The 1920s represented a time of tension in America. Throughout the decade, marginalized groups created competing versions of a proper citizen. African-Americans sought to be included in the national fabric. Racism encouraged solidarity, but black Americans did not agree upon one method for coping with, and hopefully ending, antiblack racism. White women enjoyed new privileges and took on more roles in the public sphere. Reactionary groups like the Ku Klux Klan found these new voices unsettling and worrisome and celebrated a white, nativeborn, Protestant and male vision of the American citizen. Simultaneously, technological innovations allowed for advertising to flourish and spread homogenizing information regarding race, gender, values and consumption across the nation. These advertisements selectively represented these changes by channeling them into pre-existing prescriptive ideology. Mainstream ads, which were created by whites for white audiences, reinforced traditional ideas regarding black men and women and white women’s roles. Even if white women were featured using technology or wearing cosmetics, they were still featured in prescribed roles as housekeepers, wives and mothers who deferred to and relied on their husbands. Black women were featured in secondary roles, as servants or mammies, if at all. Concurrently, the black press created its own representations of women. Although these representations were complex and sometimes contradictory and had to reach multiple audiences, black-created ads featured women in a variety of roles, such as entertainers, mothers and business women, but never as mammies. Then, in a decade of increased tensions, white-created ads relied on traditional portrayals of women and African-Americans while black-designed ads offered more positive, although complicated, visions of womanhood.

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Uppsatsen fokuserar på hur ras och etnicitet representeras visuellt i de fotografier som finns på Helsingborgs kommuns hemsida. En kvantitativ innehållsanalys utförs för att kartlägga hur ras och etnicitet visualiseras i materialet och sedan sätts detta i relation till Helsingborgs faktiska invånare och Helsingborgs kommuns egna riktlinjer för visuell identitet. Studien kompletteras sedan med en kvalitativ semiotisk- och diskursanalys för att tolka innehållet i bilder under olika sektioner och deras betydelse, samt vad de representerar i den kontext de används och intertextuellt. Resultatet och analysen diskuteras och problematiseras sedan för att belysa problemområdet ytterligare med ändamålet att besvara frågeställningen och uppfylla syftet med forskningen. Studien grundar sig i teorier kring framförallt postkolonialism och representation, där identitet, stereotyper, vithet, ras och etnicitet är viktiga teoretiska beståndsdelar. Forskningen lyfter en brist på mångfald och inkludering i de fotografiska bilder som finns på Helsingborg.se och belyser den problematik som finns i den större bilden som en kollektion av bilder gemensamt skapar i sin intertextualitet. Den visuella analysen visar ett särskilt anmärkningsvärt resultat där flertalet vardagliga sektioner på hemsidan helt exkluderade en variation i etnisk mångfald bland människorna i bilderna, till fördel för vit, västerländsk överrepresentation, vilket potentiellt bidrar till och uppmuntrar exkludering, utanförskap och segregation. / The research focuses on how race and ethnicity is represented visually in the photographs available on Helsingborg municipality's website. A quantitative content analysis was carried out to map how race and ethnicity are visualized in the material and then put this in relation to Helsingborg's actual inhabitants and Helsingborg's municipalities own guidelines for visual identity. The study is then supplemented with a qualitative semiotic and discourse analysis to interpret the content in the images under different sections on the website and their significance, as well as what they represent in the context in which they are used and also in their intertextually. The result and the analysis are then discussed and problematized to shed further light on the problem area with the purpose of answering the main research question and fulfilling the purpose of the research. The study is based on theories about primarily postcolonialism and representation, where identity, stereotypes, whiteness, race and ethnicity are important theoretical components. The research highlights a lack of diversity and inclusion in the photographic images that exist on Helsingborg.se and point out the problems that exist in the larger image that a collection of images jointly creates in their intertextuality. The visual analysis shows a particularly remarkable result where many everyday sections on the website completely excluded variation in ethnic diversity among people in the images, in favor of white, Western overrepresentation, which potentially contributes to and encourages exclusion, seclusion and segregation.

In 2021, Sweden was ranked as the European country with the highest number of fatal shootings per million inhabitants. As a result, gang violence is described as a national crisis and has turned in to one of the main debate themes among political parties ahead of the parliamentary election in 2022. In the debates on gang violence, it is often linked to migration politics. Swedish Television (SVT) has broadcasted numerous programs on gang violence, and these programs are the main material used in this study.  Drawing on feminist- and critical whiteness theory I examine how ideas of gender, whiteness and Swedishness interplay in the construction of gang violence as a national crisis. By using a retrotopic, a security politic and an affective theoretical perspective it is possible to analyze who is portrayed as vulnerable or problematic in relation to the gang violence. A further ambition of this study is to investigate the connection between folkhem nostalgia and the construction of gang violence as a national crisis. I argue that the Swedish exceptionalism is being used to establish collective feelings of folkhem nostalgia, which contributes to the understanding of gang violence as a national crisis. Based on a thematic analysis (Braun & Clark 2006) I show how feelings of folkhem nostalgia are used to establish narratives of a threatening and problematic Other; a male non-white threat within the nation. Further, the debates and documentaries broadcasted on SVT can be seen as part of political and national interests, where a (hi)story of folkhemmetas a part of the Swedish exceptionalism is being used to establish certain feelings and perceptions related to gender and race. This enables a placement of gang violence in another place, in another culture and in another body.

[pt] Esta tese, por meio de autores decoloniais, pós coloniais e pensamento afrodiaspórico, principalmente os pensadores do sul, busca a compreensão da colonialidade do ser como mobilizador de opressões estruturais de raça, gênero, sexualidade e classe, apontando de que modo a justiça criminal e o sistema penitenciário, no decurso da história, são dispositivos centrais na perpetuação de violência sob os corpos e subjetividades daqueles e daquelas que foram binarizadas e racializadas de modo a serem subalternizadas e subalternizados em relação ao sujeito que trouxe para si os caracteres tidos como hegemônico impostos pela masculinidade, racismo e cisheteronormatividade. A partir dessas lentes, é feita uma releitura das decisões proferidas no sistema interamericano de direitos humanos para casos que versem sobre prisões no Brasil no período entre 1988 e 2018, para compreender os limites e potencias do litígio estratégico para a luta antipunitiva. Por fim, para entender o posicionamento dos diversos atores no combate ou reprodução da colonialidade racista de gênero no litígio, analisa-se todas as peças da Medida Provisória Pessoas Privadas de Liberdade no Complexo Curado vs. Brasil durante os anos de 2006 até 2014. / [en] This thesis, using decolonial authors, postcolonial and Afro-Diasporic thought, specially the thinkers of the south, seeks to understand the coloniality of being as a mobilizer of structural oppressions as race, gender, sexuality and class, pointing out how criminal justice and the penitentiary system, in the course of history, are central devices in the perpetuation of violence on the bodies and subjectivities of those who have been binarized and racialized in order to be subalternized in relation to the subject understood as hegemonic: male, white and hetenormative. Through these lenses, will be made a re-reading of the decisions pronounced by the inter-American human rights system on cases that deal with prisons in Brazil between 1988 and 2018, in order to understand the limits and potentials of strategic litigation for the anti-punitive struggle. Finally, in order to understand the position of the various actors in the combat or reproduction of the racist coloniality of gender in the litigation, we analyze all the pieces of the Provisional Measure Persons Deprived of Liberty in the Cured Complex. Brazil from 2006 to 2014.