This thesis provides an ethnography and critical phenomenology of undocumentedness in the Swedish context. By attending to the forces and processes that circumscribe the life-worlds of undocumented persons, as well as the phenomenology and essential experiences of their condition, a complex and multi-layered illustration of what undocumentedness is and means is successively presented. Employing a dual conceptualization of the state, as a juridico-political construct as well as a practiced and embodied set of institutions, the undocumented position emerges as a legal category defined only through omission, produced and reproduced through administrative routine and practice. The health care sector provides empirical examples of state-undocumented interaction where the physical and corporeal presence of the officially absent becomes irrefutable. This research suggests that the Swedish welfare state – universalistic, comprehensive and with digitized administrative routines – becomes a particularly austere environment in which to be undocumented. Drawing on interviews with regional and local health care administrators, NGO-clinics’ representatives and health professionals, as well as extensive participatory observation and interviews with undocumented persons, I argue that the undocumented condition is characterized by simultaneous absence and presence, and a correspondingly paradoxical spatiality. I suggest that the official absence and deportability of undocumented persons deprives them of the capacity to define space and, in an Arendtian sense, appear as themselves to others. There are, however, some opportunities for embodied political protest and dissensus. The paradoxical qualities of the absent-present condition manipulate the undocumented mode of being-in-the-world and I argue that alienation and disorientation are essential experiences of the undocumented situation.

This thesis provides an ethnography and critical phenomenology of undocumentedness in the Swedish context. By attending to the forces and processes that circumscribe the life-worlds of undocumented persons, as well as the phenomenology and essential experiences of their condition, a complex and multi-layered illustration of what undocumentedness is and means is successively presented. Employing a dual conceptualization of the state, as a juridico-political construct as well as a practiced and embodied set of institutions, the undocumented position emerges as a legal category defined only through omission, produced and reproduced through administrative routine and practice. The health care sector provides empirical examples of state-undocumented interaction where the physical and corporeal presence of the officially absent becomes irrefutable. This research suggests that the Swedish welfare state – universalistic, comprehensive and with digitized administrative routines – becomes a particularly austere environment in which to be undocumented. Drawing on interviews with regional and local health care administrators, NGO-clinics’ representatives and health professionals, as well as extensive participatory observation and interviews with undocumented persons, I argue that the undocumented condition is characterized by simultaneous absence and presence, and a correspondingly paradoxical spatiality. I suggest that the official absence and deportability of undocumented persons deprives them of the capacity to define space and, in an Arendtian sense, appear as themselves to others. There are, however, some opportunities for embodied political protest and dissensus. The paradoxical qualities of the absent-present condition manipulate the undocumented mode of being-in-the-world and I argue that alienation and disorientation are essential experiences of the undocumented situation.

I Sverige har till dato endast en fällande dom för människohandel för tvångsarbete meddelats, trots att statistik och rapportering i media indikerar att problemet är omfattande. Av media och myndighetsrapporter framgår att de som utsätts för arbetskraftsexploatering ofta är personer som befinner sig i Sverige som asylsökande eller som helt saknar tillstånd att vistas och arbeta i landet. Detta är även en grupp som på grund av deras prekära migrationsstatus, bristande tillgång till myndighetsskydd och begränsade försörjningsmöjligheter identifierats som särskilt utsatt för människohandel. Trots detta har inget åtal för människohandel för tvångsarbete avsett exploatering av papperslösa eller asylsökande, och åtal har heller aldrig väckts för fall där migranten rekryterats i Sverige. I denna uppsats diskuteras och problematiseras den internationella och den svenska definitionen av människohandel ur ett rättighetsperspektiv, med särskild fokus på arbetskraftsexploatering av irreguljära migranter och skyddet för deras rättigheter. Det konstateras att eftersom definitionen av människohandel utformats inom ramen för ett brottsbekämpningsuppdrag har de utsattas rättigheter hamnat i skymundan. Staternas ovilja att garantera de irreguljära migranternas rättigheter har påverkat definitionens utformning och lett till att den exploatering denna grupp utsätts för hamnar utanför dess tillämpningsområde. Vidare visas att svenska domstolars tolkning och tillämpning av straffbestämmelsen har ytterligare begränsat dess tillämplighet i sammanhanget. Mot denna bakgrund anförs att människohandelsbestämmelsen inte på ett tillfredsställande sätt förmår förebygga och bekämpa den typ av människohandel som idag är av störst praktisk betydelse. Straffbestämmelsen misslyckas även med att beskydda de irreguljära migranternas rättigheter, en grupp som är särskilt utsatt för rättighetskränkningar av olika slag men som har en mycket begränsad tillgång till myndigheternas beskydd. Avslutningsvis diskuteras behovet av en mer ändamålsenlig rättstillämpning eller en reviderad straffbestämmelse. Såsom människohandel definierats av internationella organisationer avses den handelsprocess som leder till exploatering, och inte exploateringen i sig. Särskilt de irreguljära migranter som rekryteras i Sverige har sällan utsatts för en sådan handelsprocess. Det anförs därför att det ur ett svenskt perspektiv vore angeläget att istället anta en straffbestämmelse som möjliggör bestraffning av den fortgående exploateringen.

When applying for a library card you normally need to show a valid ID and register your contact information. Some people cannot meet these requirements, e.g. undocumented immigrants, and this thesis examines how pub- lic libraries in Sweden act towards this group. The purpose of the study has been to examine which arguments have been used in the discussion regarding undocumented immigrants’ right to become library patrons, and to examine how the public libraries interpret the Swedish Library Act, which states that public libraries should be accessible to everyone. To examine how Swedish public libraries presently handles this question, a survey was sent out to public libraries in all of Sweden’s municipalities, and in three of them interviews were conducted and the public debate analysed. The thesis’ theoretical framework consists of recent year’s discussion in citizenship theory that challenges the notion of citizenship and suggests that presence and acts of citizenship grant even non- citizens certain civic rights in the modern welfare state. The results of the study show that some public libraries in Sweden have discussed how to act towards un- documented immigrants and have adapted their policies to meet the needs of this user group. The argument ana- lysis shows that the discussion regarding the undocumented immigrants’ right to become library patrons consists of a practical as well as an ideological discussion. The libraries want to be able to identify their users, but it is not a question of principle. In the political discussion, however, the opinion is expressed that individuals without permission to be in the country should not be granted access to public institutions such as public libraries. For the libraries, presence is more important than citizenship, and the Swedish Library Act, if somewhat vague when it comes to the rights of undocumented immigrants, supports these policy changes. This is a two years master’s thesis in Library and Information Science.

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Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka kunskap och uppfattningar om papperslösas tillgång och rätt till vård hos personal inom öppen hälso- och sjukvård i Landstinget i Uppsala län. Ett ytterligare syfte var att undersöka om information kring handhavandet av papperslösa finns på arbetsplatserna, vad personal i så fall anser om detta, samt vad de önskar för information.   Studien är av en deskriptiv design med kvantitativ ansats. 86 anställda vid vårdcentraler i Uppsala län besvarade enkäter med frågor angående kunskap och uppfattningar om lagstiftning samt tillgång till och önskan om information gällande papperslösa. Insamlad data har sammanställts i Microsoft Excel och presenterats i tabeller och diagram.   Resultatet av studien tyder på att det finns en kunskapsbrist bland personal inom öppen hälso- och sjukvård angående lagstiftningen om papperslösas tillgång till sjukvård. Enligt de medverkandes vetskap finns ingen information tillgänglig på arbetsplatsen gällande papperslösa, och så gott som alla önskar information av något slag. Majoriteten av de tillfrågade anser att papperslösa ska ha samma rätt till vård som svenska medborgare.   Slutsatsen av denna studie är att det finns ett behov av information och riktlinjer gällande handläggning av papperslösa i Landstinget i Uppsala län. / The aim of this study was to investigate knowledge and opinions concerning undocumented migrants’ access and right to health care among employees within the primary health care sector in the county council of Uppsala. An additional aim was to investigate whether there is information available about management of undocumented migrants at the workplaces, and if so what the employees think about it and what kind of information they wish to receive.   The study is quantitative with a descriptive design. 86 employees at primary health care centres within the county of Uppsala answered questionnaires concerning knowledge and opinions about legislation as well as access to and demand for information concerning undocumented migrants. Collected data was compiled using Microsoft Excel and was then presented in tables and diagrams.   The result of the study indicates that there is a lack of knowledge among employees within the primary health care sector concerning legislation on undocumented migrants’ access to health care. According to the employees’ knowledge there is no information available at the workplace concerning undocumented migrants, and nearly everyone requested information of some kind. The majority of the employees are of the opinion that undocumented migrants should have the same right to health care as Swedish citizens.   The conclusion of this study is that there is a need for information and guidelines concerning management of undocumented migrants in the county council of Uppsala.

Syftet med denna studie är att öka kunskapen om diakoners arbete med papperslösa. I Sverige finns det 10 000-tals papperslösa som befinner sig här efter att undanhållit sig utvisningsbeslut, smugglats in som traffickingoffer eller strävar efter att arbeta ihop inkomster att skicka till hemlandet. Med en kvalitativ ansats har jag intervjuat sex stycken diakoner som arbetar i Svenska kyrkan i Stockholm, och som alla möter och erbjuder socialt stöd till papperslösa. Resultatet har jag analyserat utifrån teori om ekologiskt perspektiv på socialt arbete med flyktingar och migranter, samt teorier om värdegrunder i socialt arbete. Resultatet visar att diakonerna fokuserar på det sociala arbetet på mikronivå, men att viss samverkan på mesonivå förekommer. Dock förekommer inte särskilt mycket samverkan med andra diakoner som möter papperslösa. De diakoner som samverkar minst uttrycker en ensamhet rörande sitt arbete. Diakonerna ställs inför etiska överväganden rörande resursfördelning och då prioriteras papperslösa overstayers framför de som befinner sig i Sverige för att arbeta. Resultatet visar även att diakonerna upplever en maktlöshet rörande sitt arbete och gör etiska överväganden huruvida det är värt att bistå människor som lever papperslösa, trots att det i vissa fall verkar bättre att återvända. Denna maktlöshet kan kopplas till de juridiska kunskaper diakonerna besitter eller saknar, då den diakon som har störst juridisk kunskap även är den som uttrycker mest hopp. Med ökad samverkan mellan diakoner som arbetar med gruppen, och med ökande juridiska kunskaper gällande lagstiftningen verkar både känslan av ensamhet och maktlöshet att minska.   Nyckelord: Papperslösa, diakon, Svenska kyrkan, trosbaserat socialt arbete, flyktingar, migration   Keywords: Undocumented Migrants, Irregular Migrants, Deacon, Church of Sweden, Faith-based Social Work, Refugees, Migration

This study is aimed to increase the knowledge about the Swedish immigration authorities’ assessment of the asylum applications based on particularly distressing circumstances, submitted by disabled undocumented migrants. Making an attempt to explain the reasons of asylum-seekers’ health deterioration during the asylum process, this study determines the factors in migration authorities proceedings affecting such deterioration. Documents in five personal files concerning six disabled asylum-seekers, whose applications were declined, were studied by applying two observational methods: content analysis of the documents in the personal files and non-participant observations made during receptions of undocumented migrants at the Swedish Asylum Committee. The results of the study have shown that migration authorities' way of applying the principle of child’s best interests have a declarative character, while the disability perspective is completely ignored. The migrations authorities make free interpretations of the information on the countries of asylum-seekers' origin, while adaptation to Swedish conditions does not work at all as cause for residence permit. Advocates, who neglect their prior duties, have also a negative influence on the asylum process. Analyzed from the perspective of appropriate sociological concepts, the results of this study have shown that the above mentioned observations cause disabled undocumented migrants health deterioration.

Bakgrund: Vid genomgång av lagar och etiska riktlinjer som beskriver ramarna för en god vård uppstår betänkligheter kring att till papperslösa tillämpa en begränsad sådan. Personalen som arbetar inom primärvården i Region Skåne ska arbeta enligt stadgade lagar samt förhålla sig till de riktlinjer som tillhandahålls. Enhetscheferna är de som har en övergripande blick över verksamheten och ska leda utvecklingsarbete på vårdcentralen. Det tycks vara en stor utmaning och det saknas en bild av hur detta går till, specifikt avseende en god vård av papperslösa. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka tillvägagångssätt på enhetsnivå inom primärvården för att erbjuda papperslösa en vård i enlighet med svenska lagar och etiska riktlinjer. Metod: Intervjustudie med sex enhetschefer. Datamaterialet analyserades med innehållsanalys. Resultat: De kategorier som framträdde relaterat till hur enhetscheferna uppfattar att Region Skånes riktlinjer och begreppet vård som inte kan anstå omsätts i praktiken var: kontaktväg, definition av patientgrupp, bedömning av vårdbehov och tolkning av vård som inte kan anstå. De utmaningar som enhetscheferna upplevde att de stod inför avseende implementering av riktlinjerna var: försvårande faktorer vid upprättande av kontaktväg, svårigheter att definiera patientgrupp, patientsäkerhet och praktiska problem vid administrering, svårighet att tolka vård som inte kan anstå, samsyn genom vårdkedjan, vårdpersonals värderingar, resurser versus människovärde, vårdpersonalens behov av kunskap och bristande information till patienten. Slutsats: Genomgående i resultatet sågs inkonsekvens genomsyra vården. Således kan en god vård till denna patientgrupp enligt nuvarande lagstiftning inte säkerställas. / Background: A review of the laws and guidelines describing the scope of quality of care create a disinclination towards limiting the care for undocumented immigrants. The staff within primary care in Region Skåne should work in accordance with laws and the proffered guidelines. The nurse managers have an overriding view of the unit and should lead the development work at the health centre. This appears to be a challenge and a depiction of how this is done is lacking, specifically revolving the care of undocumented immigrants. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine how to offer undocumented immigrants a care in accordance to swedish laws and ethical codes on a unit level within primary care. Method: An interview study was conducted with six informants. The data were analyzed with content analysis. Results: The question of how nurse managers perceive the guidelines of Region Skåne and how a care that cannot be deferred is turned into practice resulted in these categories: connection to health care, definition of patient community, assessment of health needs and interpretation of care that cannot be deferred. The challenges that the nurse managers perceived they are facing regarding the implementation of guidelines were: problematic factors in establishing a connection to health care, difficulties to define the patient community, patient safety and practical problems of administration, difficulties to interpret care that cannot be deferred, consensus through the care chain, values among the heath care staff, resources versus human dignity, required knowledge among health care staff and lacking information to the patient. Conclusion: Throughout the result was an inconsistency found to permeate the care. Hence, the quality of care for these patients can not be ensured.

In Sweden, children residing in the country without a permit has had access to schooling since 2013. Yet, only a few people have taken the time to do research on the topic and evaluate the policy change that gave these children right to attend elementary and upper secondary school. This essay adopts an administrative politics-perspective to evaluate their schooling based on a goal-fulfilment criterion. The goals are then used as a reference with which to compare the real policy effects. To gather information about the policy effects, six interviews were performed with centrally given actors within Uppsala municipality, Sweden. The first goal of reference in this thesis is presented in Swedish school law and government bill; all children shall have access to basic schooling. The second goal of reference is that these children’s education should be equivalent to that of other children in the country. This means that they have should have access to the school resources necessary for them to fully participate in their education. Generally, one can see that the achievement of these goals is questionable in Uppsala municipality. This result can also be generalised to a nation-level, with the help of the Swedish School Inspectorate, and thus demonstrating that the issues with the goal fulfilment in Uppsala municipality is strongly dependent on the lack of effective nationally stipulated measures and strategies.