Bakgrund: Prostatacancer är Sveriges vanligaste cancerform där de drabbade är äldre män. Ungefär en av 20 dör i sjukdomen, men trots detta är det många patienter som ser det som en dödsdom. Män med prostatacancer blir påverkade av sin sjukdom i deras vardag, deras fysiska och emotionella hälsa samt i deras sociala liv. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva mäns upplevelser av att drabbas av prostatacancer. Metod: Fem narrativa berättelser i form av självbiografier har analyserats genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Resultat: Resultatet belyser mäns upplevelser av att drabbas av prostatacancer. Männen upplevde känslor av rädsla, oro och hopp samtidigt som de upplevde en förändrad livssituation och social tillvaro. De bearbetade det på olika sätt. Diskussion: Männen upplevde sin livskvalitet försämrad som konsekvens av ovisshet och begränsningar samtidigt som den främjades genom information, stöd och acceptans. De upplevde det svårt att välja behandling och behövde därför sjuksköterskans stöd. Konklusion: Stöd från sjuksköterskor och läkare anses vara betydelsefullt för att främja en god hälsa. Att förstå hur män med prostatacancer upplever sin förändrade livssituation kan hjälpa sjuksköterskor att bemöta dem på bästa sätt. / Background: Prostate cancer is Sweden´s most common form of cancer where the victims are mostly older men. About one in 20 dies from the disease, but despite this, many patients see it as a death sentence. Men with prostate cancer are getting affected every day in their social life, their physical and emotional health. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to describe men´s experiences of suffering from prostate cancer. Method: Five narrative stories in the form of autobiographies have been analyzed through qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach. Results: The result illustrates men´s experiences of suffering from prostate cancer. Men experience feelings of fear, anxiety and hope at the same time as they experience an alteration in their life situation and social existence. They process it in different ways. Discussion: Men experience a deterioration in their quality of life as a consequence of uncertainty and limitations while being promoted through information, support and acceptance. They find it difficult to choose treatment and therefore need the nurse´s support. Conclusion: Support from nurses and doctors is considered important for promoting good health. A better understanding for men whom experience their changed life situation, can help nurses respond and help them in the best way.

No description available.

Background: The aging population has become ha global phenomenon. The care for elderly people are therefore facing huge obstacles when it comes to meeting the aging population’s future needs. For various reasons many older people are seeking help and have to spend time in hospitals and when they return to their home environment they often have to rely on different health and care efforts. Aim: Describe older people’s experiences of their life situation and the different care interventions after hospitalization. Method: This study has a descriptive design with a qualitative approach and a total of nine individual semi-structured interviews were conducted. The collected material was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Main result: An underlying theme appeard: The value of being independent, both past, present and future and were the overall result. After hospitalization the informants experienced numerous limitations that impaired their autonomy. The restrictions made them dependent on family members and effeorts from home care services to cope with the new situation. The informants were both adapted to and accepted the new situation and different values according to the new life situation could be discerned. The values could be various achievements, being outdoors or social interactions. Conclusion: To arrive home from the hospital with other conditions than prior hospital stay, is a transition that older people often have to go through. The older person needs help in this transition, both from the surroundings and the specialist nurse in the care of the elderly, as well as general nurses and assistant nurses have a significant role in how the new life situation is experienced. / Bakgrund: Den åldrande befolkningen har blivit ett globalt fenomen och det kommer att ställas krav på såväl sjukvård som vård- och omsorg av äldre personer för att kunna möta den åldrande befolkningens framtida behov. Många äldre personer vårdas av olika anledningar inom den slutna hälso- och sjukvården och när de återkommer till hemmet är de ofta i fortsatt beroende av olika vård- och omsorgsinsatser. Syfte: Beskriva äldre personers upplevelse av sin livssituation och av olika vård- och omsorgsinsatser efter sjukhusvistelse. Metod: Studien har en beskrivande design med en kvalitativ ansats och totalt har nio individuella semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts. Det insamlade materialet har analyserats med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Huvudresultat: Ett underliggande tema framträdde: Värdet av att vara självständig, i dåtid, nutid och framtid och var det övergripande resultatet. Informanterna upplevde efter sjukhusvistelsen olika begränsningar som försämrade deras självständighet. Begränsningarna gjorde dem beroende av närstående och insatser från hemtjänsten för att klara av den nya livssituationen. Informanterna anpassade sig till och accepterade den nya livssituationen och olika värden av betydelse för den nutida livssituationen kunde urskiljas. Dessa värden kunde vara olika framsteg, utomhusvistelse eller social samvaro. Slutsats: Att komma hem från sjukhuset med andra förutsättningar än innan sjukhusvistelsen är en transition som äldre personer ofta måste gå igenom. Genom transitionen behöver den äldre personen stöd och hjälp från omgivningen och specialistsjuksköterskan inom vård av äldre, liksom allmänsjuksköterskor, undersköterskor och vårdbiträden har en betydande roll för hur den nya livssituationen upplevs.

Cycling in urban environments requires the ability to distinguish between relevant and irrelevant targets quickly and reliably, so that potential hazards can be anticipated and avoided. In two experiments, we investigated where adults and children direct their attention when viewing videos filmed from a cyclist’s perspective. We wanted to see if there were any differences in the responses given by experienced adult cyclists, inexperienced adult cyclists, and child cyclists. In Experiment 1, 16 adults (19–33 years) were asked to watch ten videos and to point out things they would pay attention to by tapping a touchscreen (pointed out locations). Afterwards, they were asked to explain their answers. In Experiment 2, 17 adults (19–34 years) and 17 children (11–12 years) performed the same task with the same ten videos, but they were not asked to explain their answers afterwards. The data sets from these two experiments were pooled, creating three groups: ten experienced adult cyclists, 23 inexperienced adult cyclists and 17 children. A total of 23 clearly visible, traffic-relevant targets (pre-specified targets) had previously been identified in the videos. We investigated whether the participants’ pointed-out locations matched these targets (and if so, how fast they responded in pointing them out). We also investigated the number and vertical/horizontal dispersion of these pointed-out locations on the touchscreen. Adults pointed out more locations than children, especially pedestrians and cyclists. This result suggests that, while children focussed as well as adults on cars (arguably the most salient hazard), they were less able to identify other hazards (such as pedestrians or other cyclists). The children had also a larger vertical dispersion and a larger between-participant variation than the adults. Adults were faster at tapping the pre-specified targets and they missed them less often. Overall, the results suggest that 11–12 year old-cyclists have worse situation awareness in traffic than adults.

Bakgrund: Parkinsons sjukdom är en obotlig sjukdom som ofta drabbar personer i 50–60 års ålder. Sjukdomen finns ofta hos patienten långt innan diagnosen ställs och innebär en livsomställning med både fysiska och psykiska förändringar. I och med att sjukdomen är progreserande försämras livskvalitén ju längre patienten haft sjukdomen. Syfte: Syftet äratt beskriva hur människor med Parkinsons sjukdom upplever sin livssituation. Metod: Enkvalitativ studie som bygger på analys av fem självbiografier skrivna av personer som har drabbats av Parkinsons sjukdom utifrån metoden Att analysera berättelser. Resultat: De drabbade upplever en förändring i sitt liv och sin vardag efter att de diagnostiserats medParkinsons sjukdom. Men trots de utmaningar och svårigheter som upplevs finns en vilja om att fortsätta leva och ta tillvara på tiden. Personerna upplever även en vilja att kämpa för att bibehålla sina fysiska och psykiska funktioner och genom detta bibehålla en god livskvalitet. Konklusion: Personer som drabbas av Parkinsons sjukdom upplever en livsförändring. Men med en positiv livsinställning, stöd från anhöriga, andra personer som lider av Parkinsons sjukdom och sjuksköterska kan de drabbade uppleva en god hälsa trots sjukdomen. Sjuksköterskans kunnighet kring sjukdomen, förmåga att lyssna och sätta sig in i patientens livssituation är viktiga delar för en god vård. / Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is an incurable disease that often begins to affect people in their 50s and 60s. Patients can have different symptoms several years before the diagnosis which affect their well-being. Diagnosis with PD means that a person’s life condition changes both physically and mentally. The patient’s quality of life is seriously affected and gets worse as the time passed due to the disease being progressive. Aim: The aim of the study is to describe how people with Parkinson's disease experience their life.Method: The study is based on a qualitative method “att analysera berättelser” and the data analysis is based on five autobiographies which were written by people suffering from PD. Results: It appears that patients who are living with PD experience a changed ife perspective and situation. Despite the challenges and difficulties in life, there is a willing to continue their life as well as possible and enjoy living in the moment. People also experience a willingness to try to maintain their physical and mental functions and thereby maintain a good quality of life. Conclusion: People who suffers from PD experience a life-changing situation. With a positive attitude and support from relatives and nurses, patients can still experience well-being and have a good quality of life. The nurse's knowledge of PD, ability to listen and understand the patient's life situation are important elements for providing a good care.

Sexismus ist ein weltweites Phänomen, das das Potential von Frauen in allen Bereichen des Lebens einschränkt. Um den negativen Konsequenzen von Sexismus entgegen zu wirken setzen sich manche Frauen für das Wohl aller Frauen ein; sie handeln kollektiv. In dieser Doktorarbeit geht es darum ob Kultur und Situationen solches kollektives Handeln beeinflussen und sich auf die Prävalenz von Sexismus auswirken. Im Bezug auf den Einfluss von Kultur nehmen wir an, dass das Selbstkonzept und das kulturelle Konstrukt „Gesicht" (aus der Phrase „das Gesicht wahren") das kollektive Handeln von Frauen in Japan, der Türkei und Deutschland beeinflussen (Manuskript #1). Übereinstimmend mit unseren Hypothesen beabsichtigen Frauen mit einem stärkeren unabhängigen Selbstkonzept auch stärker kollektiv zu handeln. Frauen, die sich stärker Sorgen darum machen, „das Gesicht zu verlieren" beabsichtigen hingegen weniger kollektiv zu handeln. Somit beeinflussen das Selbstkonzept und das Ausmaß indem Frauen darüber besorgt sind „das Gesicht zu verlieren", also zwei Konzepte aus der kulturvergleichenden Psychologie, die Intentionen von Frauen zum Wohle der Gruppe zu handeln. Im Bezug auf den Einfluss von Situationen auf Sexismus nehmen wir an, dass über Situationen hinweg systematisch variiert, für wie wahrscheinlich und akzeptabel Menschen Sexismus halten. Wir nehmen an, dass die wahrgenommene Wahrscheinlichkeit und Akzeptanz von Sexismus abhängig davon variieren, (a) ob Frauen anwesend sind, gegen die sich Sexismus richten kann, (b) in welchem Anteil Männer und Frauen anwesend sind, (c) abhängig vom Ort, und (d) abhängig davon, ob potentielle Sexisten z.B. betrunken oder gestresst sind (Manuskript #2). Unsere Hypothesen wurden größtenteils bestätigt. Von unseren Ergebnissen zur wahrgenommenen Häufigkeit von Sexismus im Privatleben ausgehend, sollten Interventionen zur Reduktion von Sexismus über den Arbeitsplatz hinaus gehen und auch das Privatleben miteinbeziehen. Im Bezug auf Primingeffekte eines Stereotyps haben wir Hypothesen von der Theorie des aktiven Selbst abgeleitet (Manuskript #3). Wir nehmen an, dass das Ausmaß von Überlappung zwischen dem Selbstkonzept der Versuchsteilnehmer und dem Stereotyp, der als Prime verwendet wird, beeinflusst wie effektiv die Primingprozedur ist. Wir gehen davon aus, dass das Ausmaß dieser Überlappung frühere inkonsistente Primingeffekte von Stereotypen erklären kann. Allerdings konnten wir den Originaleffekt nicht replizieren und fanden, mit einer Ausnahme, keine Nachweise für unsere Moderatoren und Mediatoren. Hier muss dementsprechend noch weitere theoretische und empirische Arbeit geleistet werden um die Randbedingungen von Primingeffekten von Stereotypen zu identifizieren. Sexismus ist ein weltweites Phänomen, das das Potential von Frauen lähmt. Diese Arbeit informiert über kulturelle und situationelle Faktoren, die man berücksichtigen muss, um die negativen Folgen von Sexismus erfolgreich zu bekämpfen.

abstract: Human-agent teams (HATs) are expected to play a larger role in future command and control systems where resilience is critical for team effectiveness. The question of how HATs interact to be effective in both normal and unexpected situations is worthy of further examination. Exploratory behaviors are one that way adaptive systems discover opportunities to expand and refine their performance. In this study, team interaction exploration is examined in a HAT composed of a human navigator, human photographer, and a synthetic pilot while they perform a remotely-piloted aerial reconnaissance task. Failures in automation and the synthetic pilot’s autonomy were injected throughout ten missions as roadblocks. Teams were clustered by performance into high-, middle-, and low-performing groups. It was hypothesized that high-performing teams would exchange more text-messages containing unique content or sender-recipient combinations than middle- and low-performing teams, and that teams would exchange less unique messages over time. The results indicate that high-performing teams had more unique team interactions than middle-performing teams. Additionally, teams generally had more exploratory team interactions in the first session of missions than the second session. Implications and suggestions for future work are discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Human Systems Engineering 2019

Intrusion detection is the practice of examining information from computers and networks to identify cyberattacks. It is an important topic in practice, since the frequency and consequences of cyberattacks continues to increase and affect organizations. It is important for research, since many problems exist for intrusion detection systems. Intrusion detection systems monitor large volumes of data and frequently generate false positives. This results in additional effort for security analysts to review and interpret alerts. After long hours spent reviewing alerts, security analysts become fatigued and make bad decisions. There is currently no approach to intrusion detection that reduces the workload of human analysts by providing a probabilistic prediction that a computer is experiencing a cyberattack. This research addressed this problem by estimating the probability that a computer system was being attacked, rather than alerting on individual events. This research combined concepts from cyber situation awareness by applying clustering ensembles, probability analysis, and active learning. The unique contribution of this research is that it provides a higher level of meaning for intrusion alerts than traditional approaches. Three experiments were conducted in the course of this research to demonstrate the feasibility of these concepts. The first experiment evaluated cluster generation approaches that provided multiple perspectives of network events using unsupervised machine learning. The second experiment developed and evaluated a method for detecting anomalies from the clustering results. This experiment also determined the probability that a computer system was being attacked. Finally, the third experiment integrated active learning into the anomaly detection results and evaluated its effectiveness in improving the accuracy. This research demonstrated that clustering ensembles with probabilistic analysis were effective for identifying normal events. Abnormal events remained uncertain and were assigned a belief. By aggregating the belief to find the probability that a computer system was under attack, the resulting probability was highly accurate for the source IP addresses and reasonably accurate for the destination IP addresses. Active learning, which simulated feedback from a human analyst, eliminated the residual error for the destination IP addresses with a low number of events that required labeling.

Depuis les années 1960, le Mali a été secoué par plusieurs rébellions touarègues : de 1962 à 1964, puis de 1990 à 1996, en 2006, de 2007 à 2009 et enfin en 2012. Cette dernière crise a entraîné la fuite de plus de 50.000 personnes au Niger. Dans ce contexte humanitaire, la formation (au-delà du primaire) offre aux jeunes réfugiés un sentiment de retour à la normale et les aide à construire un meilleur avenir. Cette recherche s’intéresse aux retombées de cette formation post-primaire pour des réfugiés maliens vivant dans le camp de Mangaizé et ceux qui se sont déplacés à Niamey, capitale du Niger pour une formation universitaire / tertiaire. Nous avons procédé à une étude de cas exploratoire pour mettre en exergue les retombées des compétences acquises selon le contexte, rural ou urbain (réfugiés vivant dans le camp ou en ville). Nous avons également présenté les perspectives des acteurs humanitaires chargés de l’éducation des réfugiés face à la réduction des financements pour la crise malienne Notre recherche s’appuie principalement sur la notion de compétence(s) qui continue de jouer de multiples rôles dans la proposition de politiques et réformes éducatives. En plus de la multiplicité de ses définitions, elle revêt une importance particulière en situation humanitaire. Nous nous appuyons aussi sur la théorie de l’apprentissage transformateur qui résulte d'un "dilemme désorientant" déclenché par un changement, une crise ou transition majeure dans une vie. La théorie de l’intersectionnalité, paradigme présentant une « simultanéité des oppressions » nous a également aidé à analyser nos données et à comprendre la superposition des défis liés aux positions sociales qu’occupent ces populations (pas seulement les femmes) en fonction de leur genre, origine ethnique, et/ou caste et statut socioéconomique. Les résultats de l’analyse de données indiquent que le déplacement s’est transformé en opportunité pour une grande partie de cette population qui a pu bénéficier de programmes d’éducation, ce qui n’aurait pas été possible si la crise n’avait pas eu lieu et qu’ils étaient restés dans leur village d'origine au Mali. Outre l’aspect économique, ces formations ont également une grande valeur pour l’estime de soi des réfugiés, leur confiance en l’avenir et en eux-mêmes : l’autonomisation est d’abord mentale et psychologique avant de devenir financière. Cependant, une intersectionnalité des inégalités sociales liées au genre, la classe sociale, l’ethnicité, l’âge et le niveau de scolarisation persiste, incontestablement chez les femmes mais aussi chez les hommes (surtout du camp). Pour les acteurs humanitaires chargés de l’éducation des réfugiés, le défi majeur reste la réduction drastique des financements et la difficulté de mettre en œuvre le nexus humanitaire-développement, soit une réponse alliant les deux types d’aide pour les populations vulnérables.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Healthcare providers in hospital intensive care units (ICUs) maintain patient situation awareness by following task management and communication practices. They create and manipulate several paper-based and digital information sources, with the overall aim to constantly inform themselves and their colleagues of dynamically evolving patient conditions. However, when increased communication means that healthcare providers potentially interrupt each other, enhanced patient-situation awareness comes at a price. Prior research discusses both the use of technology to support increased communication and its unintended consequence of (wanted and unwanted) notification interruptions. Using qualitative research techniques, I investigated work practices that enhance the patient-situation awareness of physicians, fellows, residents, nurses, students, and pharmacists in a medical ICU. I used the Locales Framework to understand the observed task management and communication work practices. In this study, paper notes were observed to act as transitional artifacts that are later digitized to organize and coordinate tasks, goals, and patient-centric information at a team and organizational level. Non digital information is often not immediately digitized, and only select information is communicated between certain ICU team members through synchronous mechanisms such as face-to-face or telephone conversations. Thus, although ICU providers are exceptionally skilled at working together to improve a critically ill patient’s condition, the use of paper-based artifacts and synchronous communication mechanisms induces several interruptions while contextually situating a clinical team for patient care. In this dissertation, I also designed and evaluated a mobile health technology tool, known as PANI (Patient-centered Notes and Information Manager), guided by the Locales framework and the participatory involvement of ICU healthcare providers as co designers. PANI-supported task management induces minimal interruptions by: (1) rapidly generating, managing, and sharing clinical notes and action-items among clinicians and (2) supporting the collaboration and communication needs of clinicians through a novel visual and tactile notification system. The long-term contribution of this research suggests guidelines for designing mobile health technology interventions that enhance ICU patient situation-awareness and reduce unwanted interruptions to clinical workflow.