Human rights for refugees has proven to be incredibly hard to protect. The problem lies with the fact that it is the individual State that in practise will protect and guarantee human rights. However, states tend to only protect the rights of their own citizens. As refugees often have left the country where they are citizens and are currently residing in a country where they are not, they find themself in a legal limbo, making them one of the world's most vulnerable groups. Martha Finnemore & Kathryn Sikkink argued that international norms can affect a state’s national politics and that international organisations have an important role to play in that. Earlier research argued that international cooperations can influence states to change their perspective on human rights protection. To better understand this dynamic the study aimed to research if international cooperations could, through socialisation of norms, influence states to respect and protect refugee rights. The study used Turkey’s reception of refugees from Syria between the years 2011 to 2020 as a case. Sweden adopted, during 2016, a regional strategy for the Syrian crisis which led to aid projects in Turkey. The study, therefore, examines Turkey's refugee reception before and after Sweden implemented their projects in the regions. The study made three themes of rights that are specifically important for refugees which was the foundation for the analys. The results were firstly, that refugee protection in Turkey had weakened since the implementation of Sweden's aid project. The only positive change was in labour rights in which the study could find alternative explanations for that specific change. The study found no evidence that international cooperation could influence a state’s approach to human rights. More research within the field is, however, needed.

The recurring debate on regional administration and what responsibilities it should have has in a Swedish context been discussed in media and committees over the years. Little has been discussed around the possibilities of strengthening pre-existing interregional cooperation even though there is a scholarly thought of soft space as a definition to describe these types of cooperation and how they might evolve.   A case study has been performed on the interregional health care agency Södra Sjukvårdsregionen (SSR) which is one of six Swedish regional health care agencies (sjukvårdsregioner). SSR serves the regions Scania, Blekinge, Kronoberg and southern Halland and was constituted in 1960 based on central place theory to resolve spatial planning problems in the context of regional public health.   In the analytical context of soft space and central place theory, results have been provided by interviewing representatives working within SSR and examining documents. SSR has been defined as a structure of governance which consists of formal government actors.    The results indicate that the concept of soft space as described in literature supports spatial planning of specialized regional health care. However, the concept of soft space has little impact on spatial planning with respect to comprehensive planning (Översiktsplan) as illustrated by documentation from Västra Sjukvårdsregionen and the case of Norra Älvsborgs Länssjukhus (NÄL). / Debatten om svenska regionindelningar och vilken rådighet regionerna borde ha har diskuterats i medier och statliga utredningar genom åren. Däremot har möjligheterna att stärka befintliga interregionala samarbeten diskuterats mycket lite, även om det finns ett vetenskapligt underlag för soft space som ett samlande begrepp för att beskriva dessa typer av samarbeten och hur de vidareutvecklas. En fallstudie har genomförts på Södra Sjukvårdsregionen (SSR), som är en av Sveriges sex sjukvårdsregioner. SSR betjänar regionerna Skåne, Blekinge, Kronoberg och södra Halland och bildades 1960 baserat på centralortsteorin som ett sätt att lösa problem med fysisk planering i samband med regional sjuk- och hälsovård. Representanter som arbetar inom ramen för SSR:s verksamhet har intervjuats och dokument har granskats i termer av soft space och centralortsteorin. SSR har definierats som en struktur som bereder ärenden rörande fysisk planering som är de ingående regionernas rådighet. Resultaten indikerar att konceptet soft space som beskrivs i litteraturen stöder fysisk planering av specialiserad regional hälsovård. Konceptet soft space har dock liten inverkan på fysisk planering av omfattande skala (Översiktsplan), vilket belyses av dokumentationen från Västra Sjukvårdsregionen och fallet med Norra Älvsborgs Länssjukhus (NÄL).

With advancements in educational digitalisation, new opportunities for international collaboration on education have been created. Through the KTH Global Development Hub collaboration, students from universities in Botswana, Kenya, Sweden and Tanzania participate in modules with Challenge Driven Education (CDE). These modules allows students to gain intercultural and interdisciplinary experiences while working with real societal challenges. In this master’s degree project, Batswana, Swedish and Kenyan students’ and teachers’ experiences with CDE in blended campus-based and remote international education have been investigated. This was done through qualitative interviews, and through observations of a CDE module at Botho University in Botswana. The data was then analysed using thematic analysis with an inductive approach and discussed through the lens of previous research on CDE, e-learning and Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL), as well as contextualised through discussion of a student project on hydroponics. Based on the data and analysis, guidelines for working with Online-CDE were created. The guidelines are intended to aid teachers to bridge the gap between their previous knowledge and experience in CDE and the difficulties prevalent when planning an Online-CDE module. The modules allowed students to develop core competencies. The intercultural exchange of Online-CDE is appreciated by students and inspires them to work harder, although it may sometimes lead to conflicts. Issues with internet access and a limited knowledge of how to use digital tools provided created difficulties for both students and teachers. Although teachers aimed for students to work interdisciplinarily, project groups often divided work internally, therefore only achieving multi-disciplinarity. / I takt med att digitala lösningar för utbildning utvecklas, uppkommer nya möjligheter för internationella samarbeten kring utbildning. Genom samarbetet i KTH Global Development Hub (GDH) kan studenter från universitet i Botswana, Kenya, Sverige och Tanzania läsa kurser med utmaningsdriven utbildning (CDE). Kurserna ger studenter en möjlighet att få interkulturella och interdisciplinära erfarenheter samtidigt som de arbetar med riktiga samhällsutmaningar. I det här examensarbetet undersöks botswanska, svenska och kenyanska studenter och lärares erfarenheter av CDE i hybridundervisning där vissa studenter deltar digitalt från andra länder än arrangerande universitet. Data samlades in genom kvalitativa intervjuer och observationer av en CDE-kurs på Botho University i Botswana. Insamlad data analyserades genom tematisk analys och diskuterades utifrån tidigare forskning inom CDE, e-lärande och internationella virtuella samarbeten inom lärande (COIL). Resultaten kontextualiserades genom en diskussion av ett studentprojekt om hydroponisk odling. Baserat på resultat och analys togs riktlinjer för Online-CDE fram. Riktlinjerna är tänkta som ett komplement till lärares tidigare erfarenheter av CDE och behandlar de unika svårigheter som uppkommer med Online-CDE. Kurserna gav studenterna möjlighet att utveckla mjuk kompetens. Den interkulturella aspekten av Online-CDE uppskattas av studenterna och får dem att anstränga sig mer, även om det ibland leder till konflikter. Otillräcklig och dyr internetuppkoppling samt begränsad kunskap om de digtala verktyg som används under kurserna skapar problem för både lärare och studenter. Även om lärare eftersträvar interdisciplinära elevsamarbeten delar projektgrupper ofta upp arbetet på ett sätt som leder till multidisciplinärt arbete.

ABSTRACT Title: Level: Author: Supervisor: Date: Aim: Method: Accepted price – An Analysis of Cooperation in the Real Estate Markets and its Pricing. Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Madeleine Gustafsson and Sofie Billstam Jonas Kågström 2012 - May The aim with this final assignment is to investigate if the introduction and the cooperation of accepted price was necessary to generate a more stable real estate market with marketable listing prices in Stockholm. The introduction of accepted price led to a cooperation with some of the most important real estate firms in Stockholm. This cooperation was opposed by a number of companies on the real estate market. This fact inspired to examine similarities and differences of being and not being part of the cooperation and thereafter comment on the outcome. The aim is to compare the pricing between companies within the cooperation of accepted price and external companies and the advantages and disadvantages of entering and not entering a collaboration. The main questions to be answered are: - Is the cooperation necessary to regulate listing prices to a marketable level? - What are the effects of higher listing prices on the Swedish real estate market? - What´s the best possible method when pricing listing price? - What are the advantages and disadvantages of entering and not entering a collaboration? The final assignment has been implemented in an abductive way. The essay is mainly based on secondary data in form of journals, websites, literature and qualitative empirical data collected trough three interviews with Erik Carlborg, Mats Uddare and Fastighetsmäklarnämnden. Quantitative empirical data has been collected trough a questionnaire sent to real estate agents working at Svensk Fastighetsförmedling in Stockholm. Theory and empirical evidence has been analyzed and linked together in the analysis chapter, where the essayists’ thoughts and opinions have been presented. Result & Conclusions: Suggestions for future research: Contribution of the thesis: Key words: The result of the study demonstrates that cooperation between competitors in the same industry in this case is positive since it does not involve a "win-lose situation". How a listing price is set can be affected by numerous factors. To conclude, it is important to keep the price at a marketable level in order to keep the real estate market stable. What the pricing is called is less significant. The pricing should only be called price. The study is delimited to two companies, Svensk Fastighetsförmedling and Karlsson&Uddare, and can therefore not represent the entire real estate market in Stockholm. The study has been limited to brokers at Svensk Fastighetsförmedling in order to compare the brokers’ views with the views of the management within the company. Since the accepted price is relatively new on the Swedish market, there is also a limitation in comparing similarities and differences over time. Suggestions for future research may therefore be to examine how the accepted price has affected the market for a longer period of time, and how the cooperation of accepted price is progressing. A larger study may also be performed where more firms and brokers could be included in order to generalize to the entire industry. This essay contributes whit the brokers’ opinion about the introduction of accepted price, which has not been examined earlier. In addition to this, the essay contributes with an analysis about cooperations and pricing, which are the main parts with accepted price. It also shows the advantages and disadvantages of being and not being part of the cooperation. Accepted price, Listing price, Time on market, competing cooperations, Svensk Fastighetsförmedling, Karlsson & Uddare.

Studien syftade till att undersöka förekomsten samt utformningen av samarbeten mellan kriminella nätverk, samt vad dessa aspekter har för betydelse för brottsligheten. Vidare ämnade studien att kvalitativt undersöka de kriminella nätverkens penningtransaktioner till utlandet, samt hur dessa kunde kopplas till tidigare forskning, med avsikt att få en djupare förståelse kring internationell ekonomisk brottslighet. Centralt för detta arbete var det material som undersöktes i form av domslut, med tillhörande förundersökningsprotokoll, gällande valutaväxlingskontoret World Exchange. Den valda metoden social nätverksanalys (SNA) användes för att kartlägga nätverkspositioner och deras relationer. En kvalitativ analys applicerades beträffande de internationella transaktionerna som fördjupades med hjälp av den tillgängliga Encrochatbevisningen. Resultaten visade på att det förekommer en viss grad av gruppöverskridande brottsliga samarbeten - nexus - mellan de studerade nätverken. De mer tongivande nätverken, inom kontexten för transaktionerna inom World Exchange, påvisades även inneha en central position gällande de ekonomiska transaktioner som överfördes till utlandet. / The study aimed to investigate the existence and design of nexus between criminal networks and what significance these aspects have for criminality. Furthermore, the study aimed to qualitatively examine the criminal networks money transactions abroad, and how these could be linked to previous research, with the intention of gaining a deeper understanding of international economic crime. Central to this work was the material examined in the form of verdicts, with accompanying preliminary investigation protocols, concerning the currency exchange office World Exchange. The chosen method Social Network Analysis (SNA) was used to map network positions and their relationships. A qualitative analysis was applied to the international transactions that were deepened using the available Encrochats. The results showed that there is a certain degree of cross-group criminal cooperation - nexus - between the studied networks. Additionally, the results exhibited that the more dominant networks, within the context of the transactions within World Exchange, also held a central position regarding the financial transactions transferred abroad.

This thesis examines whether two sharing economy organisations, Uber and Bilpoolarna, can be characterized by Elinor Ostrom’s principles for cooperation of common goods or not. The idea for the research question came from the global difficulties with the decision-making regarding the climate issue and Elinor Ostroms studies about the possibility to create sustainable cooperations regarding the distribution of common goods. If cooperation is possible, we might be able to together develop the climate actions in the right direction and make sustainable distributions of resources we have despite missing actions on a global level. The current growth of the sharing economy could be a sign of that possibility. The final result is that the association Bilpoolarna fulfills all principles more or less while Uber fails to fulfill principle 3, 5 and 6, and only to a small extent fulfills the remaining principles. The result indicates that Ostrom’s principles of cooperation not only characterizes common, non-excludable goods such as water and land, but also can extend its principles to the distribution of modern resources, such as the cars of Bilpoolarna – as long as the cooperation is voluntary and on a local level.

Det digitala samhället kännetecknas av konstant utveckling och snabb föränderlighet, vilket har skapat rollen influencer: En person som används av företag och varumärken för att marknadsföra produkter eller tjänster. Denna studie fokuserar särskilt på influencerns egen bild av sitt yrke och genom att tematisera frågor utifrån teorier rörande kommersialisering, självpresentation, deltagarkultur och opinionsbildning. I studien undersöks hur tre utvalda svenska influencers inom mode och skönhet på Instagram ser på sin roll i och med kommersialiseringen vilket analyseras utifrån samma teorier inom medie- och kommunikationsvetenskapen som har nämnts ovan. Studien genomförs genom kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer där influencerna själva är utgångspunkten. Genom studien blir det tydligt att förstå hur kommersialiseringen har påverkat mediesamhället och tidigare roller har bytts ut. Kändisar är inte bara längre skådespelare och artister, opinionsledare behöver inte längre vara traditionella medier, en person kan ha olika roller i olika mediesammanhang och annonsering är inte längre något som går från producent till konsument. Utvecklingen av både medier och sociala kanaler har förändrat medielandskapet helt och de gränserna mellan avsändare och mottagare suddas ut. Det är inte bara marknadskommunikationen som har monopol på forskning rörande annonsering och marknadsföring. Avlutningsvis visar studien att influencerna har en sammansatt och komplex roll som uppstått i och med kommersialiseringen och är en följd utav en konvergens av det digitala medielandskapet. / The digital society is characterized by constant development and rapid change, which has created the role influencer: A person used by companies and brands to market products or services. This study focuses on influencers own image of their occupation and by thematising issues based on theories of commercialization, self-presentation, participatory culture and opinion formation. The essay is exploring how three selected Swedish influencers in fashion and beauty at Instagram are looking at their role in commercialization which is analyzed on the basis of the same theories in media and communication science that have been mentioned above. The study is conducted through qualitative research interviews where the influencers themselves are the starting point. Through the study it becomes clear to understand how commercialization has affected the media community and previous roles have been replaced. Celebrities are no longer just actors and artists, opinion leaders no longer need to be traditional media, a person can have different roles in different media contexts and advertising is no longer something that goes from producer to consumer. The development of both media and social channels has changed the media landscape in so much as the boundaries between senders and recipients are being erased. It is not only market communication that has a monopoly on research relating to advertising and marketing. Lastly the study shows that influencers have a composite and complex role that has emerged through commercialization and is a consequence of a convergence of the digital media landscape.

Denna uppsats behandlar företags ansvar och samarbeten för ”Corporate Social Responsibility” (CSR) mellan frivilligorganisationer och företag. Arbetet är en fallstudie utförd i Argentina med syftet att studera frivilligorganisationers syn på företags ansvar. Syftet är även att undersöka om ett samarbete skulle kunna innebära att ett företags CSR-arbete stärks. Metodvalet för studien är semi-strukturerade intervjuer med representanter för NGO:s i Argentina som arbetar med CSR. Intervjuerna har analyserats med hjälp av kategorianalys utifrån de teorier för företags ansvar som presenterats. Precis som många av teorierna definierar informanterna företags ansvar utifrån de behov och rättigheter som ett företags ”stakeholders” kan sägas ha. Studien visar vidare att ansvaret sträcker sig längre än att endast följa lagen, företaget ska även vara en god ”coporate citizen”. Ett samarbete är dock inte problemfritt eftersom organisationens legitimitet och självständighet sätts på spel i utbyte mot möjligheten att påverka företaget inifrån. Av de fyra organisationerna i studien menar representanterna för tre av dem att ett företags CSR-arbete stärks genom ett samarbete och att det kunskapsutbyte som är resultatet av samarbetet är mycket värdefullt. Den fjärde organisationen ser inte samarbete som ett alternativ utan har istället valt att påverka staten för att få den att skapa ett strängare kontrollsystem för företags verksamhet. / This essay deals with the responsibilities of corporations and partnerships for “Corporate Social Responsibility” (CSR) between NGO:s and companies. The work is a case-study taking place in Argentina with the purpose to study the view NGO:s has on corporate responsibility. Further on the purpose is to investigate if partnerships could mean a strengthening of a company´s work for CSR. The method of choice is semi-structured interviews with NGO representatives in Argentina that work with CSR. The interviews have been analyzed through a category-analysis based on the theories on corporate responsibility presented. Just like many of the theories the interviewees define a company´s responsibility through the needs and rights that could be considered given to a company´s stakeholders. The study also shows that the responsibility goes further than obeying the law, the company should also be a good corporate citizen. A partnership is though not without problems since the legitimacy and independence of the organization are put in jeopardy in exchange for the possibility to influence the company from the inside. Of the four organizations in the study the representatives of three of them consider that a company´s work for CSR is strengthened through a partnership and that the exchange of knowledge that is the result of the partnership is greatly treasured. The fourth organization doesn´t see cooperation as an alternative but has chosen to influence the state to have it create a stronger system of control for a company´s operation.