processos de medicalização, tomando-o em sua pluralidade a fim de discernir as principais forças motrizes e coteja-las com as mudanças na contemporaneidade. Objetivo: Recuperar as forças motrizes contidas nas principais contribuições dos autores primários sobre os processos de medicalização. Método: Realizou-se um exercício hermenêutico composto pelos seguintes passos: leitura profunda do texto, fichamento dos aspectos centrais que caracterizam as diversas concepções sobre medicalização. Interpretação do conteúdo por meio da abstração dos núcleos de sentido e dos referenciais teóricos que lhe dão suporte. Resultados: A partir deste movimento reflexivo e crítico conseguiu-se desvelar quatro conceitos nucleares que representam as principais forças motrizes: a indústria, as instituições, o Estado e a sociedade. Zola oferece indícios que o Estado e a indústria teriam levado a sociedade à dependência da medicina. Para Illich, a medicina, por si só, detém o poder comparada as outras instituições. Para Michel Foucault, a medicina deixou de ser uma ciência pura e transformou-se numa instituição subordinada a um sistema econômico e de poder, enfim a uma lógica subjacente aos princípios e regras de governo. Em contrapartida, para Conrad a medicalização não constitui um empreendimento exclusivo da medicina, prevalecendo os interesses de outras instituições e organizações sociais. O sentido com que cada um desses conceitos é usado difere entre os autores e a distinção desses aspectos é chave para compreender a contribuição efetiva de cada um. Da mesma forma, ocorre quando os autores discutem as consequências e os efeitos causados pelos processos de medicalização. Alguns autores direcionam seus efeitos para os indivíduos, num processo de exacerbação da individualização; enquanto que outros focam os efeitos da medicalização nas políticas de saúde e na questão econômica associada ao oneroso custo financeiro para a sociedade e o país. Considerações finais: A recuperação e a compreensão dos significados subjacentes às principais forças motrizes presentes nas contribuições de cada autor apresentadas nesta investigação constituem-se em passo importante para subsidiar a reflexão sobre processos concretos de medicalização no início do século XXI, um período marcado por aceleradas transformações, no qual, entre outros aspectos, a medicina e várias instituições têm sido crescentemente, capturadas para satisfazer, de um lado o consumismo, e de outro, a avidez pelo lucro do mercado capitalista; ao mesmo tempo em que forças desagregadoras atravessam os sujeitos impactando sua autonomia e identidade política, social e econômica. / Introduction: The theme medicalization rises as an object of study in the sociology of health field, starting in the 70s from Irving Zola, Ivan Illich, Peter Conrad and Michel Foucault; which indicated the growing influence of medicine on groups not yet belonged by it. And, as years went by, the term has been appropriated by several fields: health, education, psychology, and so forth. This configuration took some scholars from the first decade of the 21st century to worry about the inaccurate and vague use of the concept of medicalization in the scientific production. Hence, this study focus on looking at the process of medicalization, taking it in its pluralities in order to discern the main driving forces and collate them with the changes in contemporaneity. Goal: Recover the driving forces contained in the main contributions from the primary authors about the process of medicalization. Methodology: It was performed an hermeneutic assignment made by the following steps: deep reading of the text, indexing of main aspects that characterize the various conceptions about medicalization, and interpretation of the content by the abstraction of the core of senses and theoretical references that support it. Result: From that reflexive and critic movement it was able to unveil four core concepts that represent the main driving forces: the industry, the institutions, the state and society. Zola offers clues showing that the state and the industry had taken society to a dependence of medicine. As for Illich, medicine by itself holds the power compared to the other institutions. For Michel Foucault, medicine stopped being plain science and became an institution subordinate to an economic and power system, therefore to an underlying logic to the government\'s rules and principles. In contrast, for Peter Conrad medicalization doesn\'t consist in a medicine exclusive enterprise, prevailing the interests of other social institutions and organizations. The meaning of which each of these concepts is used differs among the authors and the distinction of these aspects is the key to understanding an effective contribution of each one. Accordingly, it happens when the authors discuss the consequences and effects caused by the medicalization process. Some authors aim its effects to individuals, in a process of aggravation of individualization; whereas others focus the effects of medicalization on health policies and the economic aspect associated with the onerous financial cost to society and to the country. Final considerations: The recovery and understanding of the underlying meanings to the main driving forces contained within each authors contribution shown in this investigation consist in an important step to support the reflection about the factual process of medicalization at the beginning of the 21st century, a period marked by fast transformations which, among other aspects, medicine and several institutions have been increasingly taken to satisfy on the one hand consumerism, and on the other hand the greed for profit of the capitalist market, at the same time that disintegrating forces cross the subjects, impacting its political, social and economic autonomy and identity.

L’idée qui traverse l’ensemble de la thèse est la possibilité de la rencontre de deux mouvements : Psichiatria democratica et la psychothérapie institutionnelle, de deux psychiatres Basaglia et Tosquelles, rencontre entre médecin et patient ; rencontre entre patient psychotique et le monde, monde étant compris comme la société mais aussi le groupe de soin.La réflexion est basée sur des points « d’accrochage » entre différents discours : psychanalytique, historique, sociologique, philosophique ou phénoménologique à travers un axe central : celui de la relation possible entre médecin et patient au-delà d’une logique institutionnelle close. La pratique de la rencontre, à travers leurs protagonistes : opérateurs, usagers, patients etc… Ne peut, de fait, être comprise qu’à travers les concepts qui la fondent : l’inconscient, le transfert, la pulsion, etc. Elle est, comme on l’entendra ici, un rencontre transférentielle lieu de relations interpersonnelles qui doivent savoir s’adapter à la singularité de chacun. / The main theory of the thesis is the possibility of two psychiatrical movements meeting at a crossroad: Italian "psichiatria democratica" and French "psychothérapie institutionnelle". In the study their two founders, the psychiatrists Basaglia and Tosquelles are compared as well as the relation between psychiatrist and patient and patient and world (as society but also as group of care). The observation is focused on common grounds among different disciplines, psychoanalytic, historical, sociological, philosophical and phenomenological, over a central axis: the relationship between physician and patient outside the logic of closed institutional clinics. The setting of this intellectual encounter of operators, users and patients can only be understood through the concepts that underlie it: the unconscious, the transfer, the impulse. Lastly our “encounter” is, as we'll understand it here, a transferential encounter. It is a network of interpersonal relations that must adapt to each other actor’s singularity and individuality.

<p>The 1990s were a period of economic crisis and mass unemployment. The dissertation shows that in the labour market policy guidelines in the period 1978–2004, a dichotomy was constructed between, on the one hand, a group of unemployed described in positive terms as potentially able to gain new employment, and, on the other hand, a group – referred to in the dissertation as the Others – whose exclusion and marginalisation were seen as permanent. </p><p>Unemployment has not always been defined as a social problem. The nature of the problem of unemployment has been understood and conceptu­alised differently over time. Frames of interpretation contribute to the construction and/or reproduction of categories of unemployed within the context of active Swedish labour market policies. The point of departure for the study is that the definition of social problems is a complex process of social construction. It is an active process of re(construction), in which certain problems become perceived as social problems while others are not. </p><p>The flexibilisation of the labour market, and of labour market policy, is an institutional and discursive process that leads to new categorisations and otherings on the labour market.<i> </i></p><p>In the wake of the 1990s crisis, and of the more structural transformation of the Swedish labour market, a group of long-term unemployed has emerged. In the official guidelines of the labour market policy, the recommendations are to treat this group within the framework of the measures and activities that earlier applied to groups with disabilities. In this process, the structural labour market problem becomes defined politically in terms of individual disabilities. This is not only a process of individualisation, but also a process of medicalization. In this manner, unemployment, and particularly long-term unemployment, becomes analogous to disability.</p>

The 1990s were a period of economic crisis and mass unemployment. The dissertation shows that in the labour market policy guidelines in the period 1978–2004, a dichotomy was constructed between, on the one hand, a group of unemployed described in positive terms as potentially able to gain new employment, and, on the other hand, a group – referred to in the dissertation as the Others – whose exclusion and marginalisation were seen as permanent. Unemployment has not always been defined as a social problem. The nature of the problem of unemployment has been understood and conceptu­alised differently over time. Frames of interpretation contribute to the construction and/or reproduction of categories of unemployed within the context of active Swedish labour market policies. The point of departure for the study is that the definition of social problems is a complex process of social construction. It is an active process of re(construction), in which certain problems become perceived as social problems while others are not. The flexibilisation of the labour market, and of labour market policy, is an institutional and discursive process that leads to new categorisations and otherings on the labour market. In the wake of the 1990s crisis, and of the more structural transformation of the Swedish labour market, a group of long-term unemployed has emerged. In the official guidelines of the labour market policy, the recommendations are to treat this group within the framework of the measures and activities that earlier applied to groups with disabilities. In this process, the structural labour market problem becomes defined politically in terms of individual disabilities. This is not only a process of individualisation, but also a process of medicalization. In this manner, unemployment, and particularly long-term unemployment, becomes analogous to disability.

本文以貫時性的描述，探討日治時期（前）至今台灣哺育知識變遷。研究者根據官方對於母乳哺育率的調查資料以及田野研究，將台灣哺育型態分為三個時期：母乳哺育期（~1970）、配方奶粉哺育期（1971~1990）和混合哺育期（1991~）。本文企圖分析哺育型態的轉折，以社會學的角度，將哺育知識的變遷帶入歷史時空架構和社會文化脈絡之中詮釋，並突顯行動者的角色及位置，描繪行動者與結構之間互相形塑的樣態。 　　從歷史的意義考察，本研究發現哺育型態的轉變和產程的質變聯結在一起。傳統時期的哺育知識（或母職建構）與生命歷程密不可分，存在於女性的「私相授受」之中，與女性的生活經驗交織在一塊，本文以「母性互助系統」稱之。然而隨著醫院生產成為主流，在產後病房中，則是應用兒科醫學的科學知識作為哺育指導方針。定時定量的哺育知識與配方奶粉的瓶餵實作，成為此時期的主流哺育知識，形成歷史上前所未有的人工哺育時代。而在當今的混合哺育期，則由於母乳哺育訴求與固有產科結構之間的矛盾和衝突，引導出哺育者對「新哺育專家」的需求，並詳細介紹國際認證泌乳顧問（IBCLC）目前在台灣的發展和執業狀況。 / This study explores the historical process whereby knowledge and practice about infant feeding have changed in Taiwan from the Japan-ruled period to recent years. By analyzing how the transition occurred in patterns, it highlights the role of the cultural context within which the structure of feeding knowledge, along with construction of motherhood, has shaped and been shaped by social actors in different positions. Focusing on the historical significance, we find that feeding knowledge has varied with the qualitative transformation of the process of birth-giving. Traditional knowledge of feeding, is closely related to the course of life of females, and under the influence of the private life, interwoven with their life experience. As in-hospital birth-giving becomes the mainstream, the “medicalized” and therefore “scientific” parenting authorities serve as guidelines for feeding and nurturing. Nevertheless, the idea that mothers should breastfeed their children remains unchallenged nowadays. It brings about the conflict between appeals for breastfeeding practices and obstetrics structure. Under this trend, new expert systems in feeding teaching, such as International Board Certified Lactation Consultant (IBCLC), emerge.

This dissertation is based on seventeen months of ethnographic fieldwork that followed the development and diffusion of extended-cycle hormonal contraception, or birth control that is designed to eliminate monthly bleeding. It encompassed several sites and multiple constituencies: a clinical trial, documented medical conferences, users, potential users, and refusers of the pharmaceuticals, along with key academic and popular proponents of their adoption. Extended-cycle contraception is a critical topic because this new generation of pills, IUDs, shots, and implants is not only refiguring the length of women's cycles, but it is also augmenting the extent to which its users' bodies are medicalized, or subjected to a type of manipulation and regulation that was previously impossible. No longer just for pregnancy prevention, these regimens are increasingly touted as elective enhancement technologies that may improve on the human design, on the one hand, and as crucial preventative medicine for diseases such as reproductive cancers, on the other hand. Remarkably, these pharmaceuticals are as socially complex as they are chemically--they may facilitate the renegotiation of constructions of womanhood, nature, and progress.

Studiens syfte har varit att undersöka upplevelsen och betydelsen av att få en ADHD-diagnos hos unga kvinnor. Studien har haft en kvalitativ ansats och består av intervjuer med tre kvinnor i åldrarna 24 till 30 år som alla har fått sin diagnos efter tjugo års ålder. Utskrifterna från dessa intervjuer har meningskoncentrerats och har analyserats utifrån känsla av sammanhang, diagnossociologiska tankeströmningar och medikaliseringsbegreppet. De två forskningsfrågor som studien har ämnat besvara har varit dels hur de intervjuade kvinnorna har upplevt att få en ADHD-diagnos och dels vilken betydelse ADHD-diagnosen har haft för de intervjuade kvinnorna. Resultatet visar att kvinnorna i studien upplevde det som mestadels positivt att få en ADHD-diagnos och att diagnosen har ökat deras känsla av sammanhang avseende framför allt begriplighet och hanterbarhet men även avseende meningsfullhet. Att få en diagnos har enligt mina informanter inneburit att de förstår sig själva bättre och att de också har fått en större förståelse från andra. Diagnosen har också fungerat som en förklaringsmodell för ens eget beteende. Förutom att egna beteenden har omdefinierats till att förstås utifrån en medicinsk förklaringsmodell har diagnosen även inneburit att kvinnorna fått tillgång till hjälp och hjälpmedel som exempelvis receptbelagda läkemedel. Det har också underlättat utvecklingen av strategier för att klara av vardagen genom att antingen ”ADHD-säkra” eller använda diagnosen som en felsökningsmanual. Slutligen visar studien, som dess titel skvallrar om, på en alternativ bild av att ha en ADHD-diagnos än den som vanligtvis förmedlas i samhället, där kvinnorna ser på ADHD mer som en uppsättning personlighetsdrag som förvisso kan innebära vissa svårigheter i vardagen men som också för många goda saker med sig så som kreativitet, initiativrikedom och en förmåga att se möjligheter där andra ser problem. / The purpose of this study was to examine the experience and the meaning of being diagnosed with ADHD in young women. The study had a qualitative approach and consists of interviews with three women aged 24 to 30 whom all received their diagnosis after the age of 20. The transcripts from the interviews have been processed through meaning condensation and then content analysis, focusing on sense of coherence, sociology of diagnosis and medicalization. The study aims to answer two questions – how the interviewed women experienced being diagnosed with ADHD and what meaning the diagnosis had for the interviewed women. The results shows that the women in this study mainly had positive experiences of being diagnosed with ADHD and that the diagnosis increased their sense of coherence mainly in regards of comprehensibility and manageability but also regarding meaningfulness. Getting an ADHD-diagnosis has, according to the interviewed women, led to a greater understanding of themselves and also to a more understanding approach from others. The diagnosis has also been used as an explanation model for their own behavior. In addition to own behaviors being redefined to be understood in a medicinal explanation model, the diagnosis has also meant that the women has gained access to help and aids like, for instance, prescription drugs. It has also facilitated the development of strategies for managing everyday life through either “ADHD-securing” and using the diagnosis as a manual for troubleshooting.  Finally, this study shows an alternative picture of having an ADHD-diagnosis that differs from the picture that is usually conveyed in society, where the women in this study perceive ADHD more as a set of personality traits that indeed may cause difficulties in their everyday life but also brings a lot of good things with it, such as creativity, an ability to take initiatives and an ability to see possibilities where others see problems.

No description available.

A l’ère moderne, se soigner par soi-même c’est répondre à des situations créées par la médecine. Son efficacité, ses limites, ses interventions, sa pratique, sa propension à médicaliser les existences, son inscription dans l’économie de marché sont autant de facteurs qui interagissent avec la capacité auto-soignante de la personne comme l’attestent la désorganisation du schéma identitaire du patient lors d’interventions visant à réparer des traumatismes physiques, le malade chronique délégataire de la médecine, la médicalisation de l’avancée en âge. Aussi, la tâche impartie à l’homme moderne est de s’affranchir des asservissements, des effets de désagrégation, des interférences que génèrent les activités médicales. En ce sens, se soigner par soi-même c’est, d’une part, décrypter les buts poursuivis par la médecine et déterminer si son action répond avec pertinence à sa problématique de santé ; et, d’autre part, élaborer des réponses non contraintes et innovantes aux situations déstabilisantes. En se soignant par lui-même, c’est-à-dire en étant capable de faire apparaître, en temps de crise, des modalités adaptatives à une réalité déstabilisatrice, l’homme moderne s’affirme en tant qu’authentique sujet créateur de sa vie. / In the modern era, self healing is to respond to situations created by medicine. Its effectiveness, its limits, its interventions, its practice, its tendency to medicalize existences, its inclusion in market economy are as many factors that interact with the self healing ability as attest the disruption of the patient's identity schema during interventions to repair physical trauma, chronic patient which depends on medicine, the medicalization of the aging. As well the task assigned to the modern man is to escape from enslavements, weathering effects, interferences generated by medical activities. In this sense, self healing is, on the one hand, to decrypt the aims of medicine and to determine if its action responds with relevance to its problem of health; and, on the other hand to develop non-constraints and innovative answers to destabilizing situations. By treating himself, i.e., being able to show in times of crisis, adaptive manner to a destabilizing reality, modern man asserts itself as an authentic subject creator of his life.