新產品開發是一個資源組合的過程。創新產品的設計與推出，不僅攸關廠商參與市場競爭的機會，更影響其未來生存發展的空間。在過去相關研究中，較側重於探討市場面的商品效果，強調功能、介面設計，以及樣式美觀等因素，也因此忽略了開發過程中資源取用的「成本」問題。雖有部分研究試圖以資源基礎觀點探討廠商能耐與產品開發績效之間的關係，卻僅圍繞在檢視資源的「組合效率」與「組合效果」，如加速開發流程、提升生產速度，以及提高產品的品質與績效。 然而，創新產品具有「推陳出新」的特質，即強調資源的重組與新組合的實現(Schumpeter, 1912)。不過，關於資源的組合論述，卻過於籠統，並未觸及組合的建構內涵，也甚少探討投入組合的單一素材，其多重應用的可能性，亦即「資源發明」的議題。因此，本研究以人類學家Lévi-Strauss(1966)提出的拼湊(bricolage)概念，探討開發創新商品的資源拼湊與價值實現，以填補資源基礎觀點的不足。 本研究採取質性與量化並行的研究策略。針對創新產品的發展歷程實施以敘述生命故事、回溯創作史為核心的敘事研究，透過先導個案澄清分析架構，爾後進行驗證式個案研究及量化研究，使變數的衡量與關係的驗證，得以在第二階段實施。 研究發現，資源在創新商品的開發活動中扮演關鍵角色，廠商若取用成本較低的一般性資源，不僅有助於降低「資源組合成本」，也較能快速啟動資源重組活動。此外，較為豐厚的資源初始狀態，也可在開發創新商品時，增加重複進行多次實驗的機會，透過不斷地資源重組、摸索元素之間的連結關係，以促進學習效果，並累積「工多藝熟」的能耐，進而堅實組合的結構與秩序。 另一方面，一般性資源通常被視為無用或毫無價值，因此必須能賦予資源新生命，進而與其他元素重新組合，才能創造「無中生有」、超越資源既有價值水準的創新商品。而發現資源多重應用的基礎，即為拼湊能力的建立，代表對資源特質的觀察力、區辨性、重新連結能力、實作以及學習能力。 從理論上而言，本研究探討萌芽階段的創意團隊，藉由拼湊一般性資源而點燃創新能量並實現價值的關鍵因素，不僅擴展資源基礎觀點的適用性，亦開啟「新資源基礎觀點」之理論面向。在實務上，本研究透過系統性地觀察及分析小型創新商品的開發活動，彰顯拼湊能力的重要性。而對於有意願投入或開發創新商品的團隊，本研究亦提供一個資源取用的整體性架構與創意思考的空間。

本論文採以「復元」概念，試圖瞭解原住民在經歷到生涯發展中的阻礙與創傷後，如何進行調適與重新得力的經驗。研究設計採取敘事研究法對四位布農族原住民的生涯故事進行蒐集與分析，並有四點發現：首先，原住民的生涯發展可區分為「家庭生活」與「自我實現」兩條軸線，且均呈現螺旋攀升的形式發展；其次，原住民在生涯故事中的敘說風格採以「開拓家」、「悲劇英雄」、「幸運份子」與「被犧牲者」四種建構位置的交替，並在單一生涯主題上，會隨時間與情境而有位置的改變，或因為不同的生涯主題，而同時擁有複數的位置；第三，原住民生涯故事中的創傷主題具有族群的特殊性，共包括「貧窮」、「父係社會下的角色規範」、「學校與部落價值觀的脫節」、「原漢關係的衝突」、「酗酒問題」、「家庭暴力」，以及「其他生涯議題」等七項；最後，促進原住民從生涯創傷中復元的因子，則可歸納出「個人優勢」、「人際關係」、「環境資源」與「文化與靈性」四類，而類別當中的個別復元促進因子會隨情境而被激發或發揮不同功能，且單一因子即可能觸發不同類別間因子的連鎖反應。作者根據研究結果，對原住民族助人工作提出實務上和政策上的建議。 / This research takes “Recovery” concept to describe and understand experiences of Taiwanese indigenous people who made a recovery from career barriers and traumas. Research design takes narrative research to collect and analyze four indigenous Bunun persons’ career development stories. And main findings are as follows. First, axes of indigenous persons’ career development stories could be generalized to “Family life” and “self-fulfillment” two topics, and both development forms tend to spiral upward. Second, interviewees take four narrative positions to construct self in their stories, including “Pioneer”, “Tragedy hero”, “Lucky guy” and “Scapegoat”, but these positions are often shifted because of the time or situations changes, and one person could have plural positions on different topics at the same time. Third, career traumas in stories include “Poverty”, “Role norms under the patriarchal society ”, “Values disconnection between the schools and the tribes”, “Relationship conflict between the Hans and indigenous peoples”, “Alcoholism”, “Domestic violence” and “Other issues”, the specific effects from ethic group background are appeared on all of these trauma issues. Fourth, the conducive factors to recovery from career traumas are widely distributed over “Personal strengths”, “Interpersonal relationships”, “Environmental resources” and “Culture and Spirituality” areas, each factor could be aroused or created by situations, and every single factor can leads others to make chain reaction. Base on above findings, author gives advice on policy making and practice work for indigenous people’ career development.

本論文試圖針對目前或曾經有過照顧罹病家人之情感性精神病患進行深度訪談，以了解其家庭生活適應整體歷程中，所遇之壓力負荷議題、照顧議題及生活適應影響議題為何。研究設計採取敘事研究法，針對四位情感性精神病患的照顧故事進行資料蒐集與分析。 　　本研究共有三大部份的發現，在壓力負荷層面中，照顧者主要經驗「情緒困頓」、「責任壓力」、「束縛感受」、「被隔離或排斥的感受」、「對未來的恐懼」、「刻板印象、歧視或烙印」、「家庭功能和關係之變化」等七項主觀或客觀議題；在照顧層面中，照顧者主要面臨了「疾病復發引發負面情緒，影響照顧的能量」、「資源和支持系統之運用」、「生理健康」、「心理健康」、「情感需求支持」等五項議題；在生活適應影響層面中，照顧者面臨「角色轉變」、「相關支持」、「照顧信念」、「照顧需求」等四個面向的議題。 　　在了解情感性精神病患身為疾病照顧者之家庭生活適應歷程中，影響其家庭生活適應之相關因素和議題之後，研究者根據研究結果的整理，提出具體建議與結論，提供助人實務工作和政策方案設計在協助情感性精神病患執行照顧角色之參考。 / This research aims to caregivers who have affective disorder had or having the experience of taking care of his or her sick families. With in-depth interview, author try to understand what issues will face during their process of family-life adjustment, like stress and burden issues, care issues, and live adjustment issues. Research design takes narrative research to collect and analyze from four caregivers who have affective disorder. This research has three parts of finding. First, in "Stress and burden issues", caregivers face seven subjective and objective issues, such as "emotional suffering", "responsibility stress", "feeling of restrain", "feeling of being separated or rejected", "fear of the future", "stereotype, prejudice, and stigma", and "changes of family function and relationship". Second, in "Care issues", caregivers face five issues, such as "symptoms cause negative feelings", "using the resources and supportive system", "mental health", "physical health", and "support of emotional needs". Third, in "Life adjustment issues", caregivers face four issues, such as "role change", "supports", "care belief", "care needs". After discovering those issues and relative factors that influence the process of family-life of caregivers who have affective disorder. Base on above findings, author gives suggestions on policy making and practice work for caregivers who have affective disorder.

本研究旨在了解職前華語文教師學習外語的歷程、語言學習信念與教學信念，屬質性個案研究。對象為華語文教學研究所四位台籍研究生，聚焦於外語學習歷程、外語學習信念、外語教學信念三大主軸，以深度訪談作為資料收集方法。訪談內容及範圍主要參考了Horwitz（1985）語言學習信念研究的BALLI 模式以及Johnson（1992）與張碧玲（2000）設計的語言教師教學信念問卷。研究發現包括：（一）不同時期的外語學習經歷對個案職前教師的學習及教學信念起了「學徒式的觀察」、信念的轉變及「濾鏡」等作用。（二）透過對個案的學習及教學信念探討，可以看到信念具有多層次的特質。而其中較整體面向的信念與較個別層次的信念，呈現了相互支持、矛盾等關係。（三）教學信念隨著背後所隱藏的動機不同，不能以因果關係作解釋。（四）個案教師基於不同的學習經歷、學習信念及教學信念，在教學上建構了與社會文化情境相關，同時也具有個人意義的教學理論。最後建議華語文師資教育應提供機會讓職前教師了解自我語言學習及教學信念，以及更多教學實務的機會，以讓他們在教學行動中反思，也在反思中進行教學。華語文教師本身亦可以利用自我的外語學習經驗作為反思的工具，時時保持成長的動機與內省的能力。此外，華語文教師也應對教學現場及環境文化等因素有所知覺，這樣才能促進有效的教學。 / This qualitative case study aims to understand the TCSL ( Teaching Chinese as a Second language ) pre-service teachers’ foreign language learning experience, language learning beliefs, and teaching beliefs. The participants are four Taiwanese postgraduate students from the department of TCSL in a university in northern Taiwan. The study focus on three aspects: foreign language learning experience, language learning beliefs, and teaching beliefs. In-depth interviews are conducted as the data collection method, informed by Horwitz’s (1985) BALLI model as well as Johnson (1992) and Zhang (2000). The findings include that (1) the four pre-service TCSL teachers’ foreign language learning experiences, serving as a filter, afford “apprenticeship of observation” which leads to changes in beliefs, and (2)beliefs are multilayered, involving both supportive and contradictory relationships. (3) Teaching beliefs are not necessarily consistent with each other because of different intentions lying behind. It is difficult to regard them as having a simple cause-and-effect relation. (4) Based on different learning experiences, learning and teaching beliefs, the four pre-service teachers construct their own personal theories toward teaching, which are not only socially relevant but also personally meaningful. Finally, the study suggests that language teacher education needs to provide sufficient opportunities for pre-service teachers to understand their own learning and teaching beliefs. It is also necessary to provide opportunities to engage them in authentic teaching contexts so that they could reflect on their teaching beliefs in real-world pratice. TCSL teachers need to be encouraged to use their own learning experiences as a reflective tool to sustain their passions for teaching.

目前台灣迎娶外籍配偶現象日益增加，「外籍配偶」一詞已成為台灣另一個新興族群的代稱。然多數外籍配偶在低社經地位的處境，加上文化隔閡而導致之教養困境，皆間接影響下一代子女的教育問題。 本研究旨在探究文化衝擊下，外籍配偶教養經驗之內涵與其調適歷程。採個案敘說研究取向，透過訪談一位來台十年、已育有三位子女之印尼客家籍外籍配偶，以敘事文體呈現外籍配偶過往之受教經驗、來台後歷經的教養遭遇並闡述其所持有之「原罪」與「愛必管教 」的教養觀。最後，本文參照家庭生命週期觀點與Anderson遷移者教養子女歷程論，進一步闡明外籍配偶在歷經跨文化衝擊下，獨特的「調整與修正」之教養現象與其教養圖像之形塑歷程。 / Getting married with foreign brides becomes more and more common in Taiwan now. The term, “Foreign Spouse”, has represented another new emerging group. However, most of the families with foreign spouses are in low social and economic status and the culture difference also forms a barrier to children’s education. These factors indirectly influence the education of next generation. The purpose of this research is to discuss the experience of how a foreign spouse educates and nurtures her children and the process of how a foreign spouse adjusts herself to overcome culture difference. This research applies case studies to interview an Indonesian foreign spouse, who has been married in Taiwan for over ten years and has three lovely children. This paper describes the case study as a story. It includes the education background of the foreign spouse and the experience of educating and nurturing children after she came to Taiwan. In addition, the story goes further to explain a very special point of view of education and nurture, which the foreign spouse in this case study possess. That is “the original crime” and “love to teach”. Finally, this paper refers to the viewpoint of life cycle of a family and the Anderson’s theory of a migrant’s educates and nurtures the children, and further explains the unique phenomenon and model of nurture and education, “the Adjustment and Modification”, that a foreign spouse has under the impact of culture difference.

Submitted by Carolina Marielli Barreto (carolina.marielli@gmail.com) on 2018-09-12T00:34:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 IMAGENS, PERCURSOS E NARRATIVAS_Carolina_M_Barreto.pdf: 2700355 bytes, checksum: 660f76c0d12a777298592d08636a6406 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Laura Mariane de Andrade null (laura.andrade@ia.unesp.br) on 2018-09-12T19:25:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 barreto_cm_dr_ia.pdf: 2700355 bytes, checksum: 660f76c0d12a777298592d08636a6406 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-12T19:25:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 barreto_cm_dr_ia.pdf: 2700355 bytes, checksum: 660f76c0d12a777298592d08636a6406 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-25 / A tese intitulada, Imagens, percursos e narrativas: relações possíveis entre Arte, Currículo e Educação Profissional foi construída tendo como prerrogativa demonstrar a Arte uma ignitora de processos cognitivos, perceptivos e sócio afetivos que extrapolam o campo profissional tendo como hipótese o contato com as reflexões e argumentos da Arte, fundamentalmente por meio das imagens, contribui para a formação dos/ as estudantes, independente do contexto profissional. A presente tese utiliza-se da análise do discurso (RICOUER) e da pesquisa como narrativa biográfica (NÓVOA) como procedimento metodológico e foi organizada em duas partes complementares; na primeira parte foi realizada a revisão bibliográfica contemplando como as diferentes concepções de Currículo (CASEMIRO/ MACEDO e SILVA) e Trabalho (ALBORNOZ, ARENDT, BAUMAM, GORZ, ABRAMO e VENTURI) assim como as questões da visualidade, cultura visual, estética e criatividade (PAGLIA, GARDNER, BARBOSA, SERVIO, DARRAS, EFLAN e OSTROWER) se relacionam com a questão da formação profissional e como estas concepções se relacionam com as orientações curriculares (TROJAN) e documentos oficiais da educação profissional. Na segunda parte é apresentado como tais questões se relacionam no espaço de uma escola técnica profissionalizante de nível médio em duas turmas do eixo de Produção Cultural e Design por meio de projetos cujos objetivos são a produção de imagens. Para construção das análises, foram selecionados projetos e atividades, nos quais a autora atuou como orientadora, extrapolando as questões técnicas da habilitação profissional, exigindo escolhas e posicionamentos diante das situações entre aqueles que tratavam da produção de imagens e o debate das questões étnico raciais e de gênero. As experiências relatadas aconteceram na Etec Carapicuíba, uma escola técnica estadual e gratuita, caracterizada, como seus/ as docentes, estudantes e práticas na segunda parte do trabalho. As considerações finais abordam as relações do currículo e a formação continuada de docentes e o papel ignitor da Arte no desenvolvimento das competências profissionais e pessoais dos estudantes e as possibilidades da Arte no currículo da Educação Profissional. / The thesis entitled, Images, paths and narratives: possi- ble relations between Art, Curriculum and Professional Education was built with the prerogative to demonstrate Art as an igniter of cognitive, perceptive and affective partner processes that extrapolate the professional field having as hypothesis the contact with the reflections and Arguments of Art, mainly through images, contributes to the formation of students, regardless of the professional context. The present thesis is using the discourse analysis (RICOUER) and the research such as biographical narrative (NÓVOA) as methodological procedure and was organized in two complementary parts; in the first part, a bibliographical review was carried out contemplating how the different conceptions of Curriculum (CASEMIRO/MACEDO and SILVA) and Work (ALBORNOZ, ARENDT, BAUMAM, GORZ, ABRAMO and VENTURI) as well as the questions of visuality, visual culture, aesthetics and creativity (PAGLIA, GARDNER, BARBOSA, SERVIO, DARRAS, EFLAN and OSTROWER) are related to the issue of vocational training and how these conceptions relate to the curriculum guidelines (TROJAN) and official vocational education documents. The second part presents how such questions relate in the space of a vocational technical school of medium level in two groups of the axis of Cultural Production and Design through projects the objectives of which are the production of images. For the construction of the analyzes, projects and activities were selected, in which the author acted as a guide, extrapolating the technical issues of professional qualification, demanding choices and positioning in the face of situations that involved the production of images and the debate of racial and ethnic issues of gender. The experiences reported took place at Etec Carapicuíba, a free state technical school, characterized teachers, students and practices in the second part of the work. The final considerations deal with the curriculum relations and the ongoing training of teachers and the ignator role of Art in the development of students’ professional and personal skills and the possibilities of Art in the Professional Education curriculum. / La tesis titulada , Imágenes, trayectorias y narrativas: relaciones posibles entre Arte, Currículo y Educación Profesional fue construida teniendo la prerrogativa demostrar el Arte una ignitora de procesos cognitivos, perceptivos y socio afectivos que extrapolan el campo profesional teniendo la hipótesis el contacto con las reflexiones y argumentos del Arte, fundamentalmente por medio de las imágenes, contribuye a la formación de los / las estudiantes, independientemente del contexto profesional. La presente tesis se utiliza del análisis del discurso (RICOUER) y de la investigación narrativa biográfica (NÓVOA) como procedimiento metodológico y fue organizada en dos partes complementarias; en la primera parte se realizó la revisión bibliográfica contemplando como las diferentes concepciones de Currículo (CASEMIRO / MACEDO y SILVA) y Trabajo (ALBORNOZ, ARENDT, BAUMAM, GORZ, ABRAMO y VENTURI) las cuestiones de la visualidad, cultura visual, estética y creatividad (PAGLIA, GARDNER, BARBOSA, SERVIO, DARRAS, EFLAN y OSTROWER) se relacionan con la cuestión de la formación profesional y lo modo que estas concepciones se relacionan con las orientaciones curriculares (TROJAN) y documentos oficiales de la educación profesional. En la segunda parte se presenta lo modo que las cuestiones se relacionan en el espacio de una escuela técnica profesional de nivel medio en dos grupos del eje de Producción Cultural y Diseño en proyectos cuyos objetivos son la producción de imágenes. Para la construcción de los análisis, se seleccionaron proyectos y actividades, en los que la autora fuera orientadora, extrapolando las cuestiones técnicas de la habilitación profesional, exigiendo elecciones y posicionamientos ante las situaciones entre aquellos que trataban de la producción de imágenes y el debate de las cuestiones étnicas raciales y de género. Las experiencias relatadas ocurrieron en Etec Carapicuíba, una escuela técnica estatal y gratuita, caracterizada, por medio de sus docentes, estudiantes y prácticas en la segunda parte del trabajo. Las consideraciones finales abordan las relaciones del currículo y la formación continuada de docentes y el papel ignitor del Arte en el desarrollo de las competencias profesionales y personales de los estudiantes y las posibilidades del Arte en el currículo de la Educación Profesional.

Orientador: Jocimar Daolio / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T21:40:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 RodriguesJunior_JoseCarlos_D.pdf: 3608515 bytes, checksum: 91f17d249f39cb2b9be163736976acfc (MD5) RodriguesJunior_JoseCarlos_D_ANEXO.zip: 5560414 bytes, checksum: 6ce8a1957fea18c55d12ba8c277db779 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O objetivo da pesquisa foi traçar a trajetória biográfica percorrida por seis professores de Educação Física ao longo da vida para compreender os processos de formação docente e o itinerário de constituição de seus respectivos saberes. Para isso, a pesquisa buscou alcançar os elementos biográficos que tornaram os sujeitos professores e, em seguida, reconstruir o fluxo de constituição dos saberes. A primeira fase da pesquisa, desenvolvida a partir de um conjunto de entrevistas, deu-se com a solicitação de lembranças acerca de diferentes etapas da vida (Educação Familiar, Educação Básica, Formação Acadêmica e Experiências Profissionais). Na segunda fase os professores foram convidados a realizar análise compreensivo-reflexiva (reflexão autobiográfica) do material relatado, que objetivou a análise sobre a existência ou não de aspectos do que foi relatado que ainda influenciasse ou que já tivesse influenciado na formação e atuação profissional. Participou deste estudo um professor com três anos de docência; outro com quatro anos; outro com dezesseis anos; outro professor com vinte e um anos e dois professores com trinta anos de profissão. Os professores, ao longo do exercício de reflexão autobiográfica, apontaram a prática profissional como principal etapa biográfica responsável pela aprendizagem da docência. Contudo, o desenvolvimento da reflexão autobiográfica possibilitou a transformação da compreensão inicial de que a prática pedagógica seria aprendida com o decorrer da carreira, e que o processo de constituição docente e de construção dos saberes necessários à prática educativa teve início antes do ingresso no curso de graduação, ao longo da Educação Familiar e Educação Básica, principalmente nas aulas de Educação Física dos Ensinos Fundamental e Médio, que contou com o esporte como conteúdo hegemônico. Ficou demonstrado que a carreira profissional é um processo formativo que proporcionou importantes transformações nas compreensões dos professores, possibilitando, principalmente aos professores com maior tempo de carreira, transformações em seus saberes docentes. Contudo foi possível acessar que etapas anteriores de vida, e a própria formação profissional desencadeada na graduação, também ofereceram elementos de referências à prática pedagógica dos professores. Para os professores com menor tempo de carreira, a graduação demonstrou ter sido um período de formação que ofereceu modelos de referências que proporcionaram rupturas com modelos construídos ao longo da Educação Básica. Em relação aos professores com maior tempo de carreira, a prática pedagógica, principalmente depois de acumulados aproximadamente dez anos de atuação profissional gerou transformações significativas nos saberes sobre conteúdos, objetivos, metodologias de ensino e avaliação constituídos nos períodos da Educação Básica e reproduzidos no Ensino Superior. Diversos elementos biográficos desde a Educação Familiar, passando pelas experiências com diferentes manifestações corporais da Cultura de Movimento dentro e fora da escola, o processo educativo formal escolar e a graduação foram evidenciados e reconhecidos pelos professores como influenciadores de aprendizagens que intencionalmente ou ocasionalmente viriam à baila durante as ações didático-pedagógicas. O caminho metodológico adotado na pesquisa proporcionou aos professores a compreensão da complexidade do processo de transformação do sujeito em docente de Educação Física e a dinâmica de constituição e ressignificação dos saberes ao longo de toda a trajetória de vida / Abstract: Outlining the bibliographical trajectories and life paths of six Physical Education professors throughout their career and life was the main objective of our research in order to understand the processes of teacher education and the route of setting up their knowledge. In order to do this, the research sought to achieve the bibliographic elements which make the subject teachers and then reconstruct the flow of acquisition of knowledge. The first phase of research, which was developed from an individual set of interviews with each one of our participants, occurred as memories related to different stages of life (Family Education, Elementary through High School Education, Academic Background and Professional Experiences). On the second stage, the same educators were suggested to perform reflexive and understandable analysis (autobiographical reflection) of the data collected on their life account, which had the objective to determine the analysis of whether the existence of aspects in the account were still, or had been, in any other moment, a driving force of influence up to date in their studies background and their professional practices. The participants were: a three year old, a four year, a sixteen year, a twenty year and two thirty year old experienced career professors (6 - total). Throughout the self-biographical exercise, the professors pointed out professional everyday practice as the main biographical stage responsible for the acquisition and mastering of their professional qualifications. However, as the autobiographical reflection process was being carried out, transformation of the initial understanding, that educational practice alone would be learned along the career and as it matured, changed, and that the teaching constitution process of knowledge needed for educational practice had begun before undergraduate school enrollment. Family Education and Basic School played a big part, especially PE (Physical Education) classes in both Elementary School and High School, which included sports as a homogeneous content. It was demonstrated that professional career is a formative process which provided important transformation in our educators' understanding, enabling, especially to those of a longer career, transformation in their academic and teaching knowledge. Nevertheless, it was possible to assess that previous stages of life, and vocational training triggered at undergraduate level, also offered referential elements to educator's teaching practice. For those in the study with shorter careers, undergraduate studies was understood as a formational period which offered referential models and provided a long term Elementary and High School Educational model rupture. When focusing on our more experienced professors, Educational practice and Teaching abilities, especially after ten years in the professional field, produced significant transformation in knowledge related to content, objectives, teaching approach and evaluation acquired in Basic Education and moreover reproduced in Higher Education level. A number of diverse biographical elements, ranging from Family Education, moving on to a variety of experiences on different corporal manifestations related to Movement Culture in both school and out of school environment, formal educational process and academic undergraduate studies were observed and detected by our teachers as influential factors in learning experience which intentionally or occasionally would come to play during educational-didactical action. The methodology adopted in the survey provided the teachers the understanding of the complexity of the transformation process of the subject into a Physical Education teacher and the dynamic creation and resignification of the knowledge throughout the whole life course / Doutorado / Educação Fisica e Sociedade / Doutor em Educação Física

Abstract Finnish male teacher has been viewed related to e.g. their low number, suspicions of criminal record and salary policy in the past years' teacher discussion. This educational-historical study examines Finnish male teachers' autobiographies and films on them by using narrative approach. The period in focus is the time of independence. Honest attitude towards life, an attempt to serve and please are reflected in the narratives of male teachers' autobiographies. Views on cooperation and voluntary work are emphasised in the narratives of older generation. Conflicts in working and private life increase in narratives describing the period after the war. All teacher generations mention the valuing of teachers' work but the meaning of valuing decreases towards the time of comprehensive school. Finnish school management has been remembered and investigated in the data based on both idyll and conflict. In so far as films are considered, the prevalence of conflict is significant. A mediated solution is often found for conflicts. Many films criticise school as a collective upbringing and educational community. Negative features of school are transferred to screen by many films. Based on the films, the teaching personnel seem to be divided. One group of teachers lean on to the strong institution in their use of power in educating and teaching whereas the other group of teachers presented by the films seem to understand the meaning of individual teaching and upbringing. Impression based on the watched films is that the values and aims of general school discussion are seen on the screen. At times, films also criticise school values. During the period in focus, model teaching has changed from Christianity-based model towards a pluralistic educator influenced by democracy. If films are studied based on their writers, a group of Finnish film directors seem to have a rather negative view on their male teachers. The role of female writers has also had an effect on the descriptions of males. However, the narratives of autobiographies do not strengthen the message conveyed from film texts, for there is no authority based drive towards teaching nor unreasonable keeping under discipline in teachers' narratives. In this study I investigated male teachers in historical context based on films and autobiographies. The general fading of role model and model teaching of male teachers after the war can be seen in the data. Teacher profession is becoming more and more women's profession in Finland. Current interpretation of equality regulations and salaries that are fallen behind strengthen this development. The meanings and hidden expectations set on male teachers in Finnish educational system are continuously transferred to women. Based on the data, it is possible to see the usefulness of male teacher in school. At the same time, many questionable practices that gender-based authority building can include, are seen. Male teacher in his profession has had to function under a strong obligation and control set by the society and the people using school services. This has often resulted in the forming of divided self concept. Teacher's private and working life have often been controversial. / Tiivistelmä Viime vuosien opettajapuheessa suomalaista miesopettajaa on sivuttu muun muassa lukumääräisen vähyyden, rikostaustaepäilyjen ja palkkauspolitiikan yhteydessä. Tämä kasvatushistoriallinen tutkimus tarkastelee narratiivisessa kehyksessä suomalaisten miesopettajien omaelämäkertoja ja heitä esittäviä elokuvia. Tarkasteltava jakso on ollut maan itsenäisyyden aika. Miesopettajien omaelämäkertojen kerronnassa kuvastuvat rehellinen elämänasenne, pyrkimys palvella ja miellyttää. Vanhemmalla sukupolvella korostuvat näkemykset yhteistyöstä ja talkoohengestä. Sodan jälkeistä aikaa esittelevässä kerronnassa kasvavat ristiriidat työpaikoilla ja työn ulkopuolisessa elämässä. Kaikki opettajapolvet mainitsevat opettajan työn arvostuksesta, mutta arvostuksen merkitys vähenee peruskoulua kohden tultaessa. Suomalaista koulunpitoa on muisteltu ja tarkasteltu lähdeaineistossa niin idyllin kuin konfliktin perspektiivistä. Elokuvien osalta konfliktivoittoisuus on merkitsevää. Ristiriidoille löytyy usein soviteltu ratkaisu. Useat elokuvat kritisoivat koulua kollektiivisena kasvatus- ja koulutusyhteisönä. Koululaitoksen negatiiviset kaiut siirtyvät valkokankaalle monien elokuvajaksojen välityksellä. Opettajakunta näyttäisi elokuvien mukaan olevan kaksijakoista. Toiset tukeutuvat kasvattavassa ja opettavassa vallankäytössään vankkaan laitosinstituutioon. Toinen elokuvan näyttämä opettajaryhmä sen sijaan ymmärtää yksilöllisen opetus- ja kasvatustavan merkityksen. Katsotun elokuva-aineiston perusteella jää vaikutelma, että yleisen koulupuheen arvot ja tavoitteet näkyvät valkokankaalla. Välillä elokuva myös kritisoi koulun arvomaailmaa. Tarkasteltavalla ajanjaksolla esikuvallinen opettajuus on muuttunut kristillisyyden sävyttämästä esimerkistä kohti demokratian muovaamaa moniarvoista kasvattajaa. Mikäli elokuvaa tarkastellaan tekijälähtöisesti, on suomalaisen elokuvan ohjaajakunnalla melko negatiivinen näkemys miesopettajistaan. Naiskäsikirjoittajien kynän jälki on myös värittänyt mieskuvauksia. Omaelämäkertojen tekstit sen sijaan eivät elokuvatekstejä vahvista, sillä opettajien kerronnassa ei ole virkaintoista paloa opetustehtäviin eikä oppilaiden perusteetonta kurittamista. Tutkimuksessa tarkastelin miesopettajaa historiallisessa kontekstissa elokuvalähteitten ja omaelämäkertojen mukaan. Miesopettajien roolimalli- ja esikuvaopettajuuden yleinen himmeneminen sodan jälkeen näkyy lähteiden valossa. Opettajan ammatti on Suomessa yhä enenevästi naisten ammatti. Nykyhetken tasa-arvosäädösten tulkinta ja palkkauksen jälkeenjääneisyys varmistavat kehitystä. Merkitykset ja piilo-odotukset, joita miesopettajalle on suomalaisessa koulujärjestelmässä asetettu, siirtyvät enenevästi naiselle. Tutkimuslähteiden valossa on mahdollista nähdä miesopettajan tarpeellisuutta koulussa. Samalla on myös nähtävissä kyseenalaisia käytänteitä, joita sukupuolellinen auktoriteettimuodostus voi pitää sisällään. Miesopettaja ammatissaan on joutunut toimimaan yhteiskunnan ja koulupalveluita kuluttavan väestön vahvan velvoitteen ja kontrollin alaisena. Tämä on vaikuttanut usein kaksijakoisen minäkuvan muovautumiseen. Opettajan siviilielämä ja työelämä ovatkin usein olleet ristiriitaisia.

Abstract The aim of this study is to meet the need to have a better understanding of identity construction in the context of organizational change. With my narrative research, I add my voice to those researchers who appreciate language playing a key role in the formation of social reality, individual’s cognitive structure and sense of self. The question of how the participants in the study narrate themselves within the context of organizational change has guided conducting the study. The data for the study consists of 12 individuals’ narration in the contexts of various organizational changes. In this study organizational change means the social constructions the participants have constructed in their narration. Decided by the top management, in actual reality these organizational changes have been associated with personnel effects and negotiations complying with the co-operation act. I studied the narrated identity construction utilizing positioning, categorizing and expectation as analytical concepts in reading. The reading of the narrated data had six stages. In the last reading stage I sought answers as to how the main characters of the stories, Juha, Marjut and Arja, narrate the relation to themselves and the relation to others within the context of organizational change. I have used a narrative form for two reasons. Firstly, in order to deepen my own understanding as to how and why the narrated identity is constructed as it is. Secondly, with a narrative study, I have been able to expose the dynamic nature in the construction of context and identity more clearly than with a traditional research text. The readings of narrative data preceding my narrative writing have, however, affected the construction of my chosen three stories, the method of writing them, the chosen citations and interpretation. This study will lead to a better understanding of how an individual’s self is constructed in relation to others in the organization where the individual works. My study suggests that, due to its open nature, an organizational change increases the individual’s need to narrate the individual’s self, who I am, how I have become me and what my possible future selves will be like. The study discloses needs lying in the background of the narration in the context of organizational change; the need to raise self-esteem, to maintain the feeling of command and control, to hold on to the moral order, to decrease uncertainty and to maintain continuity. In addition to this, the study uncovers the struggle for one’s own identity. / Tiivistelmä Tämän tutkimuksen tehtävänä on vastata tarpeeseen ymmärtää nykyistä paremmin identiteettien rakentumista organisaatiomuutoksen kontekstissa. Liityn kerronnallisella tutkimuksellani niiden tutkijoiden joukkoon, jotka ajattelevat kielellä olevan keskeisen merkityksen sosiaalisen todellisuuden, yksilön tiedollisten rakenteiden ja itseymmärryksen muotoutumisessa. Kysymys siitä, miten tutkimukseen osallistuvat kertovat itsensä organisaatiomuutoksen kontekstissa, on ohjannut tutkimuksen tekemistä. Tutkimusaineisto on koostunut 12 henkilön kerronnasta eri organisaatiomuutosten konteksteissa. Organisaatiomuutoksella on tässä tutkimuksessa tarkoitettu niitä sosiaalisia konstruktioita, joita tutkimukseen osallistuvat ovat rakentaneet kerronnassaan. Reaalisessa todellisuudessa nämä organisaatiomuutokset ovat olleet ylimmän johdon päättämiä, niihin on liittynyt henkilöstövaikutuksia ja yhteistoimintalain mukaisia neuvotteluja. Olen tutkinut kerrotun identiteetin rakentumista käyttäen luennassa positiointia, kategorisointia ja odotusta analyyttisina käsitteinä. Kerrotun aineiston luenta on ollut kuusivaiheinen. Viimeisessä luentavaiheessa olen hakenut vastauksia siihen, miten tarinoiden päähenkilöt Juha, Marjut ja Arja kertovat suhteen omaan itseensä ja suhteen toisiin organisaatiomuutoksen kontekstissa. Olen käyttänyt tarinallista muotoa kahdesta syystä. Ensinnäkin syventääkseni omaa ymmärrystäni siitä, miten ja miksi kerrottu identiteetti rakentuu kerrotunlaiseksi. Toiseksi olen saanut tarinamuotoisella esittämisellä perinteistä tutkimustekstiä selkeämmin esille kontekstin ja identiteetin rakentumisen dynaamisen luonteen. Valitsemieni kolmen tarinan rakentamiseen, niiden kirjoittamisen tapaan, valittuihin sitaatteihin ja tulkintaan ovat kuitenkin vaikuttaneet tarinoiden kirjoittamista edeltäneet kerronnallisen aineiston luennat. Tämä tutkimus lisää ymmärrystä siitä, miten yksilön minuus rakentuu suhteessa toisiin organisaatiossa, jossa hän työskentelee. Tutkimuksessani ehdotan, että organisaatiomuutos lisää avoimen luonteensa vuoksi yksilön tarvetta kertoa minuuttaan, sitä kuka minä olen, miten olen tullut minuksi ja millaisia ovat mahdolliset tulevat minuuteni. Tutkimus tuo esiin ne tarpeet, jotka organisaatiomuutoksen kontekstissa ovat kerronnan taustalla; tarve kohottaa itsetuntoa, säilyttää hallinnan ja kontrollin tunnetta, pitää kiinni moraalijärjestyksestä, pienentää epävarmuutta ja ylläpitää jatkuvuutta. Lisäksi näkyviin tulee taistelu oman identiteetin puolesta.

This research seeks to adopt a post-foundationalist practical theology paradigm, as discussed by J C Müller, in order to create a bridge between the three concepts of the pastoral care perspective, the narrative perspective based on social-constructionism and post-foundationalism. Furthermore, I made use of Müller’s seven movements of methodology which laid a strong foundation to base my research on regarding married migrant women living within Korean multicultural families. Korean society which is a homogeneous culture is currently facing many challenges as a result of becoming more and more multicultural. These multicultural issues are becoming major social and political issues in South Korea. The main reason that South Korean society has become more multicultural is because of intercultural marriages which have also resulted in an increase in multicultural families. These migrant women are faced with many kinds of discrimination and prejudice as a result of their different appearance, culture and language. Furthermore, Korean culture often deprives women of having any position above men especially once they are married. After being married a woman should become invisible, voiceless, and nameless in order to become culturally acceptable. This often results in a migrant woman feeling stressed, fearful, isolated and alone which often results in the development of a low self-esteem, a lack of self-confidence and a low self-image. In my research, I sought to listen to and identify the stories of migrant women, namely foreign women who have married Korean men with a focus on the impact on their identities within a Korean multicultural family through a narrative perspective in order to have a positive growth and outcome from their intercultural differences within South Korea. I decided to view my co-researchers not as co-researchers but as companions on a journey which we could undertake together. The use of the metaphors ‘journey’ and ‘companions’ seemed to give my companions the freedom to speak more openly and placed us on an equal level. Furthermore, I not only discovered my companions’ identities through their own stories, but also developed my companions’ true identities/multi-identities through the broader, inter-relational stories of other people within multicultural communities through a six step process of Listening to the voice, Gaining voice, Giving voice, Finding alternative voice, Retelling voice and Creating future voice. I made use of the narrative approach in order to listen to my companions so that a unity would exist between their past, present and future stories. As I listened to the stories of my companions from a narrative perspective new possibilities were opened which lead to alternative and future stories. Furthermore, my companions were given the opportunity to find themselves and make new identities on the real journey of life. Through the process of my research I also developed a multicultural identity model specifically for married migrant women in South Korea, but ultimately the purpose of my research was not to show or develop a multicultural identity model regarding migrant women, but was more to help these migrant women find their identities themselves and in this become self-empowered to become contributors to Korean society. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Practical Theology / unrestricted