The purpose of this paper is to analyse how the period of antiquity is portrayed in the Swedish upper secondary school material in the course History 1bfrom a gender perspective, by examining digitalized study materials that claims to follow the specifiedcurriculum. The course curriculum for History 1bstates the importance of including female groups in the historic narrative, as well as that ideas of equality between sexes should permeate everything connected to teaching, among other things. The paper aims to analyse how gender is portrayed by examining the digitalized study material of DigilärHistoria 1 100 poäng, Nationalencyklopedin, NE, Historia 1 and Gleerups Möt historien 1b. The analysis was done using theories of gender from Yvonne Hirdman and Joann Scott to put historical power structures in relation to gender. The questions considered were (1)Which male and female characters are included and (2)how are they portrayed? (3)Lastly, how are social differences between them explained?The results showan overrepresentation of men. In the Gleerups material no specific female character was represented. NE’s material had 26 % and Digilär’s 20 % representation of women. The female characters are portrayed with stereotypical female characteristics such as their body, seduction and their ability to bear children. Female leaders are shown only to influence issues regarding equality and other women, whereas all mentioned men are portrayed as changing society especially as conquerors and warriors. Masculinity and femininity are portrayed as counterparts and men’s greatest weakness is any inability to control their wives and daughters. There are some exceptions that blurs the line such as Athene, Apollon and to some extent Cleopatra which are portrayed by showing characteristics associated with the other gender. The writers of the study materials are limited by the limited number of available historical sources and the picture they betray but only NE points out the problems with this. Neither Digilär nor Gleerups mention the skewed picture as a problem but Digilär shows to some extent how people in Greece legitimized the patriarchal structures.

The purpose of this study is to examine what teaching materials is being used by three middle school teachers when they teach the subject religion, and how the materials are used. Furthermore, the purpose is to examine the three teachers’ perceptions regarding the teaching materials that are being used the most. To do this, the aim is to answer the following questions: What teaching materials do the teachers’ use when they teach religion, and how they are used? What perceptions do teachers have about the teaching materials they use the most? The method used for this study is qualitative observations and interviews with three teachers of religion in three different schools. The analysis is based on a theoretical framework with different theoretical perspectives. Induction, deduction and abduction was used to analyze the observations, and a didactic question named the communication question presented by Sven Hartman (2011) is visible through all observations. Tendentious selection, stereotypical conceptions, the religion of elite and the religion of the people was used to analyze the interviews. The study has led to the conclusion that the analysis of the observations and interviews revealed a pattern of textbook dominance. However, one teacher stood out from the common pattern in the observations, as the teacher used both the textbook and discussions equally in her teaching. The interviews showed that the teachers find more advantages than disadvantages of the textbook. The disadvantages they see with the textbook is not that it mediates stereotypical conceptions or contains a tendentious selection.

Bakgrund: Skolans värdegrund bygger på tanken om alla människors lika värde och skolan ska arbeta för att motverka maktstrukturer som exempelvis könsmönster och rasism. Under sin grundskoleutbildning får elever ta del av en stor mängd skönlitteratur, vilket delvis sker genom läroböcker. I skönlitterära texter förekommer det olika karaktärsbeskrivningar, miljöer och värden som kan bidra till att olika maktstrukturer skapas och förmedlas genom språket både implicit och explicit. Dessa maktstrukturer skapas inte enbart genom att olika identiteiskategorier som kön, klass, och etnicitet verkar enskilt, utan även genom att de samverkar med varandra. Då den statliga granskningen av läromedel upphörde på tidigt 1990-tal i samband med att skolan blev kommunal medförde detta att det inte längre finns någon garanti för att de läromedel som används är i enighet med skolans värdegrund. Detta gör att det blir av betydelse att granska läromedel. Tidigare forskning inom ämnet visar övergripande att skönlitterära texter i läromedel förmedlar normreproducerande konstruktioner av det manliga och kvinnliga könet samt att det manliga västerländska konstrueras som normen. Forskningen visar även övergripande att konstruktioner av klass, kön, och etnicitet samverkar och bidrar till att skapa maktstrukturer där det icke-västerländska positioneras i underläge mot det västerländska samt det kvinnliga positioneras i underläge mot det manliga. Syfte: Uppsatsens huvudsyfte är att problematisera hur olika konstruktioner av kön, klass och etnicitet skapas och samverkar genom karaktärsbeskrivningar i läromedlet Zick Zack Läsrummet åk 4–6. Uppsatsens kompletterande syfte är att problematisera om och isåfall hur olika maktstrukturer konstrueras genom karaktärsbeskrivningarna. Metod: För att uppfylla syftet med studien och besvara frågeställningarna har en kvalitativ textanalys som är inspirerad av ett fåtal diskursanalytiska utgångspunkter tillämpats på skönlitterära texter från läromedlet Zick Zack Läsrummet åk 4–6. Resultat: Resultatet av vår undersökning visar att karaktärerna i läroböckerna till största del är normreproducerande. Undersökningen visar att kön, klass och etnicitet skapas och samverkar genom i huvudsak normreproducerande konstruktioner och därmed befäster maktstrukturer. Vår övergripande analys visar att maktstrukturerna "manligt överordnat kvinnligt", och "västerländskt överordnat icke-västerländskt" skapas genom karaktärsbeskrivningarna i de skönlitterära texterna.

<p>In this qualitative study of students’ methods of calculating subtractions, I have used interviews, subtraction exercises and analysis of teaching material. The purpose of my study was to explore which methods students in grade three uses when calculating subtractions. I also wanted to highlight which strategies the students use and their comprehension of the concept of subtraction. In the study, I also highlight the different pedagogical ideas on which the teaching material is based on and the students’ choice of methods.  The study shows that the students choose to use the methods”deduct” and “kind of number” independently. Further it also shows that the students choose to switch from the method “deduct” to “kind of number” when the numbers in the exercises are further up on the number axis. When asked, the students answered that subtraction means “minus” which they in turn explained as removing something, an explanation confirmed by the Swedish Academy dictionary. The students’ choice of methods and teaching material is based on different fundamental pedagogical view.</p><p> </p>

In this qualitative study of students’ methods of calculating subtractions, I have used interviews, subtraction exercises and analysis of teaching material. The purpose of my study was to explore which methods students in grade three uses when calculating subtractions. I also wanted to highlight which strategies the students use and their comprehension of the concept of subtraction. In the study, I also highlight the different pedagogical ideas on which the teaching material is based on and the students’ choice of methods.  The study shows that the students choose to use the methods”deduct” and “kind of number” independently. Further it also shows that the students choose to switch from the method “deduct” to “kind of number” when the numbers in the exercises are further up on the number axis. When asked, the students answered that subtraction means “minus” which they in turn explained as removing something, an explanation confirmed by the Swedish Academy dictionary. The students’ choice of methods and teaching material is based on different fundamental pedagogical view.

The aim of this study has been to examine if there is alignment between the national exam for writing in Swedish – ages 9 to10 – and main study materials for writing in Swedish intended for the school years leading up to the test. This study also aims to compare two different learning materials writing assignments with one another to find possible similarities and differences. The study focuses on writing assignments in one traditional (printed) textbook series and one digital study material. The material is analyzed according to Ivaničs theory about discourses of writing and learning to write. The results are compared to answer the following questions: In what way is there, or is there not, alignment – based on Ivanič’s theory of writing discourses– between the writing assignments in the national exam for ages 9 to 10, and the writing assignments found in printed and digital study materials? What are the similarities and the differences between the writing assignments in the printed and digital study materials based on Ivanič’s theory of writing discourses? The results show that there is some alignment between the writing assignments in the national exam and the study materials, however not a high one. The printed study material has a higher alignment than the digital one. The results also show that there are similarities between the writing assignments in the printed and the digital study materials. They both focus a lot on a skills and genre discourse. However, there are a lot of differences. The printed study material contains a process discourse while the digital study material does not. The printed material also contains more hybrids containing a combination of writing discourses.

This study focused on examining distance education In-Service Teacher Education (INSET) programmes for the education of secondary school teachers in Uganda. The study traced the historical development of distance education, explored some of the theories underpinning it and related these to distance education in Uganda. In addition the study explored INSET programmes provided in Uganda through Distance Education since 1990. The study then focused on Makerere University’s Bachelor of Education (B.Ed) (External) Programme. This study explored issues related to the viability of distance education to meet the increasing demands of education in Uganda, factors impacting this growth, strengths and weaknesses of the teacher education programmes that have been run in the country since 1990 especially the B.Ed (External) programme and the possibility of integrating Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) in these programmes. To gather the relevant data, two instruments were used; questionnaires for students of B.Ed and Bachelor of Science (External), prospective students, tutors, managers and administrators of the B.Ed (External); an interview schedule for policy makers at the Ministry of Education and Sports, District Education offices, National Teachers’ Colleges and Primary Teachers’ Colleges. A total of 305 respondents participated in this study and they were drawn from different districts - Soroti, Tororo, Masindi, Mbarara, Kampala, Entebbe, Wakiso, and Mpigi - in the country. The data gathered was then analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics; and presented descriptively, in tables and graphs. The study established that distance education has a huge potential in Uganda but there are a number of factors that may be limiting the full realisation of this potential especially with regard to the running of science-oriented courses and with regard to meeting the practical demands of teacher education. However, with careful planning of the programmes, it is possible to effectively and efficiently provide any course. The study revealed a number of strengths and weaknesses in INSET programmes that have been run by distance education, and in the B.Ed (External) in particular. The specific areas included content, practical work; management and administration; study materials development and provision; student support; assessment and examination; and integration of ICTs in these programmes. To make these programmes much more effective and efficient, the study identified some strategies that could be used. Of particular note is the need to decentralise services and to put in place quality assurance mechanisms. Also, since ICTs occupy a central role in distance education programmes, the study explored the different ICTs that the B.Ed (External) stakeholders have access to, strategies of financing and making this technology more accessible, reasons for choosing a particular technology and the prerequisites that must be put in place for these to work. Furthermore, the study revealed that, in Uganda, access to the ICTs, is still a huge problem to students and staff of the B.Ed (External) programme. Personal ownership of the video, TV, computer and Internet is limited. Alternative ways especially collaborative ventures, and use of centres should therefore be utilised much more. Finally, a Framework for High Quality INSET Distance Education for Secondary School Teachers in Uganda was suggested. Makerere University can use this framework as the beginning of a restructuring and reorganisation process so as to ensure the B.Ed (External) achieves its objectives and produces high quality teachers. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Education Management and Policy Studies / Unrestricted

Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka läromedels upplägg och utformning. Undersökningen har även som syfte att öka förståelsen för vilka förmågor, centrala innehåll och kunskapskrav som läromedel förmedlar och inkluderar skrivövningar. Undersökningen består av en läromedelsanalys av fem läromedel i svenska avsedda för årskurs ett. Innehållet i läromedlen analyseras såväl kvalitativt som kvantitativt utifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv.  Det har utförts en kvalitativ och kvantitativ innehållsanalys av fem läromedel, där studien undersöker utifrån delar av kursplanens förmågor, centrala innehåll och kunskapskrav tillhörande skrivning. Det studeras vilka likheter och skillnader av läromedlens uppfyllelse av de valda analysvariablerna och faserna, men också likheter. I studien har det även försökt synliggöras vad läromedlen innehåller och hur de presenteras. Kvalitativt och kvantitativt har olika analysvariabler rörande skrivande av olika texttyper samt alfabet, alfabetisk ordning och bokstävers form utförts. Analysen visade ett resultat där läromedlen är uppbyggda på ett varierat sätt och fokuserar i varierande utsträckning på olika delar av analysvariablerna. Det är inte en självklarhet att läromedlen innehåller varje analysvariabel, utan det var endast tre av de fem utvalda läromedlen. Läromedlen har stora skillnader i variation av övningar och mängd övningar rörande uppfyllelse av kursplanens förmågor, centrala innehåll och kunskapskrav. / The purpose of the thesis is to investigate the study material and their structure. The study also increases the understanding of abilities, central content and knowledge requirements that the study material mediates, also including writing exercises. The study composes of a study material analysis of five materials used in Swedish education for children in grade one. The study materials content is analyzed both qualitative and quantitative from a sociocultural perspective.   A qualitative and quantitative subject analysis has been performed on five study materials, where the analysis investigates the study material from the aspects of syllabus's abilities, central content and knowledge requirements associated with writing. It investigates what the similarities are between the study materials' fulfillment of the chosen analysis variables and the phases, but also their similarities. In the study, it was also tried to make visible what the study materials contain and how they are presented. Qualitatively and quantitatively analyze got different analysis variables concerning the writing of different text types as well as the alphabet, alphabetical order and lettering form. The analyze showed a result where the teaching aids are structured in a varied way and focus on varying degrees in different parts of the analysis variables. It is not obvious that the study materials contain every variable, but there were only three of the five selected study material that clearly contained them. The study material has a big difference in the variety of exercises and the number of exercises concerning the fulfillment of the syllabus's abilities, central content and knowledge requirements.

Syftet med denna studie är att nå kunskap om hur normer och värderingar framställs och förmedlas i undervisning av nyanlända elever. Den tidigare forskningen i ämnet har ökat de senaste åren och koncentreras framförallt till en segregationsproblematik. En kvalitativ ansats ligger till grund för studien och genom en övergripande ideologianalys undersöks i synnerhet hur värderingar om jämställdhet, kön och könsmönster framställs och förmedlas genom läromedel och lärarledd undervisning. Utifrån undervisningen synliggörs samtidigt antaganden om målgruppens värderingar som står i kontrast till de etablerade svenska värderingarna. Datamaterialet samlades in genom en kvalitativ textanalys av läromedlet Mål 2 och semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra lärare som undervisar på språkintroduktion. De centrala teoretiska begreppen utgår från Jörgen Mattlars användning av ideologi och hegemoni. Det sistnämnda innebär att de föreställningar som den dominerande klassen tar fasta på blir till sunt förnuft och den sanning som inkluderar moral, traditioner och levnadsnormer som är grundläggande för samhället. De två ideologiska parametrar som vi tar fasta på i studien är essentialismen, en filosofisk ståndpunkt som betonar biologiska skillnader som naturliga, vilket ställs emot konstruktivismen som betonar fenomen som socialt konstruerade. Resultatet visar att det finns ideologiska spänningar mellan hur kön, könsmönster och jämställdhet framställs och förmedlas vilket dras mellan en essentialistisk och konstruktivistisk ideologiproduktion. Hegemoniska värderingar gällande det svenska samhället som norm framställs och förmedlas som överordnade i undervisningen genom antaganden om målgruppens värderingar. Detta syns genom olika sätt genom undervisning av jämställdhet, kön och könsmönster utifrån ämnen som familj, föräldraledighet, yrken och relationer etcetera. / The purpose of this study is to gain knowledge about how norms and values ​​are conveyed and presented in teaching of immigrant students. The previous research on the subject has increased in recent years and is mostly concentrated on a segregation problem. An ideological analysis examines how equality, gender and gender norms are produced and conveyed in teaching materials as well as within teaching in general. In order to collect data, a qualitative method was conducted through text analysis of the textbook Mål 2-lärobok, as well as semi-structured interviews with four teachers at introductory programs. Based on the teaching, assumptions about immigrant students values ​​that contrast with the established Swedish values ​​are made visible. The data was then interpreted based on Jörgen Mattler's concept of ideology and hegemony. Hegemony is about the reproduction and maintenance of the prevailing social order through subordinate social group joining the values of the dominant social group, which becomes common sense. The ideological parameters essentialism, which emphasizes biological differences as natural, is opposed to constructivism, which emphasizes that phenomena are socially constructed. The result shows that among immigrant students education there are contrapositions between how gender and equality are conveyed and produced. Both in Mål 2 and within teaching in general there is a clash between an essentialistic ideological basis on the one hand and a constructivist basis on the other. Hegemonic values ​​regarding Swedish society as the norm are presented and conveyed as superiors in teaching through assumptions about the target group's values. This can be seen through various ways of conveying and producing gender equality, gender and gender patterns based on topics such as family, parental leave, professions and relationships, etc.

Syftet med detta examensarbete har varit tudelat, med både kvalitativ och kvantitativ innehållsanalys. Den första har syftat till att undersöka vilken ställning historieämnet har haft i läro- och kursplaner, från år 1962 till 2012. Analys skulle också ske över vilken historia elever möter genom läromedel i historieundervisningen, vilket har skett utifrån Staffan Selanders definition av pedagogisk text-traduktion. Den kvantitativa innehållsanalysen har berört vilka och antalet begrepp eleverna möter i epokskildringen av häxprocesserna. Resultatet har visat att historieämnet som en del av styrdokumenten ständigt har haft en hög status, trots att det i den samhälleliga kontexten har gått att utläsa motsatt scenario. Kopplingen mellan nutid, dåtid och framtid har genom de tre granskade läroplanerna visats bli allt tydligare, likaså elevens egen påverkan av historien i morgon. Faktamässigt har historieskildringarna visats vara korrekta till text, dock skiljs läromedlen åt mellan hur stort utrymme epoken får och därmed hur utförliga texterna är. Detta har sett ut på liknande sätt över de 50 åren som de åtta utvalda läromedlen har blivit granskade, från först utgivna läromedel och det sist utgivna i undersökningen. Bilden som kunskapsbärare är en svaghet i faktatexterna om häxprocesserna då majoriteten av läromaterialen påvisar en inkorrekt faktabild, vilket motsäger texternas innehåll. Av de granskade begreppen kring häxprocesserna har ingen större förändring skett av vilka begrepp eleverna har mött över tid, däremot har utrymmet i textmassan av begreppen förändrats. Dock från ett läromedel till ett annat, ju kortare texter kring epoken desto större procentuellt utrymme tillges begreppen och vice versa. / The purpose of this essay has been twofold, with both qualitative and quantitative content analysis. The first aimed to investigate whether the status of the subject of history has changed in the curriculum, from 1962 until 2012. Analysis would also be done of the history students meet through study material in history teaching, the analysis was based on Staffan Selander's definition of pedagogical text transformation. The quantitative content analysis has touched whom and the frequency of concepts students meet in the era depiction of the witch trials. The result has shown that the subject of history as a part of the governing documents has had high status, even though the social context has been to deduce the opposite scenario. The link between present, past and future, has through the three examined curricula shown to become increasingly evident, and so has the student's own impact of the history tomorrow. Fact wise, historical depiction has shown to be accurate to the text. However, teaching materials differ between the amount of space the era gets and how detailed the texts are. This has shown to be the manner through the eight selected textbooks that have been examined in this study, from the first, of the year 1962, published study material to the last issued, in the year 2012. The image is a weakness in fact depiction of witch trials when the majority of materials use an incorrect factual picture, which contradicts textual contents. Among the examined concepts of witch trials, no major change of what concepts the students face has occurred over time. However, the space in the body of text of the terms has changed, from one material to another. The shorter the texts about the era is, the greater the percentage of space of concepts and vice versa.