Uppsatsen är en kvalitativ intervjustudie om destruktiv sexualitet - hypersexualitet. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur unga personer i åldern 18 – 30 år med ångestdriven och tvångsmässig sexualitet upplever sin problematik. Studien tar sin början i ett terapifall. Huvuddelen av uppsatsen utgörs av tre djupintervjuer med unga vuxna i åldern 21 – 28 år. Intervjuerna analyseras genom metoden Interpretative Phenomenological analysis (IPA). En genomgång av diagnosförslaget hypersexualitet avseende forskning om dess följdverkningar och känslomässiga och relationella orsaker görs. Sexualitetens plats i psykodynamisk teori har under de senaste åren omformulerats. I modern psykodynamisk teori ses sexualiteten som ett av flera samverkande motivationssystem. Dess relation till anknytningssystemet har särskilt uppmärksammats. Affekterna utgör motiverande förstärkare och affekten skam anses viktig för utvecklingen av sexualitet och uppkomsten av sexuella problem. Informanternas berättelser redovisas genom nio kategorier. En kärnberättelse utformas för varje individ som tolkas utifrån affektteori och Lichtenbergs teori om motivationssystem. Resultatet av studien bekräftar tidigare forskning att hypersexualitet är förknippat med skam och rädsla för närhet och att de sexuella uttrycken sammanhänger med otrygg eller desorganiserad anknytning. Ett gemensamt tema hos alla informanter är att de längtar efter kärlek och trygghet men att inre känslomässiga konflikter, låg självkänsla och brist på tillit förhindrar att dessa behov kan förverkligas. Hypersexualitet kan ses som försvar mot ångest. Ångesten består hos intervjupersonerna på det känslomässiga planet av skam, mindervärdeskänslor, rädsla och vissa fall av skräck - aggression. En sexualisering sker av adaptiva behov som ömsesidig närhet, sensualism och trygghet. Längtan efter helhet och ömsesidighet i nära kärleksrelationer är stark och genomgående i både terapifallet och de tre intervjuerna.

Prokrastinering är ett utbrett fenomen över hela världen som innebär att frivilligt skjuta upp eller inte fullfölja uppgifter trots vetskapen om de negativa konsekvenserna till följd av det. Det kan ses som en irrationell försening av vissa åtaganden, ofta för att undvika negativa känslor, eller som ett tecken på bristande självreglering när man konfronteras med utmanande eller obekväma uppgifter. Forskning visar att prokrastinering är kopplad till depression, ångest, ökad stress och sämre akademiska prestationer. Det verkar dessutom som att antalet personer som uppvisar uppskjutarbeteende och graden av prokrastinering ökar. Denna studie ämnade att utforskaeventuella samband och förhållanden mellan självskattad prokrastinering, skam och känsloreglering. Den undersökte även om dessa förhållanden modereras av ålder. Studien genomfördes för att öka förståelsen kring prokrastinering och dess negativa effekter. Genom att identifiera mekanismer bakom prokrastinering kan interventioner anpassas för att minska beteendet och öka välbefinnandet. En enkät distribuerades till allmän befolkning där 200 individer svarade, varav 37 män och 163 kvinnor. Medelåldern för samtliga deltagare var 39,21, SD = 11,06. Resultaten visade att skam, känsloregleringssvårigheter och prokrastinering är signifikant korrelerade. Högre nivåer av skam och känsloregleringssvårigheter är associerade med ökad tendens till prokrastinering. Även om ålder inte visade sig vara en signifikant moderator visademedelvärden hur skam och känsloregleringssvårigheter samt prokrastinering minskar med ålder. / Procrastination is a global phenomenon, involves the voluntary delay or non-completion of tasks despite awareness of the negative consequences. Often percieved as an irrational postponement of certain commitments to avoid negative emotions, or as a sign of deficient selfregulation when confronted with challenging or uncomfortable tasks. Research indicates that procrastination is linked to depression, anxiety, increased stress, and poor academic performance. Moreover, it appears that the number of individuals exhibiting procrastinatory behavior and the degree of procrastination are on the rise. This study aimed to explore potential associations and relationships between self-reported procrastination, shame, and emotion regulation. The research also investigated whether these relationships were moderated by age. The study was conducted to enhance understanding of procrastination and its negative effects. By identifying mechanisms behind procrastination, interventions can be tailored to reduce the behavior and increase wellbeing. A survey was distributed to the general population, with 200 individuals responding of which 37 identified as men and 163 as women. The mean age of all participants was 39.21, SD = 11.06. The results showed that shame, difficulties in emotion regulation, and procrastination are significantly correlated. Higher levels of shame and emotion regulation difficulties are associated with an increased tendency to procrastinate. Although age did not prove to be a significant moderator, mean values demonstrated how shame, emotion regulation difficulties, and procrastination decrease with age.

Through a narrative analysis of four autobiographies former problem gamblers´stories of living with a gambling problem are studied. The purpose of this study is to analyze men´s and women´s self-image based on stories about what it is like to live with gambling problems. The narrative analysis has taken places in three stages: 1. Individual analysis of the autobiographies, 2. Identification of main narrative and 3. Analysis of main narrativ. The narrative analysis of the main narratives is based on the post-structuralist narrative perspective. During the analysis process, four main narratives were identified. These are the way into gambling problems, negative self-image, guilt and shame and gambling devils and demons. Central to the result is hoe all four talk about their path into gambling problems which leads to feelings og guilt and shame, which leads to their self-image being negativley affected. Gambling devils and demons are clearly prominent and show an inner struggle within the writers. There are also differences between the male and female authors in how they have been affected by their gambling problems. Conclusions drawn are that the authors´self-image is interpreted to be affected by their gambling problems, and it is interpreted that there are differences between the male and female authors´experiences and consequences of gambling problems.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att studera unga vuxna på landsbygden och deras känslor kring klimatförändringar, samt hur de hanterar normer om hållbart levande och hur de rättfärdigar miljöbeteenden. För att studera detta har en kvalitativ metod använts där semi-strukturerade intervjuer använts till datainsamlingen. Resultatet visade på att respondenterna uppvisade olika känslor kring klimatförändringar, men oro var den vanligaste känslan associerat till ordet. De flesta deltagarna i studien upplever att de i någon utsträckning påverkas av den sociala omgivningen vad gäller deras känslor och attityder. Det tyder på att känsloregler har en viktig roll i vilken känsla man har inför miljö- och klimatfrågor. Även de som inte upplever sig påverkas känner ett behov av att rättfärdiga sina miljöval. Alla respondenter vill rättfärdiga sina val och de förhandlar med sig själva och känner att de är okej att göra vissa sämre miljöval eftersom de gör andra handlingar som de upplever kompenserar. Studiens bidrag till forskningen är ett synsätt där deltagarna är till freds med implicita klimatbudskap, men när det sker explicit i form av aktioner skapas det starka känslor. Till skillnad från tidigare forskning bidrar min studie med kunskap att känsloregler kan ha en viktig roll i människans känsloregister kopplat till klimatförändringar.

This study aims to examine how Swedish fans of the TV-series Skam use the Facebook group Kosegruppa Sverige in order to construct and maintain a fandom, and how fan practices can contribute in creating identity among the members of the group. Theories related to fan research, discourse psychology and intersectionality were applied, as well as a brief overview of earlier research results related to these areas. By using a netnographic approach combined with a discourse analyses, posts made by fans on Kosegruppa Sverige during December 2016 were examined and analyzed. Three main fan practices were found to be used in constructing fandom in the group; fans made their own material such as edits, videos and attire that had a connection to the narrative, they acted out on their fandom both by adapting their language and looks, and finally by buying and selling merchandise and thus collecting things related to the series. Identity was created through intersectional perspectives of gender, sexuality and age. Finally, the study concluded that fandom could be seen as an integral tool within media production, which blurs the line between producers and consumers.

The purpose of the study is to examine how the image of the TV series Skam was constructed in the Swedish press during the winter of 2016-2017, with a focus on how Skam’s importance for individuals and society was expressed in the texts. To analyze how the discourse of Skam was constructed in the Swedish press, a discourse theoretical perspective based on Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe’s discourse theory was used, along with various theories of the media, the audience's production of meaning and pleasure, realism and psychology of religion. Different discursive tools from Laclau and Mouffe’s conceptual world are put into practice during the analysis part. Metaphors are also used as a method to understand and analyze the material.  In the analysis of the media discourse of Skam, four main themes emerged in the analyzed texts; Realism, identification, moralism and Norway and the Norwegian language. The discourse of realism raised the question whether Skam is realistic or not, and whether it is possible to understand teenagers by watching the series. The discourse of identification included questions like; whether participants could identify with the characters and situations in Skam or not, often from a nostalgic point of view. The discourse of moralism focused much on the different characters in the series and how they acted, or were portrayed. Topics such as feminism and homosexuality were discussed, along with other things. The discourse of Norway and the Norwegian language was a lot about the Swedish relations with Norway and the Norwegian language spoken in Skam. The discourse was very homogenous and notably it concerned the phenomena that Swedes have begun to speak Norwegian, and Swedish people creates a closeness and understanding of Norway and the Norwegians through the tv-series.  Skam was also constructed as something sacred that brings people together, in discussions as well as in cultural identity. A great majority of the texts discussed however adults should watch the tv-series or not.

“Can women talk about anything but men? – a comparative narrative analysis of the television series “Skilda världar” and “SKAM””   The purpose of this study is to compare how young women are portrayed in two different Scandinavian television shows. Especially which roles they are given as young women in different decades since the television shows were aired with a 19-year time difference. The first one being the Swedish “Skilda världar” and the second one is the Norwegian international internet success “SKAM”. Theories used in this study are postmodern theories and gender theories. Anja Hirdmans Tilltalande Bilder (2001) are used to explains how women are presented in the media. It follows by a subchapter on how women are portrayed in TV series and soap operas. The theories and previous research served as tools for the analysis. A narrative method has been used, with Vladimir Propps functions to make indentations. The three first episodes of each series has been analysed with 1-4 indentations. In addition to Propps functions the actant-modell of Algirdas J. Greimas has been used to explain the roles of the characters. The result of the study shows a difference between the main young female characters. Sandra, the main female character of “Skilda världar” is much more controlled by her family. She’s to a greater extent treated like an object than the female main character in “SKAM”, Eva. Eva shows more moral courage and independency. Both of the leading female roles have a dream of liberating themselves. They have various types of liberations but with similar elements. Sandra wants to free herself from the oppressing demands of her home, and find passion and love through a relationship. Eva wants to become more independent from her boyfriend and create an own social circle. Heterosexual relationships are the subconscious centre in both of their stories.

SKAM (”Shame”) is a Norwegian WebTV-series which portrays several youths during their time in high school. Each season addresses a new main character whom treats or is subjected to the feeling of shame. The WebTV-series is unique in its way of not being shown on the traditional television. Instead the series is shown on the digital play-service NRK and SKAM’s own blog. SKAM is transmedia in its way of using social platforms to expand and give new perspectives and stories to the fictional world. For example, the characters obtain authentic Instagram profiles where the viewers can to comment, like or follow the characters. The aim of this study was thus to explore what kind of relationship between fans establish with the fictional characters of SKAM when using transmedia storytelling and why they interact with the phenomenon’s social platforms. The paper also examines in which way SKAM is using transmedia storytelling. The paper is restricted to the platform Instagram and an audience segment called “fans”. This due to the time restriction for the paper to dictated as well as “fans” being the most exploited to extend a fictional world in form of social and cultural activities. The scientific questions attempt to be answered by interviewing a focus group along with carrying out a semiotic image analysis. The results showed that the way SKAM was using the transmedia storytelling in a realistic manner which created a similar form of hyperreality in which parasocial relationship and emotional realism could be formed. This due to Instagram being already an integrated platform in the fans lifestyles. The integrated platform along with the similar hyperreality allows the fans to interact or have the illusion to interact with the characters in a manner which portrays them as social friends. Creating a social bond from the fans to the characters. The characters Instagram profiles portrays in a realistic manner with text and pictures. Their problems, emotions and lifestyle creates a solid connotation to the audience. Making the fans laugh, cry and feel with the characters and wanting to engage in their life. The transmedia storytelling lets the fans engage with the character and letting new perspective of their realistic lives being portrayed. Creating parasocial and emotional realism.

Inledning: I början av den psykoanalytiska teorins utveckling hade sexualiteten en central roll. När man inom psykoanalytisk teori började frångå driftsteorin, kom man också längre bort från sexualiteten. Detta trots vetskapen om att sexualiteten tycks genomsyra människors liv och leverne på ett genomgripande sätt. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur legitimerade psykoterapeuter, med kompetens och vana att arbeta med sexuella frågeställningar, arbetar med sexualitet i sitt arbete. Frågeställning: Hur arbetar psykodynamiska psykoterapeuter med speciell kompetens i sexualitet med patienternas sexuella problematik? Metod: En kvalitativ intervju på fenomenologisk grund genomfördes med fem legitimerade psykoterapeuter specialiserade på sexualitet. Dessa var verksamma inom både offentlig och privat verksamhet. Resultat: Psykoterapeuterna ger sexualiteten en integrerad plats i det psykoterapeutiska arbetet. Betydelsen av att göra en sexuell anamnes framträder i resultatet. I patienternas livsberättelser återkommer upplevelser av övergivenhet, trauma, skam och skuld och att sexualiteten återfinns som ett försvar gentemot att stå ut med svåra känslor. För psykoterapeuten krävs förmåga att lyssna på och härbärgera patientens berättelser, även mod att våga ställa frågor och uttrycka sig naturligt kring sexualitet. Detta kan väcka svåra känslor hos psykoterapeuten. För att möjliggöra detta arbete poängteras vikten av handledning och egenterapi. Diskussion: Sexualitet berör så uppenbart på olika vis de flesta människor. Denna studie stödjer de resultat som litteratur och tidigare forskning visar på fördelarna med att redan från början involvera sexualiteten i det psykoterapeutiska arbetet. Att som psykoterapeut integrera sexualitet i det psykoterapeutiska arbetet innebär en möjlighet till fördjupad kontakt och förståelse för de problem som undersöks. / Introduction: Sexuality had a central roll in the beginning of the development of psychoanalytic theory. At the same time the instinct theory was left behind, sexuality became less important as well, even though it is well known that sexuality penetrates the human way of life in a vigorous way. The purpose of the study is to investigate how licensed psychotherapists, who have the competence and are used to work with questions concerning sexuality, do so in their daily work. Question: How do psychodynamic psychotherapists who specialised in sexuality work with their patients sexual problems? Method: A qualitative phenomenologically -based interview carried out with five legitimate psychotherapists who specialised in sexuality, working in both public and private practice. Results: Sexuality is given integrated room in the psychotherapeutic work. The importance of taking a sexual history shows in the results. Experiences of abandonment, trauma, shame and guilt return in the patient´s histories together with the experience that sexuality is regained as a defence against difficult feelings. This demands the ability of the psychotherapist to listen to and contain the patient´s histories, even the courage to ask question and talk naturally about sexuality. This can stir up difficult feelings in the psychotherapist. To make the work possible, emphasises the importance of supervision and therapy. Discussion: Sexuality obviously affects most of the people in different ways. This study supports earlier results of literature and research and shows the advantages to involve sexuality in the psychotherapeutic work from the start. To integrate sexuality in the psychotherapeutic work gives the psychotherapist the possibility for deeper contact and understanding of the problems he/she investigates.

Självstigma hos personer med allvarlig psykisk störning behöver undersökas med tanke på att den psykiska ohälsan ökar. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur självstigma påverkat individer med allvarlig psykisk störning. Studien utfördes som en litteraturstudie och resultatet utgjordes av tre kategorier: Att bli sin diagnos, Att känna skam och Att känna hopplöshet. Självstigma påverkar personer med allvarlig psykisk störning genom att försvåra förutsättningarna till återhämtning. Kombinationen av en allvarlig psykisk störning och självstigma skapar negativa konsekvenser utifrån individens egna stereotypa och fördomsfulla föreställningar. Individerna har svårt att känna mening med livet och undviker att söka hjälp på grund av skam och hopplöshet. Detta i sin tur kan leda till förvärrade symptom och ökat lidande. Sjuksköterskan behöver därför vara medveten kring problematiken med självstigma och vara observant kring individens egna fördomar, skamkänslor och känsla av hopplöshet kring sin diagnos. Det är av vikt att skapa förutsättningar för empowerment i vårdsituationen. Interventioner och omvårdnad bör ha som målsättning att minska symptomen av självstigma hos individer med allvarlig psykisk störning. Interventioner torde kunna utformas, men behöver anpassas utifrån vilket samhälle som vården utförs i. Det finns begränsningar i aktuell forskning och fler studier där självstigma som fenomen belyses vore önskvärt, liksom longitudinella studier för att ge en djupare förståelse. / Severe mental illness is a growing health problem. Severe mental illness and self-stigma in combination needs to be examined to clarify what impact they have in combination for each individual. The purpose of this study was to examine what kind of impact self-stigma has to individuals with severe mental illness. The study was conducted as a literature review and the results consisted of three categories: Becoming ones illness Feeling of shame and Feeling of hopelessness. Self-stigma affects the individuals negatively and makes it harder for them to recover. The combination of severe mental illness and self-stigma creates negative consequences from the stereotypical and jaundiced. Individuals have problems with finding meaning of life and are reluctant to seek treatment for their symptoms because of the feeling of shame and hopelessness. In return the symptoms of the mental illness increases and provides more suffering and decreases the meaning of life. It is important that nurses are aware of and are mindful to the individuals prejudice, feelings of shame and hopelessness about their mental illness. Nurses need to make sure that it is possible to be empowered as a patient. Interventions and nursing that aim to reduce the symptoms of self-stigma in severe mental illness should be adapted to the prejudice of the society. More scientific research is needed because of the limited number of present studies concerning self-stigma. There is a need to further investigate self-stigma in severe mental illness. Preferably studies with longitudinal design that focus on the phenomenon self-stigma and how it affects people with severe mental illness, to give a greater understanding.