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A fundamental change in societal values and economic structures is required to address increasing pressures on ecosystems and natural resources. Transition research has developed in the last decades to analyze the co-dynamics of technological, institutional, social and economic elements in the provision of key functions such as energy, water and food supply. This doctoral dissertation provides conceptual and methodological contributions to the pro-active governance of sustainability transitions. Three research gaps are identified that are addressed in this dissertation. First, a comprehensive conceptualization of learning in sustainability transitions is currently missing that comprises learning at multiple societal levels (ranging from individuals to policy-actors). Learning concepts are often not explicitly discussed in transition research even though learning is considered as fundamental for innovation processes, niche formation and development as well as breakthrough and diffusion of innovations. Second, methods for the analysis and design of transition governance processes are lacking that specify case-specific intervention points and roles of actors in the implementation of innovations. Third, participatory modeling approaches are only applied to a limited extent in transition research despite a high potential for supporting communication and learning. The conceptualization of multi-level learning developed in this doctoral research conceptualizes learning at different societal levels as specific learning contexts ranging from individual and group contexts to organizational and policy contexts. The conceptual framework further differentiates between learning processes, intensity, objects, outcomes, subjects and factors, allowing for a more detailed analysis of learning within and across learning contexts. Thus, learning contexts can be linked by processes that involve actors from different learning contexts (e.g., community groups and policy-makers), as well as exchanges of physical aspects, institutions and knowledge (in the form of ‘learning factors’). This research has also provided a classification of model uses in transition research that supports a purposeful discussion of the opportunities of modeling and promising future research directions. The methodology developed in this doctoral research aims at the analysis and design of transition governance processes by specifying the various opportunities to contribute to sustainability transitions through purposeful action at different societal levels, as well as related roles of stakeholders in implementing such processes of change. The methodology combines different streams of previous research: 1) a participatory modeling approach to identify problem perceptions, case-specific sustainability innovations as well as related implementation barriers, drivers and responsibilities; 2) a systematic review to identify supportive and impeding learning factors from the general literature that can complement case-specific factors; and 3) a method for the analysis and design of case-specific transition governance processes. Three case studies in Canada (topic: sustainable food systems), Cyprus (water-energy-food nexus) and Germany (sustainable heating supply) have been selected to test and iteratively develop the methodology described above. The results for each case study reveal that there are learning objects (i.e., learning requirements) in all learning contexts, which underscores the importance of multi-level learning in sustainability transitions, ranging from the individual to the group, organizational and policy levels. Actors have various opportunities to actively facilitate societal transformations towards sustainable development either directly through actions at their particular societal levels (i.e., context-internal learning) or indirectly through actions that influence learning at other societal levels. In fact, most of the learning factors require cooperation across learning contexts during the implementation process. The comparing of learning factors across case studies underline the importance of several factor categories, such as ‘physical a ‘disturbance or crisis’, ‘information and knowledge’. Of the 206 factors identified by stakeholders, 40 factors are case-specific and not contained in the general, review-based factor list. This underscores the value of participatory research, as general, top-down analyses might have overlooked these case-specific factors. The methodology presented in this dissertation allows for the identification and analysis of case-specific intervention points for sustainability transitions at multiple societal levels. The methodology furthermore permits the analysis of interplay between individual, group, organizational and policy actions, which is a first step towards their coordination. The focus on sustainability innovations links the broad topic of sustainability transitions to a set of opportunities for practical interventions and overcoming their implementation barriers. The methodology presented allows for the analysis and design of these interlinkages between learning contexts. While the methodology cannot provide any ‘silver bullets’ for inducing sustainability transitions, it is flexible enough to identify an appropriate abstraction level for analyzing and designing transition governance processes. The methodology developed in this doctoral research also provides several contributions for the development of participatory modeling methods in transition research. Thus, the participatory method supports an integrated analysis of barriers and drivers of sustainability innovations, and allows application in practice and education. The concepts and methods developed in this research project allow for reflection on transition governance processes from a systemic viewpoint. Experiences in the case studies underline the applicability of the concepts and methods developed for the analysis of case-specific transition governance processes. Despite substantial differences in the geographic location, culture and topics addressed, all case studies include promising sustainability innovations and the engagement of multiple actors in their implementation. The diversity and multitude of initiatives in the case study regions provides an optimistic outlook on future opportunities for large-scale sustainability transitions.

In dieser Dissertation wird der Einfluss von Transaktionen zur Wiederverwendung von Nährstoffen und gereinigtem kommunalen Abwasser auf die Wertschöpfungsketten der Abwasserbehandlung und Pflanzenproduktion untersucht. Ziel ist es, Kosten und Nutzen sowie die Wertschöpfung von Transaktionen in verknüpften Wertschöpfungsketten der Abwasserbehandlung und Pflanzenproduktion zu analysieren. Darüber hinaus wird untersucht, wie Transaktionen und Interdependenzen zwischen Akteuren in verknüpften Wertschöpfungsketten die lokalen Governance-Strukturen für die Wiederverwendung von Abwasser beeinflussen. Die Analyse wird hauptsächlich durch das Wertschöpfungskettenkonzept, das Konzept der Kreislaufwirtschaft und die Theorie der Transaktionskostenökonomie geleitet. Mit verschiedenen Methoden, wie der Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse, der Wertschöpfungskettenanalyse und der Transaktionskostenanalyse, werden zwei Fallstudien in Deutschland untersucht: (1) die Fällung von Struvit (Magnesium-Ammonium-Phosphat) und dessen Verwendung als Dünger in Berlin-Brandenburg und (2) das Modell der landwirtschaftlichen Abwasserwiederverwendung in Braunschweig. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Wiederverwendung von Nährstoffen und Abwasser zu geringeren Kosten für die Abwasserbehandlung, höherer Rentabilität und Wertschöpfung in der Pflanzenproduktion und zu einem hohen Anteil an regionaler Wertschöpfung führen. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen aber auch, dass die Wiederverwendung von Abwasser zu Einschränkungen, Verdrängungseffekten und Veränderungen in der Verteilung der Wertschöpfung führen kann. Des Weiteren zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass differenzierte Governance-Strukturen erforderlich sind, um den unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften der Transaktionen zwischen Abwasserbehandlung und der Pflanzenproduktion gerecht zu werden. Interdependenzen zwischen Abwasseranbietern und Landwirten erhöhen den Bedarf an hybriden und hierarchischen Elementen in den Governance-Strukuren für die Wiederverwendung von Abwasser. / This dissertation explores the impact of transactions for reusing nutrients and treated municipal wastewater on the value chains of wastewater treatment and crop production. It aims to analyze what costs and benefits and what added-value can result from transactions in linked value chains of wastewater treatment and crop production. Furthermore, it aims to analyze how transactions and interdependences between actors in linked value chains shape the governance structures for reusing wastewater at the local level. The analysis is mainly guided by the value chain concept, the concept of the circular economy and the theory of transaction costs economics. Different methods including cost-benefit analysis, value chain analysis and transaction cost analysis are used to investigate two case studies located in Germany: (1) the precipitation of struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) in the wastewater treatment plant in Waßmannsdorf and its application as fertilizer in Berlin-Brandenburg, and (2) the agricultural wastewater reuse scheme of the Wastewater Association Braunschweig. The results show that transactions for reusing nutrients and wastewater result in the development of linked regional value chains with lower costs of wastewater treatment, higher profitability and added-value in crop production, and a high share of regional added-value. However, the results also highlight that the reuse of wastewater can lead to restrictions (e.g., cultivation bans on certain crops), crowding out effects and changes in the distribution of the added-value. Furthermore, the findings suggest that different governance structures are needed to match the different properties of the transactions between wastewater treatment and crop production. Interdependences resulting from transactions between wastewater providers and farmers increase the need for hybrid and hierarchical elements in the governance structures for reusing wastewater.

This thesis examines the structural and conjunuctural constraints that inhibit the emergence of a civil society and democracy in Ethiopia, 1991-2005. Freedom and democracy are taken as precondition for development and social transformation. It introduces a model of how state and society relationship affects development and social transformation in transitional societies placing freedom as a pivotal link. The thesis establishes a marked continuum in the modalities of state and society relationship throughout the three post-War governments in Ethiopia. It examines the current state/society relationship and highlights lack of freedom as the major constraint. This is examined against the backdrop of what the historical realm for social change in post-War Ethiopia is, namely freedom and democracy. It examines the policies of the current government (EPRDF) on non-state organizations, the 'theoretical' rationales it advanced and how the perceptions that the ruling party held back in 1975 haven't changed. It holds that the government exacerbated the problem of the fragile relationship it had with society. The thesis also examines the government's policy on ethnicity as the 'rationale' that governs the functions of its institutions of governance and deconstructs the concepts of EPRRDF's "revolutionary democracy", the dichotomy between quality and quantity as well as between cadres and experts. It also deconstructs the EPRDF's thesis on the "national question" both in terms of its claims to have proceeded from the positions of the old student movement on the one hand and from the Marxian theoretical perception on the "national question" on the other. The analysis is extended to examine, within the poverty-unfreedom nexus, the development challenges that Ethiopia currently faces. Four major development challenges are advanced for examination: gender, environment, rural development and population. The thesis concludes that the EPRDF has failed to resolve these structural problems. EPRDF's exclusion of the nascent civil society, suppression of freedom and official political opposition are taken as the main factors behind the failure. The case of the 2005 elections is presented as a sequel to the thesis. / Sociology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Sociology)

Au sein de la périnatalité organisée en réseau(x), entre les objectifs préventifs et thérapeutiques attendus pour les bébés et leurs parents et les vécus concrets, des écarts sont à constater. Nous avons dans cette recherche souhaité proposer quelques pistes de réflexion concernant ces constats : notre démarche en psychopathologie et psychologie clinique s’associe à un positionnement ethnopsychologique, psychanalytique et systémique, pour aborder la complexité de cette problématique.Notre hypothèse est que la compréhension du travail psychique des réseau(x) de soins, ici situés autour de la Naissance, passerait par :1) la prise en compte de l’existence d’un « réseau dans la tête » de chaque protagoniste de l’enfantement, professionnel et parent, en tant que formation psychique spécifique des groupalités intra, inter et trans-subjective de la réticularité2) le fait d’envisager les résistances et ressources propres aux exigences de ce travail psychique en réseau, qui entravent et/ou étayent les qualités dynamiques des processus perceptifs, relationnels et communicationnels3) le principe selon lequel ces processus perceptifs fragilisent et/ou soutiennent les qualités potentiellement préventives et thérapeutiques de cette organisation de soins spécifiques à la mise et à la venue au monde des enfants.4) l’idée que cette organisation des soins se modélise en réticularité pour permettre une adaptabilité des processus psychiques défensifs, groupaux et singuliers plus ou moins conscientisés, face aux émergences et réminiscences mobilisées par le phénomène de la Naissance.Le recueil des perceptions attenantes au réseau périnatal et à la place de chacun au sein de cette organisation, a été effectué selon la méthode ethnobiographique auprès des protagonistes de l’enfantement (familles et professionnels) en Languedoc-Roussillon, de 2005 à 2009, au sein de services d’obstétrique, de pédiatrie et de pédopsychiatrie périnatale. A partir de l’analyse de ces données et de trois vignettes cliniques, sont questionnés ici les élaborations et les processus psychiques participant et procédant des liens institués autour de la Naissance. L’analyse, étayée de certains apports des théoriciens du chaos, aboutit à établir peu à peu un modèle de compréhension du travail psychique propre aux réseaux de soins, dont notamment la périnatalité. Ce modèle propose de procéder par :- l’analyse psychologique simultanée des situations cliniques en cinq focales ; niveau singulier conscient, niveau singulier inconscient, niveau groupal conscient, niveau groupal inconscient et selon les différentes strates du réseau (réseau-dispositif ; réseau local-informel ; réseau de proximité formalisé ; réseau-famille ; réseau-professionnel ; réseau dans la tête).- le repérage et l’instrumentalisation des protagonistes-clés de cette méthodologie ; le référent, le répondant et le préoccupé.Face aux mobilisations convoquées par l’enfantement, chacun et tous, familles et professionnels, mettent en place des processus et des élaborations psychiques propres au domaine de la périnatalité réticulaire, à travers des dynamiques psychiques complexes, où le sujet apparaît de, dans, entre et à travers le(s) groupe(s), afin de permettre une adaptabilité défensive adéquate face aux éprouvés participant et procédant de la mise et de la venue au monde des enfants. Entre exigences et possibilités de chacun et de tous, il s’agit d’un tissage dynamique, entre accordages et désaccordages intra, inter et trans-subjectifs : groupalités psychiques réticulaires, réseau(x) dans la tête, dont les qualités en termes de flexibilité et/ou de rigidification, vont permettre, ou peu, ou pas, les potentialités créatrices de la Naissance, dans des contextes préventifs et thérapeutiques / In the context of perinatal nexus, there are differences between the preventive and therapeutic purposes set for the baby and her/his parents on one hand and actual experiences on the other hand. In this research, we wish to develop some reflections about these differences, by mainly resorting to clinical psychology and psychopathology approaches, with ethno-psychological, psychoanalytic and systemic views to grasp the complexity of this theme. Our hypothesis is that a better understanding of the mental shaping of network around the birth could proceed from : - acknowledging this mental shaping in network for each and all partners, professional and parent, as specific mind shaping of network in intra, inter and trans-subjective groups. - taking into account the resistances and resources fitted to mental shaping of network, that hinder and/or support the dynamic qualities of perceptive processes that partake and originate in this care organisation and which weaken and/or prop up its preventive and therapeutic potentialities.Using an ethno-biographical method, a data collection of the birth protagonists’ (the families and medical-nursing staff) perceptions of perinatal nexus and the part played by each one of them in it, made in obstetric, paediatric and child psychiatric units, in Languedoc-Roussillon, from 2005 to 2009. From the data analysis and from three clinical examples, were particularly examined psychological elaborations and processes that originate and partake in the established birth nexus. This analysis, made complete with some contributions of chaos theoreticians, leads to a pattern of understanding of the mind shaping in this specific perinatal network. This model suggests to proceed from : - simultaneous psychological analysis of clinical situation in five levels ; conscious individual level, unconscious individual level, conscious group level, unconscious group level and various network levels (system-network, locally and informally network, formal closeness network, family-network, professional-network, mental shaping in network). - the key-protagonists’ identification and instrumentalization of this method; “the” referent, “the” guarantor and “the” involved.Facing thoughts about child birth, everyone (the families and medical-nursing staff) sets up psychological elaborations and processes that originate and partake in specific perinatal nexus, through psychological and complexe dynamics, which emerges the subject “from”, “in”, “between” and “through” human group(s), in order to permit adequate defensive adaptability when facing feelings partaking and originating in coming and bringing into the world. In between the demands and possibilities of each protagonist, a dynamic weaving of thoughts is ranging from being tune to being out of tune : there lies a mind shaping of network whose flexibility and/or rigidity can or cannot much entice, creative potentialities on human birth, in preventive and therapeutic context

由於人口快速成長使得土地開發行為頻繁，都市在面臨土地開發不公平與無效率，以及可預見未來都市建設財政更行拮据的情況下，提昇都市環境品質的理想似乎遙不可及，因此，針對都市土地開發所面臨的課題，如何建立一套公共設施費用負擔的制度，實刻不容緩。而美國地方政府所實施之土地開發衝擊費制度為都市成長管理之一種策略，隱含都市成長付費及使用者付費理念，似可引入我國都市土地開發系統中，此乃本研究之出發點。 　　本研究之進行，主要針對都市土地開發過程中，透過相關理論、制度探討，從其中檢討開發管制之缺失，並介紹美國土地開發衝擊費制度實施經驗，以其為基礎建立都市成長付費應有之觀念和原則。同時，並透過影響地方公共支出之各種因素分析及市鄉鎮長問卷調查，瞭解人口規模對公共支出的影響效果及市鄉鎮長對土地開發衝擊費之態度。最後，從公平、效率、財政及行政的觀點，探討其在臺灣地區實施之可行性。 　　在問卷調查的結果上，市鄉鎮財政明顯困難，且強烈希望有獨立課稅權；對於課徵土地開發衝擊費則偏向肯定的態度。在公共支出的實證分析上，本研究發現人口規模對地方公共支出有規模經濟與不經濟的現象，其可作為課徵土地開發衝擊費之基礎，而已達規模不經濟之都市，為較適合的實施對象。 　　在可行性分析上，本研究認為必須以立法依據為先決條件，透過合理關聯之計算、具有公信力之仲裁，以及會計支出之有效規範，才能使該制度順推動。 / Rapid population growth results in frequent land development. Improvement of the quality of urban environment seems to be a remote dream due to the unfair and inefficient urban land development and insufficient urban construction expenditures. In this connection, when facing urban land development problem, establishment of a system of sharing the expenditure of public facility construction warrants no delay. The land development impact fees implemented in the local government of the U.S., being a strategy of urban growth management embodies the idea of paying for growth and user charge. This measure deserves to be introduced into our urban land development system for reference and this is also the main starting-point of this study. 　　In the process of this study,its main stress is focused on evaluation of the drawbacks of development control through related and system and introduction of development impact fees system and implementing experience of the U.S.land development into ours. On the basis of that system and experience,the idea of paying for growth and user charge can be established.At the same time, through the analysis of factories of factories affecting local public expenditure and the investigations on questionnaires of chiefs,mayors and magistrates of cities and counties,the impact of population scale on local public expenditures and attitude of these mayors and magistrates toward the land development impact fees can be understood. Finally, whether the above-mentioned U.S.system can be implemented in our country can be examined through fairness, efficiency,financial and administrative points of views. 　　In the results of questionnaires, financial difficulty and strong intentions on independent tax-levying authority were expressed by city and villages.They also expressed a positive attitude of levying the development impact fees.When analyzing the actual case of public expenditures,this study finds out that population scale can results in economics of scale and diseconomics of scale in local public expenditures. This can be served as the basis of levying of land development impact fees and those cities of diseconomies will be suited for implementation. 　　In the analysis on its feasibility,this study considers that the legislation is prerequisite and this system can be implemented through rational nexus calculation, a credit arbitration and defective regulation of accounting expenditure.

Synthèse des travaux de recherche effectués, sur will + BV, sur le conditionnel français, son invariant sémantique et sa traduction en anglais, sur les repères hypothétiques, l'opposition entre irréel et potentiel, le conditionnel journalistique et le discours indirect libre ; sur certaines constructions verbales (want, will) ; sur le sujet, la prédication, les constructions participiales, la qualification ; sur la focalisation (just ; l'exception) ; sur les prépositions ; sur les mots en wh. Présentation d'une réflexion actuelle qui porte entre autres sur la qualification, les structures résultatives, l'apposition, la coprédication, les nexus, les paradigmatiques, les structures de focalisation. L'auteur en est arrivé à essayer de rendre compte systématiquement dans ses travaux, entre autres, en relation avec la spécificité des phénomènes étudiés, de trois séries d'observables linguistiques dont les propriétés sont loin d'être entièrement explorées : trois modes de repérage - structurel, sémantico-référentiel, énonciatif ; trois incidences fondamentales - prédicative, co-prédicative, interne au syntagme ; trois types de constituants de base - syntagmes, nexus, propositions.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:総合研究(A) 課題番号:04301070 研究代表者:山田 鋭夫 研究期間:1992-1993年度

This thesis examines the structural and conjunuctural constraints that inhibit the emergence of a civil society and democracy in Ethiopia, 1991-2005. Freedom and democracy are taken as precondition for development and social transformation. It introduces a model of how state and society relationship affects development and social transformation in transitional societies placing freedom as a pivotal link. The thesis establishes a marked continuum in the modalities of state and society relationship throughout the three post-War governments in Ethiopia. It examines the current state/society relationship and highlights lack of freedom as the major constraint. This is examined against the backdrop of what the historical realm for social change in post-War Ethiopia is, namely freedom and democracy. It examines the policies of the current government (EPRDF) on non-state organizations, the 'theoretical' rationales it advanced and how the perceptions that the ruling party held back in 1975 haven't changed. It holds that the government exacerbated the problem of the fragile relationship it had with society. The thesis also examines the government's policy on ethnicity as the 'rationale' that governs the functions of its institutions of governance and deconstructs the concepts of EPRRDF's "revolutionary democracy", the dichotomy between quality and quantity as well as between cadres and experts. It also deconstructs the EPRDF's thesis on the "national question" both in terms of its claims to have proceeded from the positions of the old student movement on the one hand and from the Marxian theoretical perception on the "national question" on the other. The analysis is extended to examine, within the poverty-unfreedom nexus, the development challenges that Ethiopia currently faces. Four major development challenges are advanced for examination: gender, environment, rural development and population. The thesis concludes that the EPRDF has failed to resolve these structural problems. EPRDF's exclusion of the nascent civil society, suppression of freedom and official political opposition are taken as the main factors behind the failure. The case of the 2005 elections is presented as a sequel to the thesis. / Sociology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Sociology)

No description available.