Le Mouvement du 20 février (M20F) qui émerge au Maroc dans le sillage des soulèvements arabes de 2011 a été un moment de socialisation politique pour ses participants : apprentissages, redéfinitions de son rapport à soi et au politique, et mise en réseaux. Toutefois, l’évènement n’a pas marqué de la même façon les carrières militantes des différentes micro-cohortes de participants qui se distinguent quant à leurs expériences militantes passées, leurs positions dans le M20F, et les dispositions extrapolitiques (capitaux scolaires, savoir-faire artistiques, etc.) qu’ils reconvertissent dans le M20F et l’après mobilisation. Les trajectoires des anciens du 20 Février dans l’après-mobilisation se caractérisent par une volonté d’ancrer le mouvement démocratique dans la population et de sortir de l’entre-soi militant par des activités d’éducation populaire. Les jeunes du 20 Février expriment aussi une volonté de modifier les façons de faire des organisations politiques traditionnelles (notamment les partis politiques) et d’accélérer la transmission intergénérationnelle des postes de direction dans ces organisations.

Using a qualitative, gender-sensitive approach, this particular case study explores the narratives of a group of white, Afrikaans-speaking, women employed in the financial sector of Gauteng. All of the participants were managers on various levels of the management hierarchy at the time of the interviews. I have chosen various feminist approaches to frame my study. These include standpoint feminism, intersectionality and moral feminism. Furthermore, I have incorporated theories around socialisation and the interpretive social science approach. Based on semi-structured interviews this study has aimed to explore women's experiences regarding their political context and their socialisation process and how this affects their career choices and ideals on how to 'balance' work and home life. In terms of career life, this study has attempted to illustrate some of the obstacles that women face when it comes to being promoted, but it has also looked at the positive elements of being a so-called 'career woman'. It has further attempted to show how women exude agency when they attempt to challenge out-dated but present patriarchal norms and values. This study has attempted to show how working women try to manage spending the little free time they have with family and their children and how most of them still have to assume the bulk of the home responsibilities. This particular group's position is fairly ambiguous within contemporary South African society, since they have been known to have enjoyed certain privileges in the past relative to other groups, but they have also suffered and still suffer gender discrimination and gender inequality under patriarchy. Recently some have come to question whether white women should also benefit from Affirmative Action policies. This is not an easy question to answer since it has been widely acknowledged that women experienced discrimination and gender inequality during the apartheid era differently (Kongolo&Bojuwoye 2006: 364). Thus, it is important to understand their accounts of the past, as well as, the future. AFRIKAANS : Hierdie studie volg ʼn kwalitatiewe, gender-sensitiewe benadering wat die narratiewe ondersoek van ʼn geselekteerde groep wit, Afrikaans-sprekende vrouens wat tans aangestel is in die finansiële sektor van Gauteng. Al die deelnemers was aangestel as bestuurders op verskeie vlakke van die bestuurshiërargie. Ek het verskeie feministiese benaderings gebruik om my studie te raam, naamlik, standpunt feminisme, interseksionaliteit en morele feminisme. Verder het ek ook teorieë rondom sosialisering en die interpretatiewe sosiale wetenskap benadering, gebruik. Hierdie studie is gebaseer op semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude wat poog om vrouens se ervarings rondom hulle politieke konteks en hul sosialiseringsproses te ondersoek. Dit poog verder om te sien hoe die bogenoemde aspekte die deelnemers se keuses rondom loopbane en ideale beinvloed, veral ten opsigte van hoe hulle hul werk en huislewe 'balanseer'. Met betrekking tot loopbane, kyk hierdie studie na die potensiële struikelblokke wat kan voorkom in terme van verhogings en ander moontlikhede, maar ek ondersoek ook die positiewe elemente wat voorkom as mens ʼn loopbaan-gedrewe vrou is. Verder word daar gekyk na hoe vroue hul agentskap bewys wanneer hulle poog om argaïese, patriargale norme en waardes uit te daag in die werksomgewing asook die huishouding. Hierdie studie bestudeer hoe werkende vroue probeer om die beperkte tyd wat hulle het, te spandeer met hulle gesinne en kinders maar ook hoe hulle nog steeds die meerderheid van die huishoudelike take moet verrig. Hierdie spesifieke groep se posisie is dubbelsinnig in die kontemporêre Suid Afrikaanse konteks, want in die verlede het hulle sekere voordele bo ander groepe geniet, maar hulle het ook onderdrukking ondervind, en hulle ondervind dit steeds ten opsigte van patriargie. Onlangs was daar bevraagteken of wit vroue ook voordeel moet trek uit regstellende aksie wetgewing. Dit is nie ʼn maklike vraag om te beantwoord nie, maar dit is alombekend dat die meerderheid Suid Afrikaanse, vrouens diskriminasie en gender ongelykheid ervaar het tydens die apartheid era, al was hierdie ervarings verskillend (Kongolo&Bojuwoye 2006: 364). Dus, is dit belangrik om die perspektiewe oor die verlede en die toekoms in ag te neem wanneer daar gepoog word om huidige besluite te verstaan. Copyright / Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Sociology / unrestricted

This study investigated the influence of music-based socialisation groups upon the social functioning of children in early childhood. A qualitative research approach was followed and a case study research design was employed to investigate the phenomenon at hand. Eight children (aged five to six years) from the Thando Westford Community Crèche in Pretoria, South Africa, were purposively selected to participate in ten music-based group sessions over the course of eight weeks. Each session was video recorded and focused observation was employed to collect data on seven social skills according to the model of Schiller (2009), namely confidence, curiosity, intentionality, self-control, relatedness, capacity for communication and cooperativeness. In addition, semi-structured interviews were conducted with the participants’ teacher to examine the potential for transfer of skills learned in the group to the classroom and to explore the value and feasibility of facilitating such groups within the community crèche setting. Principles of Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory formed the theoretical foundation for the design and implementation of the music groups and for the interpretation of research findings. The research findings suggested that the music-based socialisation groups were able to promote each of the seven social skills, although the nature and extent of such influence differed among individuals. Music-based activities displayed several strengths as a medium for working with young children, including the cooperative and inclusive nature of activities. Both contextual and individual factors influenced how the participants responded to the groups. Transfer of skills learned in the groups to general classroom behaviour was limited, perhaps due to a lack of follow-up activities aimed at this purpose. / Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2015. / Social Work and Criminology / Unrestricted

La révolution Tunisienne en 2011 a permis de libérer la parole. C’est ainsi que nous avons été témoins d’une explosion humoristique touchant à tous les domaines de vie : politique, économique, sportif, religieux et social. La tranche d’âge adolescente semble la plus concernée par cette expression créatrice servant son développement psychologique et social. Nous nous sommes proposés, au sein de cette thèse, d’identifier le rôle de l’humour dans le processus adolescent à travers l’étude du fonctionnement du préconscient, du narcissisme, du processus d’individuation et de la socialisation. Quels renseignements pourrait-il apporter quant à la qualité de la vie psychique de l’adolescent et de ses éventuelles failles ? L’absence d’humour ou la réticence à en produire serait-elle témoin d’une fragilité adolescente et d’une impossibilité à gérer les émergences pulsionnelles les enfermant dans un fonctionnement rigide et impénétrable ? Nous nous sommes donc inspirés du Humurous Response Questionnary de Rod, A Martin afin de procéder à une catégorisation de l’humour chez des adolescents de 13 à 15 ans. Nous avons ensuite exploré leurs dynamiques psychiques à travers le test projectif du TAT.Ce travail, nous a permis de déterminer la qualité du préconscient et les caractéristiques psychiques inhérentes à chaque groupe d’humour. Cette étude a contribué à identifier une nouvelle catégorie « non-humour » qui participe à la compréhension du phénomène de radicalisation religieuse à l’adolescence. Ainsi le type d’humour utilisé par l’adolescent, dans son contexte culturel, prend la valeur d’un signe psychopathologique renseignant sur sa santé psychique. / The Tunisian revolution in 2011 helped to free the speech and unleash languages. Thus we witnessed a humorous explosion affecting all areas of life: political, economic, sports, religious and social. The teenagers seem to be the most concerned by this creative expression serving their psychological and social development. In this thesis, we proposed to identify the role of humor in the adolescent process through the study of the functioning of the preconscious, the narcissism, the individuation process and the socialization. What information could it provide about the quality of the adolescent's psychic life and its possible flaws. Would the lack of humor or the reluctance to produce it be evidence of adolescent fragility and an impossibility to manage the drive emergencies enclosing them in a rigid and impenetrable operation? We have therefore drawn inspiration from Rod, A Martin's Humorous Response Questionnary, in order to categorize humor in adolescents aged 13 to 15 years. Then, we explored their psychic dynamics through the TAT projective test. This work allowed us to determine the quality of the preconscious and the psychic characteristics inherent in each group of humor. This study helped to identify a new "non-humor" category that contributes to understanding the phenomenon of religious radicalization in adolescence. Thus the type of humor used by the adolescent, in his cultural context, takes on the value of a psychopathological sign informing about his psychic health.

PhD (English) / Department of English

L’objectif général de cette thèse est de clarifier les processus participant au maintien de la division sexuée de l'orientation scolaire puis professionnelle. Dans une perspective socio développementale, ce travail de thèse examine d'une part la variation des représentations sex-typées des métiers chez les enfants et d'autre part, les représentations intergroupes de sexe puis les aspirations professionnelles de jeunes adultes. Plus précisément, nous avons mesuré la variation de la catégorisation sex-typée des métiers, auprès d’enfants, à différents âges, ainsi que leurs comportements (choix/rejet) face à des scenarii stéréotypés vs contre-stéréotypées puis leur métier préféré. Nous proposons dans un premier temps que ces différentes mesures révèlent l'existence d'une phase de « rigidité » relative aux connaissances puis aux comportements et aux préférences liés aux rôles de sexe, chez les élèves les plus jeunes (7 ans) comparativement aux plus âgé-e-s (9 et 11 ans). Deux études (Germes 1 et Germes 2) permettent de démontrer que ce « pic de rigidité » appliqué aux métiers s'observe vers 9 ans. Nous examinons dans un second temps les représentations intergroupes et les aspirations professionnelles de jeunes adultes en formation professionnelle à dominance féminine vs masculine. Nous postulons que nous devrions observer une asymétrie cognitive de sexe ainsi qu'une ligne de partage entre les sexes concernant les aspirations professionnelles. Ainsi, choisir une filière professionnelle à dominance féminine vs masculine ne remet pas en question le maintien de l'asymétrie sociale et cognitive entre le féminin et le masculin. Trois études permettent de valider cette hypothèse. Enfin, nous discutons des applications sociales de ce travail de thèse, sur la mise en œuvre de l’égalité entre les sexes. / This thesis aims to contribute to highlight mechanisms of educational and occupational sex segregation. In a socio-developmental perspective, this dissertation examines, on the one hand, the variation of sex-typed jobs representations, among primary school pupils, and on the other hand, the sex intergroup representations and then, the professional aspirations of young adults. More specifically, we analysed the variation of sex-typed jobs categorization, among children, at different ages, their behavior (choice / rejection) regarding to stereotyped vs counter-stereotyped scenarii and then, their preferred occupation. First, we propose that these various measures reveal the existence of a "rigidity phase" about knowledge, behaviors and preferences related to sex roles, among the youngest pupils (7 years) compared to the most elderly children (9 and 11 years old). Two studies (Germs 1 and Germs 2) reveal that this "rigidity phase" applied to jobs, is observed around 9 years. Secondly, we examine the intergroup representations and career aspirations among young adults, in female vs male vocational training. We expect to a cognitive gender asymmetry and an occupational sex segregation regarding to career aspirations. Thus, choosing a female vs male vocational career does not change the social and cognitive asymmetry between female and male. Three studies confirmed this postulate. Finally, we discuss the résults of this thesis work, to lead a proposal for social applications and intervention in the educational system in favor of gender equality.

Kunskaper inom området organisationssocialisation bygger mestadels på studier genomförda i relativt stabila organisationsmiljöer. Med utgångspunkt i att dagens arbetsliv snarare karaktäriseras av förändring och utveckling ser vi dock ett behov av kompletterande studier. Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur vår studie riktade sig därför till att undersöka hur socialisationen av nyanställda ser ut i nyskapade verksamheter med avsikt att utveckla kunskap om hur nyanställda på en sådan verksamhet utvecklas i sina roller till att bli fullvärdiga medlemmar. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer med medarbetare inom en verksamhet vilken betraktas som nystartad. Med utgångspunkt i ett teoretiskt perspektiv om osäkerhetsreducering framkommer tre centrala fynd. I studien framgår det att de nyanställda funnit väldigt starka band och sociala relationer till varandra, av den anledningen att det saknats annan tidigare anställd personal och samtliga nyanställda såg sig själva kliva in i organisationen som en gemenskap. Organisationskulturens ostadiga karaktär var något som bidrog till ett proaktivt beteende hos noviserna där de i den nya verksamheten, tillsammans med andra nya anställda, i högre grad fick driva sin egen socialisering med stöd och bekräftelse av varandra i hanteringen av osäkerheter som präglat både deras och verksamhetens första tid. / Knowledge in the field of organizational socialization is mostly based on studies conducted in relatively stable organizational environments. Based on the fact that today's working life is rather characterized by change and development, we see a need for supplementary studies. The purpose of this study has been to investigate how socialization of new employees looks like in newly created businesses, with the intention of developing knowledge on how new employees in such businesses are shaped in their role to become a worthy member of the organization. The study was conducted with the help of semi-structured interviews with employees in a business considered to be newly started. Based on a theoretical perspective of uncertainty reduction, three key findings emerged. The study shows that the new employees found very strong associations and social relations with each other. Because of the lack of other previously employed staff, all new employees saw themselves stepping into the organization as a community. The unstable nature of the organizational culture was something that contributed to a proactive behavior of the novices, where in the new business together with other new employees, they were more likely to pursue their own socialization with support and confirmation of each other in dealing with uncertainties that characterized both their and the business' first time.

Trots att Sverige är det mest jämställda EU-landet och fortsätter att utvecklas i en positiv riktning håller Försvarsmakten inte jämna steg med denna utveckling. Försvarsmakten som organisation präglas alltjämt av en omfattande jämställdhetsproblematik där socialt genuskodade maskulina praktiker medför destruktiva effekter för såväl män som kvinnor i form av fenomenet hypermaskulinitet.  En förklaring till problematiken kan stå att finna i Mosher och Tomkins utvecklingspsykologiska sociokulturella teoribildning om hypermaskulin socialisation och enkulturation. De menar att maskulinitet formas och reproduceras genom prototypiska reaktioner när maskulinitet utmanas. Särskilt stor påverkan har reaktionerna från individer med stor normerande påverkan i form av maskulin status och rangordning. Denna teori prövas i uppsatsen genom att Norman Faircloughs tredimensionella modell för kritisk diskursanalys appliceras på två reaktioner från överbefälhavare Micael Bydén och arméchef Karl Engelbrektsson. Analysen visar att Mosher och Tomkins teori kan förklara Försvarsmaktens högsta företrädares reaktioner då maskuliniteten utmanas. Den kritiska diskursanalysen visar på hur såväl Bydén som Engelbrektsson i sina reaktioner ger uttryck för det som Mosher och Tomkins benämner som den motverkande prototypiska reaktionen. De två ytterligare prototypiska reaktionerna, den defensiva respektive reparativa, lyser med sin frånvaro. Bydén och Engelbrektsson vänder hotet mot den egna maskuliniteten från sig själva och mot omgivningen genom att demonstrera än mer maskulinitet. Sociokulturella förklaringsmodeller och genusaspekter åsidosätts och genusaspekter utelämnas fullständigt. Istället görs enstaka individer ansvariga för destruktiva beteenden vilket förnekar maskulinitetens och organisationens roll. I förlängningen riskerarar reaktionerna att leda till en reproduktion av hypermaskuliniteten i Försvarsmakten.

The Covid-19 pandemic has forced organisations to review their working methods and adapt to the prevailing circumstances. One such change has been the need to increasingly allow employees to be onboarded and work from home. An onboarding process that is only based on digital communication has proven to be less effective and lower the understanding of the work role. Furthermore, the biggest challenge with remote onboarding is often to introduce employees to the organisation's culture and teams. This essay thus aims to describe and analyse remote onboarding in regard to the feeling of connection to the team, based on the perceptions of new employees. The research question for this thesis is thereby: - How does employees experience remote onboarding during Covid-19 and how does it affect the feeling of connection to the rest of the team? The study has an exploratory purpose and is of a qualitative approach. The empirical data has been collected through semi-structured interviews with 15 participants who have been employed during the pandemic and experienced remote onboarding. The results of the interviews have been analysed on the basis of theories about onboarding, learning and socialisation process. The results of the study show that it is valuable to reflect on how meetings in the digital context can replace the physical meetings. Regarding the design of the onboarding process, it must beensured that the interaction space usually offered on-site must be able to be replaced digitally for a new employee to get a sense of connection to the team. The discussion of the results has also shown that knowledge exchange can be linked to organisational learning, and this is closely linked to certain aspects of how a new employee can adapt to the organisational culture and have a successful remote onboarding and socialisation process.

Detta examensarbete syftar till att öka kunskapen och förståelsen för hur gymnasieelever upplever att deras demokratiska kompetens, i form av aktivt politiskt deltagande, påverkas genom deltagande i FN-rollspel inom samhällskunskapsundervisningen. Studien vill således utröna på vilket sätt samhällskunskapsundervisningen och FN-rollspel förmår förmedla kunskaper, dels om men även i demokratisk kompetens i form av aktivt politiskt deltagande. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten sker dels utifrån Henrik Oscarssons sammanfattande modell över de tre demokratimodellerna; valdemokrati, deltagardemokrati och samtalsdemokrati. Dels utifrån Gert Biestas kunskapsteoretiska begreppsram, vilken formulerar tre funktioner inom utbildningens mål och syfte; kvalificering, socialisering och subjektifiering. En diskussion och analys kring studiens resultat görs med hjälp av dessa modeller för att utröna på vilket sätt FN-rollspel och samhällskunskapsundervisning förmår förmedla kunskaper om och i aktivt politiskt deltagande. Studien visar att FN-rollspel och samhällskunskapsundervisning generellt sett utvecklar förmågor hos eleverna som är representativa för modellen inom samtals- och valdemokrati i högre grad än modellen för deltagardemokrati. Eleverna visar god självinsikt och förståelse för demokratiska processer och vad det innebär i teorin att vara aktivt politiskt deltagande, men visar överlag ett litet intresse att vilja delta i det. Vidare dras slutsatsen att FN-rollspel och samhällskunskapsundervisning i hög grad domineras av kvalificerande och socialiserande funktioner, snarare än en subjektifierande funktion. FN-rollspel kan till viss del bidra med att stärka den subjektifierande faktorn. Slutsatsen blir dock att samhällskunskapen i huvudsak förmedlar kunskaper om demokrati samtidigt som eleverna socialiseras in i ett normerande förhållningssätt kring vad det innebär att vara en god demokrat. Därmed uppstår en obalans inom skärningspunkten för lärande och mellan den kvalificerande, socialiserande och subjektifierande funktionen.