Diploma thesis named Skill of students primary school to set thein personal goals, maps and describes the components which affect child and how do they influence child's choice of his/hers personal goals. The specification of personal goals is one of the activities of cross- section subject personal and social education, which is set by educational program framework. Its scope requires to name particular activities and their praxis. The thesis id divided into theoretical and practical parts. Theoretical part covers elemental components for personal goals specification, which are divdided into internal and external. The thesis also describes the fundamental basics of personal and social education, its methods and forms. In the practical part there is a model lecture covering two lessons. The lecture is a form of action research, and every realization of the lecture is reflected in detail. The purpose of the lecture is to find out the major motives for personal goals specification and what forms of work to chose while facilitating the lecture. The thesis should help to improve and enhance the work of the teacher, my personal development and as an inspiration for the classes where is performed. In the practical part there i salso the analysis of the children's answers and interview with the teacher....

En France, plus de 30 ans après l’entrée des TICE dans la « sphère pédagogique », la question de leur intégration aux enseignements de l’école élémentaire, et plus particulièrement à celles des classes de cycle 3 demeure problématique. Si l’école française n’est pas un cas isolé, on remarque que les enseignants français se placent en queue du peloton européen en matière d’utilisation de l’ordinateur en classe. Cette recherche replace l’enseignant au cœur d’une problématique dont il est, de par sa fonction, un nœud, puisqu’en dernier ressort, il est bien l’unique prescripteur de ce qui sera abordé en classe. Elle montre ainsi que des contraintes fortes pèsent plus que jamais sur les maîtres, qui, en la matière, se trouvent assujettis à des effets de contexte sur lesquels ils n’ont pas la main, et à des effets d’Arrière-plan très souvent ignorés. S’appuyant sur une double approche, anthropo-didactique d’une part, et centrée sur le concept de concern (préoccupation) intégré au modèle américain CBAM (Concerns Based Adoption Model) d’autre part, l’étude contribue à établir une typologie des obstacles à l’intégration des TICE aux enseignements : obstacles dits de « premier ordre », objectifs et exogènes (matériels, techniques, formation…), à l’origine de difficultés qui restent vives ; et obstacles dits de « second ordre », subjectifs et endogènes (modèles pédagogiques de référence, épistémologie pratique, représentations…), dont l’influence est mal connue. La thèse met en évidence que le caractère déterminant des obstacles exogènes ne peut certes pas expliquer seul les difficultés d’intégration, mais, en outre, que les obstacles endogènes des professeurs peuvent être nourris par les programmes eux-mêmes. En effet, en proposant une intégration par l’usage exclusivement transverse dont le principe est désormais largement accepté par les enseignants, la commande institutionnelle dénie à ce domaine particulier des apprentissages scolaires la possibilité d’exister à travers un espace didactique propre. L’association de ces éléments contradictoires, compose un nouvel obstacle qu’une partie des maîtres parvient toutefois à contourner en s’affranchissant partiellement des programmes. / In France, more than 30 years after the introduction of ICT in education, the question of its integration in primary schools, and in particular in Cycle 3 years, continues to remain a problem. Although French schools are by no means an exception when compared to other European countries, it is apparent that French teachers are lagging behind in terms of computer use in the classroom. This study aims to place teachers back at the heart of the problem, because they are, by definition, ultimately responsible for what happens in their classroom. The research therefore shows that, more than ever, there are many pressures weighing heavily on teachers, and that as far as ICT is concerned, they find themselves subjected to the effects of a context over which they have no control, as well as to Background effects which are often ignored. The study draws on a double approach, with an anthropo-didactic approach on one hand, and a focus on the concept of “concern” which is incorporated within the American model CBAM (Concerns Based Adoption Model) on the other hand. It helps to create a typology of obstacles to the integration of ICT in primary education: “fist order barriers” so-called objective and extrinsic (materials, teachers technical skills or teachers training), causing difficulties which remain high, and "second order barriers" so-called subjective and intrinsic (pedagogical models or beliefs, practical epistemology), which influence is unclear. The thesis strongly shows that the decisive nature of extrinsic barriers can obviously not be the sole reason for explaining the difficulties of integration, but amongst other reasons, that the intrinsic barriers of teachers can also be fed by the official instructions themselves. Indeed, by proposing an integration of exclusive horizontal or transversal use, which is now actually widely accepted by teachers, the institutional order denies, in this particular area of school learning, the possibility of existing amongst a proper didactic approach. The combination of these contradicting elements creates a new obstacle, which a certain number of teachers overcome by partially avoiding the official instructions

This graduation thesis is focused on the issues of cooperation between teachers at the elementary school. The theoretical part is occupied with concept attributes of school like teaching organization and also is dedicated to factors which noticeably influence the cooperation of teachers in the school. The empirical part has character of more case studies which discuss the strong and weak parts of the cooperation between teachers which were researched at four elementary schools.

The concept of reflection expressed as different types of thinking is explicitly given an essential role in specific strands of international discourses on lifelong learning and education. Meanwhile, some researchers consider reflection problematic and point to the lack of consensus on its meaning in theory and practice. Assuming that there are varied conceptualizations and that arguments for learning of reflective skills are deemed sound, it follows that it would be especially meaningful to find out how professionals responsible for educational practices understand the concept. As this kind of research appears scarce in adult education, an exploration may contribute to knowledge underlying what teachers do ‘in the name of reflection’. The pedagogy in Swedish popular education is of special interest as it ideally centers adults' participation and reflection with others to facilitate learning. Furthermore, the curriculum is not regulated in law which may indicate a wide variety of interpretations of the teaching mission including its key concepts. Therefore, the aim of this phenomenography inspired study is to identify the variation in folk high school teachers’ (n=7) conceptions of reflection in Swedish popular education. Based on analysis of semi-structured interviews, it is argued that the results in some sense broaden the understanding of reflection in revealing three different categories of descriptions. These categories are; reflection as a process fostering understanding of experiences, reflection as a tool facilitating learning and development, and reflection as a pedagogy enacting ideals of popular education and emancipation. On basis of the theoretical idea that teachers’ thought is important to and influence their professional action, the potential influences of these varying conceptualizations on folk high school teachers’ professional practice are elucidated.

This study has focused development and management strategies at different levels within the school system in four Swedish municipalities. The overall aim of the study was to gain knowledge about how development is staged in municipalities where changes emerge without incentives, such as financial support from the state. The questions cancern how school development is conceived of at different levels in the school system, what role ICT plays in school development, and what strategies of management that prevail as regards the connection between ICT and school development. School development in the four municipalities has been analysed by using 1) Englund's three conceptions of school development over time; 2) Berg, Nytell & Söderberg's four types of management in Swedish schools that have been brought to the före <luring the 1990's; and 3) . House's three perspectives on school development. The study demonstrates that conceptions of school development vary in the four municipalities among administrators and school leaders, from interpreting development in a technological/scientific, rational perspective, to interpreting it in a political/cultural and democratic perspective. The philosophy behind management also varies between municipalities, and different pattems bave emerged, i.e., management may be directed by goals, rules, results, or"'frame factors. However, the teachers in all four municipalities demonstrate, with few exceptions, a common view about school change, irrespective of what philosophy of management is represented at administration and school leader leve!. In House's terms, the teachers seem to have a political/cultural perspective. One explanation rnight be that teachers are independent in their choice of instructional contents and methods.

The aim of the study is to increase the knowledge of primary school teacher´s perceptions of collaboration between preschool and school and the profession of preschool teacher. in order to achieve our purpose, we have contucted qualitative semi-structured group interviews. The primary school teacher´s answers were recorded, transcribed, categorized and compiled. A socio-cultural approach were used in order to notice  the teacher´s negotations, meaning making and understanding of how they constructed knowledge interacting with each other. The result of the study shows various perceptions. For example, that safety and security in transitions is important for both children, guardians and theacher´s for various reasons. The result show, what promotes and what hinders collaboration between preschool and school. The primary school sees it as desirable that the preschool works whit social competences in front of teaching, which means that an ideal preschool teacher is safe, creative and creates a plesureble learning. The most important conclusion og the study is that the preschool and the school are defined as two different cultural spaces whit separate views, approaches, traditions and working methods. Insufficient transparency in each other´s proffesions, forms the basis for collusions collapses. Knowledge about this contributes to the preschool teachers given prerequisite that enable them to meet primary school teachers on a common platform.

Barnen idag växer upp i ett digitaliserat samhälle, ett samhälle som ställer högre krav på individernas digitala kompetens. Tekniken utvecklas och förnyas ständigt och det är viktigt att skol och fritidsverksamheten hänger med i utvecklingen. Skolan och fritidshemmet har ett ansvar att utbilda eleverna i digitalt användande för att utveckla digital kompetens hos eleverna. Därför har vi i detta arbete valt att undersöka om fritidsverksamheten har de förutsättningarna som krävs för att uppnå målsättningarna gällande digitala verktyg som finns i styrdokumenten. Studien innefattar både en kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod där vi genomfört både enkäter och intervjuer. Resultatet av studien visar att fritidslärarna i vissa fall saknar kompetens för att bedriva digitala aktiviteter och att det saknas formell utbildning i digitalt användande hos fritidslärarna.

I dagens samhälle stöter barn och vuxna på digitala verktyg dagligen, tekniken och verktyg utvecklas allt mer.Skol- och fritidsverksamheten har i ansvar att utbilda och utveckla elever i digitalt användande för lärandeoch kritiskt tänkande. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur fritidslärare uppfattar förutsättningarnaför att arbete med IKT i fritidshem. Genom en kvalitativ studie genomfördes undersökningen av nio fritidslärarei tre olika verksamheter. Resultatet påvisar ett positivt engagemang till IKT men att den grundläggandeutbildningen är bristande och fritidslärarna påtalar om utbildning.

<p>SAMMANFATTNING</p><p>Anette Eriksson</p><p>Barns delaktighet i förskolan – är den villkorad av de vuxna?</p><p>- Förskollärares uppfattningar om barns delaktighet i förskolans vardag.</p><p>Vårterminen 2007 Antal sidor 59</p><p>Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka, analysera och beskriva hur förskollärare uppfattar delaktighet i förskolans vardag. En litteratursökning visade att det fanns få studier avseende förskollärares uppfattningar om barns delaktighet i förskolan. Studien är kvalitativ med en innehållsanalys och har en metodtriangulerad design. Studien inleds med en undersökning av en öppen forskningsfråga, vidare har 20 intervjuer genomförts med förskollärare. Resultaten i den öppna frågan visade att förskolepersonal har två perspektiv på barns delaktighet, ett barnperspektiv och ett verksamhetsperspektiv. Resultaten i intervjuerna på visade att förskollärare definierar delaktighet som beslutsprocesser och att vara med att välja och bestämma. Resultaten visar vidare att en djup medvetenhet om vad som främjar barns delaktighet i förskolan finns hos förskollärare, ytterligare visar resultaten att denna medvetenhet inte alltid leder till att delaktigheten för barnen ökas. Resultaten visar att förskollärare även har en kunskap om vad det är som hindrar en ökning av barns delaktighet i förskolan. Dessa hinder består av förskolans struktur och informella strukturer som förskollärarna anser sig styrda av i arbetet i barngrupp och arbetslaget.</p><p>Nyckelord: Delaktighet, förskola, förskollärare, förskolebarn, bestämma.</p> / <p>Abstract</p><p>Anette Eriksson</p><p>Children’s participation in the pre-school –on conditions of the adults?</p><p>- Pre-school teachers concepts of children’s participation in pre-schools everyday life.</p><p>2007 Pages 22</p><p>The purpose of this study was to investigate, analyze and describe pre-school teachers concepts of children’s participation in pre-schools every day life. A literature study showed that there were few studies, in the exiting literature, concerning pre-school teachers conceptions of children’s participation in the pre-school daily life. The study is a qualitative inquiry containing a content analysis and has a methods triangulation design. The initial step of the inquiry was an open research question, furthermore has 20 interviews been conducted with pre-school teachers. The results of the open research question showed that pre-school teachers has two perspectives of how they view children’s participation, one child-perspective and one pre-school activities-perspective. Results from the interviews shows that pre-school teachers define participation as decision-making processes and to have the opportunity to choose as well as a prospect of taking decisions.</p><p>The results further shows that pre-school teachers has a deep awareness of what supports participation in pre-schools, further more the results show that this awareness does not always lead to increased participation on the children’s behalf. The results additionally show that pre-school teachers also have an understanding of what prevents participation in the pre-school. The obstacles consist of the pre-school structure and informal structures. Pre-schools teachers consider themselves as being ruled by these obstacles both in the work with the children and in the teacher team.</p><p>Keywords: Partcipation, Pre-school, Pre-school teacher, Pre-school children, Decision-making.</p>

<p>Syftet med denna undersökning har varit att beskriva och analysera sex pedagogers syn på sitt ledarskap. För att göra detta har jag genomfört sex kvalitativa intervjuer med olika pedagoger. De intervjuade är: tre förskolelärare, två lärare för yngre barn och en fritidspedagog. Pedagogerna är från olika städer och olika arbetslag. Jag har utfört undersökningen utifrån fyra huvudfrågor:</p><p>– Vad innebär ledarskapet?</p><p>– Vad är det som påverkar ledarskapet?</p><p>– Hur kan man utveckla sig själv som ledare?</p><p>– Vilken sorts ledare behöver barn idag?</p><p>Resultatet visar att ledarskapet i läraryrket framförallt innebär att lära barnen det sociala samspelet. Pedagogerna anser att ledarskapet påverkas av en rad faktorer, bl.a. av barngruppen, kollegorna, den egna personligheten och egna erfarenheter. Utvecklingen till att bli en bättre ledare sker genom att man får erfarenhet. Man utvecklar sig själv bl.a. genom att pröva olika metoder och genom att lära av andra ledare. Intervjupersonerna anser att barn idag bl.a. behöver en tydlig ledare som kan sätta gränser och samtidigt vara en lyhörd ledare som lyssnar på barnen.</p> / <p>The purpose of this study has been to describe and analyse how six educators look upon their leadership. To achieve this purpose I have carried out six qualitative interviews. The interviewees are: three preschool teachers, two primary school teachers and one leisure pedagogue. The educators work in different cities and in different working teams. My main questions in the study have been:</p><p>- The meaning of the leadership?</p><p>- The factors which affect the leadership?</p><p>- How can one develope ones leadership?</p><p>- What kind of leader do children of today need?</p><p>The results show that the leadership in the teaching profession above all implys teaching children the social teamwork. The educators think that the leadership is influenced by many factors for example: the children in the group, the colleagues, the personality of the leader and his/her experiences. By getting more and more experienced you become a better leader. Trying different methods and learning from other leaders are ways of developing your leadership. The interviewees think that children of today among other things need a clear leader who can set bounds and at the same time be a person with a sensitive ear who listens to the children.</p>