Submitted by Bédier Joséphine (josephine.bedier@hec.edu) on 2017-10-02T20:26:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Master thesis Joséphine Bédier .pdf: 2100124 bytes, checksum: 79b1f0c99f4d74244a89379fc588f293 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josineide da Silva Santos Locatelli (josineide.locatelli@fgv.br) on 2017-10-03T17:25:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Master thesis Joséphine Bédier .pdf: 2100124 bytes, checksum: 79b1f0c99f4d74244a89379fc588f293 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-04T12:20:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Master thesis Joséphine Bédier .pdf: 2100124 bytes, checksum: 79b1f0c99f4d74244a89379fc588f293 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-04 / With the increasing concerns of beef production being the first cause of Amazonian deforestation, the Brazilian beef industry has taken major steps in recent years towards a more sustainable production. In this very competitive market, producers, industrials and retailers are each acting at their own level for this common cause. The aim of this qualitative research is to find out how the interests of these stakeholders can be aligned. The literature review covers a brief history of sustainable beef in the country, main concepts associated and the role and perception of each of the stakeholders of the beef value chain. Selected case studies and interviews of the actors of a given supply chain highlighted that it is urgent to accord on common objectives and on a practical action plan to unify monitoring systems. If there is no price premium for sustainable beef products, production becomes more efficient and this translates into profitability gains after the initial investment is repaid. Moreover, this effort should include small players who need financial support and technical assistance to integrate new technologies in their business to be able to control their social and environmental impact. / Com a crescente preocupação de que a produção de carne bovina é a primeira causa do desmatamento amazônico, a indústria brasileira produtora de carne bovina deu passos importantes nos últimos anos para uma produção mais sustentável. Neste mercado muito competitivo, os produtores, as indústrias e os varejistas estão agindo por essa causa comum. O objetivo desta pesquisa qualitativa é descobrir como os interesses dessas partes interessadas podem ser alinhados. A revisão da literatura abrange um breve histórico da produção de carne bovina de modo sustentável no país e também os principais conceitos associados e o papel e a percepção de cada uma das partes interessadas na cadeia de valor da carne bovina. Estudos de caso selecionados e as entrevistas dos atores de uma determinada cadeia de suprimentos destacaram que é urgente chegar a objetivos comuns e a um plano de ação prático para unificar os sistemas de monitoramento. Se houver preço diferenciado para a carne produzida de modo sustentável, a produção se torna mais eficiente e isso se traduz em ganhos e rentabilidade após o reembolso do investimento inicial. Além disso, este esforço deve incluir investimentos financeiros para apoiar e dar assistência técnica para integrar novas tecnologias a seus negócios para poder controlar seu impacto social e ambiental.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:33:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Andre_Samuel_ Strassburger.pdf: 610074 bytes, checksum: d49d0c008ca98a59bce76b821a581e6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-05 / The strawberry cultivar choice is an important factor for the success of the crop. The time crop, yield and quality of the fruits and resistance of diseases are important aspects to consider. In strawberry growing in organic crop system should consider too, that the modern cultivars currently available for the farmers were developed in breeding programs characterized by the use of conventional crop system. Therefore, the cultivars developed from these programs can obtain smaller growth, yield and fruit production in organic crop system. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the growth, dry mass partitioning and yield of strawberry cultivars in organic crop system. Thus, two trials were conducted. The objective of Trial 1 was to evaluate the border effect on growth of Albion, Aromas, Camarosa and Camino Real strawberry cultivars as well as the dynamics of these cultivars along the crop-season. The objective of Trial 2 was to evaluate the plant density effect (determined by row number per bed 2; 3 and 4, providing densities of 3.51; 5.26 and 7.02 plants m-2, respectively) on the growth of Aromas and Diamante strawberry cultivars. The trials were conducted in Embrapa Clima Temperado/Estação Experimental Cascata, Pelotas, RS. The plant setting was performed in 05/12/2008 (Trial 1) and 07/04/2008 (Trial 2). The randomized blocks experimental design was used with four replications. From the data of aboveground biomass production and leaf area, the dry mass production and partitioning among the different aboveground organs, as well as yield and others interesting index and rates of growth were determinate. The obtained results from Trial 1 indicated that there are no border effects for the Albion, Aromas, 10 Camarosa and Camino Real strawberry cultivars. In general form Camarosa presented the highest growth (dry mass production) of the shoot organs and fruits in relation to the others cultivars and together with Aromas , the highest fruit yield. However, Camarosa obtained highest early reproductive growth and consequently highest early yield. Accumulated dry mass production of the shoot, fruits and total aboveground plant, yield and leaf area index in Albion, Aromas, Camarosa and Camino Real cultivars increase continuously along the crop-season. The fruit dry mass represented from 2.2 to 13.4% at fruiting beginning until 49.5 to 60.6% at the end of crop-season of the total aboveground dry mass, which indicate that they are the strongest sinks for assimilates. The vegetative growth rate increase until the end of the crop, while that the fruits growth rate decrease after 184 days after setting. The relative growth rate decrease along the crop in all cultivars. The obtained results from the Trial 2 indicated that the grown of strawberry at 5.26 plants m-2 (triple row) provide a more appropriate plants biomass production and partitioning and yield of 30.4 Mg ha-1, which was higher than the yield of 3.51 plants m-2 (double row) and similar to 7.02 plants m-2 (quadruple row) yield. The Aromas and Diamante cultivars showed similar growth pattern and yield. / Um fator determinante para o sucesso de uma lavoura de morangueiro é a escolha da cultivar a ser utilizada. A duração do ciclo, a produtividade, a qualidade da fruta e a resistência às principais doenças são aspectos importantes a serem considerados. Em se tratando do cultivo orgânico do morangueiro deve-se considerar, ainda, que as cultivares modernas atualmente disponíveis ao agricultor foram desenvolvidas em programas de melhoramento genético caracterizados pela adoção de sistemas de produção convencional. Assim, as cultivares provenientes desses programas podem apresentar menores patamares de crescimento, produtividade e de qualidade das frutas em sistemas de cultivo orgânico. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o crescimento, a partição de massa seca e a produtividade de cultivares de morangueiro em sistema de cultivo orgânico. Para tanto, dois experimentos foram realizados. O Experimento 1 teve como objetivo estudar o efeito de bordadura sobre o crescimento das cultivares Albion, Aromas, Camarosa e Camino Real e a dinâmica de crescimento dessas cultivares ao longo do ciclo de cultivo. O Experimento 2 teve como objetivo estudar o efeito da densidade de cultivo (determinada pelo número de linhas por canteiro 2; 3 e 4 linhas, proporcionando densidades de 3,51; 5,26 e 7,02 plantas m-2) sobre as cultivares Diamante e Aromas. Os experimentos foram realizados na Embrapa Clima Temperado/Estação Experimental Cascata, Pelotas, RS. O transplante das mudas foi realizado em 12/05/2008 (Experimento 1) e 04/07/2008 (Experimento 2). O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos 8 completos casualizados com quatro repetições. A partir dos dados de biomassa aérea e da área foliar, determinou-se a produção e a partição de massa seca dos diferentes órgãos aéreos das plantas, bem como a produtividade e os demais índices e taxas de crescimento de interesse. Os resultados obtidos no Experimento 1 permitem concluir que não existe efeito de bordadura para as cultivares Aromas, Albion, Camarosa e Camino Real. De maneira geral, a Camarosa apresenta maior crescimento (produção de massa seca) dos órgãos vegetativos aéreos e das frutas em relação às demais cultivares e juntamente com a Aromas , as maiores produtividades, sendo que a primeira apresenta maior crescimento reprodutivo precoce e, consequentemente, maior capacidade de produção precoce. A produção acumulada de massa seca da fração vegetativa, das frutas, do total da planta, a produtividade e o índice de área foliar nas cultivares Aromas, Albion, Camarosa e Camino Real elevam-se continuamente ao longo do ciclo de cultivo. A contribuição das frutas para a constituição do total da massa seca aérea das plantas varia de 2,2 a 13,4% no início da frutificação até 49,5 a 60,6% no final do cultivo o que indica que estas são os principais órgãos drenos das plantas. A taxa de crescimento da fração vegetativa cresce até o final do cultivo, enquanto que a taxa de crescimento das frutas decresce a partir de 184 dias após o transplante. A taxa de crescimento relativo é decrescente no decorrer do cultivo em todas as cultivares. Os resultados obtidos no Experimento 2 permitem concluir que o cultivo do morangueiro na densidade de 5,26 plantas m-2 (em linhas triplas) proporciona uma adequada produção e partição de biomassa das plantas para as cultivares Diamante e Aromas e produtividade de frutas de 30,4 Mg ha-1, valor superior à densidade de 3,51 plantas m-2 (linhas duplas) e semelhante ao da densidade de 7,02 plantas m-2 (linhas quádruplas). Ao final do ciclo de cultivo, as cultivares Diamante e Aromas apresentam padrões semelhantes de crescimento e de produtividade.

Trends such as globalization, increased customer demands and the increased sustainability challenge are forcing medium sized manufacturers to rethink their production processes and start developing lean and sustainable production systems.Many of the developed tools and methods for the lean and sustainable production presented in the literature are not well suited for medium sized manufacturers with a lack of empirical case studies, and therefore investigating suitable approaches for improving the production and sustainability performances is needed in their case. This thesis proposes to use a mixture of tools from both the Lean and sustainable development literature for creating a lean and sustainable production roadmap for medium sized manufacturers. It demonstrates a case study conducted at a medium sized roller blind manufacturer who is preparing to introduce lean and enhancing their sustainability at the production to cope with the condensed market and their customer requirements. The study analyzes the manufacturing processes from both the lean and sustainability perspectives, where different tools were adopted and used throughout the work, which are: Value Stream Mapping, Sustainable Life Cycle Assessment, and Sustainability Compliance index, with the data collected through interviews, dialogues, observations, time studies and internal documents. Understanding the company specific problems and value acted as a foundation for further analysis and improvement potentials identification to reach a future lean and sustainable state in the production, which resulted in enhancing the firm´s lean and sustainability performances. This thesis complement the lean initiatives with a sustainability assessment effort to grasp the whole picture and generate ultimate improvement potentials in order to cope with today´s evolving trends and the increased sustainability requirements. A main contribution is the developed guidelines for creating a lean and sustainable production roadmap for medium sized manufacturers, which result in leveraged benefits satisfying both the lean and sustainable needs. / Trender såsom ökad globalisering, nya kundkrav och ökade utmaningar inom hållbarhet, leder till att medelstora tillverkningsföretag tvingas att tänka om gällande produktionsprocesser och börja utveckla koncept inom lean och hållbar produktion.Många av de utvecklade verktygen och metoderna inom lean och hållbar produktion, som återfinns i litteraturen, är inte väl lämpade för medelstora tillverkningsföretag och saknar empiriska fallstudier. Detta motiverar till vidare analys kring lämpliga metoder för att öka prestationen inom produktion och hållbarhet för dessa företag. Denna uppsats går igenom de olika verktyg som finns definierade i litteraturen, både ifrån lean och hållbarhetsutveckling, och föreslår en väg framåt för att skapa en optimerad och hållbar produktion för medelstora tillverkningsföretag.Denna uppsats demonstrerar en fallstudie utförd på en medelstor rullgardinstillverkare som är beredd att introducera lean och öka deras hållbarhetsperspektiv i produktionen. Detta för möta den mättade marknaden och deras kundkrav. Studien analyser tillverkningsprocesserna från både lean och hållbarhetsperspektiv, där olika verktyg har blivit anpassade och testade under hela processen (Value Stream Mapping, Sustainable Life Cycle Assessment och Sustainability Compliance index). Uppgifterna som använts har samlats in genom intervjuer, dialoger, observationer, tidsstudier och intern dokumentation. Förståelse av företagets specifika problem gav en grund för vidare analys, där förbättringspotentialer identifierades för att nå ett framtida lean och hållbarhetsperspektiv i produktionen. Uppsatsens resultat bidrog till reella förbättringar för företaget inom området. Denna uppsats drar slutsatsen att komplettering utav lean initiativ med hållbarhetsutvärdering är nödvändigt för att få fram en helhetsbild kring en optimal förbättringspotential. På så sätt kan företagen bättre klara av dagens nya trender med ökade hållbarhetskrav. De utvecklade riktlinjerna för att skapa en lean och hållbar produktion i ett medelstort tillverkningsföretag resulterar i fördelar som uppfyller kraven både från ett lean och i hållbarhetssynpunkt.

Les chaines d’approvisionnement contemporaines sont source de problèmes environnementaux, mais aussi d’impacts pour les communautés des abords des activités de production, consommateurs, ou encore travailleurs. Pour évaluer ces impacts, l’analyse sociale du cycle de vie (ACV-S) est développée depuis quinze ans en complément de l’ACV-E, qui traite, elle, des impacts environnementaux le long du cycle de vie des produits. Cette thèse vise à répondre à certains des défis méthodologiques pour sa conception et son application, par une évaluation de produits de systèmes alimentaires alternatifs belges (SAA), et à ces deux questions: i) que devrait évaluer l’ACV-S et ii) comment intégrer les chaines de causes à effet dans l’analyse, comme en ACV-E. Sur base de trois états de l’art (des cadres d’ACV-S, des études incluant les chaines de cause à effet, et des évaluations de produits alimentaires), nous développons et mettons en œuvre des propositions qui plaident pour i) une approche participative pour définir les critères; ii) une évaluation d’impact pour comprendre les pratiques des entreprises plutôt que leur simple rapportage, à travers l’articulation des indicateurs sur la base de théories existantes, comme l’approche de Global Commodity Chain: celle-ci place la gouvernance des chaines et la répartition de la valeur ajoutée entre les acteurs comme des facteurs explicatifs potentiels des problèmes socio-économiques présents dans les chaines; iii) une approche ‘imbriquée’ de la durabilité (ou ‘nested’), qui implique la considération des aspects économiques et de gouvernance des chaines, à côté des aspects managériaux et ‘sociaux’, et leur mise en relation. Nous cherchons ainsi à contribuer à faire de l’ACV-S un outil analytique qui vise l’amélioration des principaux problèmes dans les chaines d’approvisionnement, en analysant leurs causes profondes. Nos évaluations de produits de SAA, y. c. circuits courts et commerce équitable ‘Nord-Nord’, révèlent des rémunérations trop faibles et des conditions d’emploi précaires dans les fermes, rejetant ainsi notre hypothèse d’une durabilité plus élevée de ces produits, par rapport aux chaines dominantes. Ces faibles performances résulteraient d’une reproduction des mécanismes utilisés par les chaines dominantes (rapports de force déséquilibrés, faible engagement entre les acteurs, prix inéquitables). Ceci tendrait à confirmer notre autre hypothèse selon laquelle la gouvernance des chaines et les modalités de transaction impactent les conditions socioéconomiques des travailleurs au sein de ces chaines, d’où l’intérêt de considérer ces aspects en ACV-S. Aussi, d’autres éléments semblent jouer: la règlementation du travail en vigueur, qui encouragerait les contrats précaires, ou le contexte de marché qui influencerait fortement les prix pratiqués dans les SAA, d’où l’importance de se pencher sur les chaines dominantes pour améliorer la durabilité des produits alimentaires dans leur ensemble. Notre recherche confirme l’applicabilité et la pertinence de nos propositions, qui mériteraient d’autres applications pour une validation et des développements méthodologiques supplémentaires. / Today’s supply chains entail numerous and serious issues, concerning the environment but also regarding people, including communities’ surrounding production activities, final consumers and workers. In order to assess those latter social and socio-economic impacts on people, Social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) is a tool being currently developed to complement E-LCA, which assesses potential environmental impacts along the life cycle of products and services. This PhD aims to address some of the outstanding methodological challenges faced by S-LCA, with the support of an application on products from Belgian alternative food network (AFNs). The thesis focuses on three related main questions: i) what should S-LCA assess (topics, level of assessment, i.e. company’s practices, impacts on people, other) and ii) how to include impact pathways or cause-effect chains in the analysis, as it is done in E-LCA; iii) how should the assessment be carried out, so that it goes beyond a mere reporting? On the basis of three distinct states-of-the-art (on S-LCA frameworks, studies considering impact pathways and S-LCA studies in the food sector), we put forward and apply specific methodological proposals that argue for i) the use of a participatory approach to select assessment criteria; ii) the use of an impact assessment approach that allows to understand company’s practices rather than their mere reporting, through an articulation of assessment criteria and indicators based on existing theories, including in social sciences. In this regard, the Global commodity chain approach that identify chain governance and value distribution among chain actors as potential stressors or root causes of social and socio-economic problems in supply chains, seems particularly relevant; iii) the use of a nested approach to sustainability in which also economic and governance aspects are taken into account, in addition to managerial and “social” aspects of supply chains, which are usually included. With this work we aim to contribute for S-LCA to become an analytical tool contributing the improvement of main problems in supply chains, e.g. income, employment and working conditions, by analyzing their root causes. Our assessments of products traded under various alternative chains, including short food chains and a local Fair trade chain, reveal low income and poor employment conditions on farms. This rejects our assumption of better social sustainability performances of AFN products, when compared to those of mainstream chains. Those poor performances would originate in the mechanisms used (e.g. unbalanced power relations, low commitment between VCAs, unfair prices), which are similar in mainstream chains. This would tend to confirm our assumption that chain governance and transaction modalities (i.e. business practices of chain actors) impact on socioeconomic conditions of workers in supply chains (or for the social sustainability of products), this is why we think it is of interest to consider those aspects in S-LCA. Also, other, more contextual, elements seem to come into play, such as labor regulations in force, that would encourage the use of non-standard forms of employment, and broader market context that influences AFNs quite strongly, including on prices. This is why it seems also important to work on mainstream food chains to improve overall product sustainability. Our research confirms the applicability and relevance of our methodological proposals, however further applications could be useful for further validation and methodological developments. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Examensarbetet utfördes våren 2018 på Scanias axel- och växellådsmontering i Södertälje. Axel- och växellådsmonteringen består till största del av manuella monteringsstationer men också till en del av automationslösningar för skruvdragning. Huvudmålet för examensarbetet är att så långt som möjligt automatisera tre manuella monteringsstationer, med delmålen att redovisa nuläget med eventuellt nödvändiga förändringar i processen samt identifiera tekniska lösningar för automation. De tekniska lösningarna för automation ska vara nedbrutna i en budget och payback för eventuell investering. Mål och avgränsningar för rapporten återfinns i inledningskapitlet. För att få operations- och produktkännedom inleds examensarbetet med en praktik på de berörda monteringsstationerna. Vidare fortsatte arbetet med litteraturstudier för att ge en teoretisk referensram. Den teoretiska referensramen används dels i rapporten samt även som underlag för ett flertal intervjuer med forskare på KTH och Scania, samt med kollegor inom produktionsteknik. För att finna tekniklösningar utfördes intern benchmark på flera av Scanias produktionsenheter. Intern benchmark och litteraturstudie har varit grunden för examensarbetets benchmark. I kapitel 2.1 återfinns en utförlig beskrivning av examensarbetets arbetsmetod samt de metoder som tillämpats. De monteringsmoment som utförs på den line där de manuella monteringsstationerna är placerade är att sammanfoga skruv-, press-, limförband. En beskrivning av linen och vilka monteringsmoment som utförs på vardera station återfinns i kapitel 4.2, figur 9. De monteringsoperationerna som utförs på de manuella monteringsstationerna är skruvilägg, mutteräntring, limning, dragning, lagerpressning och avlyft. Examensarbetet visar i kapitel 6.2 de tekniklösningar som kan användas för automation av de fyra manuella monteringsstationerna. Tekniklösningarna är identifierade under intern benchmark på Scania. Tekniklösningarna bryts ned i investeringsuppskattningar vilka presenteras i kapitel 6.3, tabell 15. Tekniklösningarna uppskattas att för hela systemet kräva en investering på 16.5 till 22.5 miljoner kronor. En investering i tekniklösningarna ger då en årlig besparing om fem positioner vilket resulterar i en årlig besparing om 2.5 miljoner kronor. Payback-tid för investeringen (kapitel 6.3, tabell 16) blir då 6.6 till 9 år. Fördelar med att automatisera de manuella monteringsstationerna blir att de ergonomiska repetitionsbelastningarna för operatörerna minskar (kapitel 3.4 och 4.4) samt att kvalitetssäkring av limförband kan utföras vilket i nuläget är utmanande. Utmaningarna med att automatisera blir att skapa värde för fler företagsdelar i samband med automationsinvesteringen samt skapa en flexibel automationslösning vilken kan möta framtida produkt- eller produktionsvolymsförändringar. En rekommendation i att investera i examensarbetets framställda tekniklösningar för automation kan inte ges, däremot rekommenderas att studera vidare hur ett alternativ skulle se ut för att vara flexibelt nog att möta framtida förändringar samt skapa för flera delar av företaget vid investering. / The thesis project is conducted during spring of 2018 at Scania axle and transmission assembly in Södertälje. The axle and transmission assembly consists in large parts of manual assembly stations but also of automatic tightening solution The main objective of the thesis project is to automate three manual assembly stations as far as possible. The main objective where divided into three assignments. First assignment is to identify and describe the work stations current state. Second assignment is to identify and propose necessary changes of the current process. Last assignment is to identify technical solutions for automation and present investment, budget and calculate time for payback. Objectives and delimitations of the thesis project is found in the introduction chapter. To gather knowledge of the product and assembly line an practice period where conducted during the first week of the thesis project. To reach an academic perspective of our thesis a literature review was conducted. The theoretical frame of reference is used during the project in two different ways, as a theoretical background to our objective and also as an basis for several interviews with researchers and senior colleagues at Scania. In order to meet the third assignment to identify technical solutions an internal benchmark was performed on several of Scanias production units. Internal benchmark and literature review has been the basis of the proposed technical solutions. Chapter 2.1 contains a description of work method of the thesis and the methods applied. The manual assembly operations performed on the assembly line are to assemble screw, press and adhesives conjoins. A description of the manual assembly operations is found in chapter 4.2, Figure 9. The assembly operations performed on the manual assembly stations are screw and nut placement, adhesive application, bearing placement and lift. The thesis describes in chapter 6.2 the technical options for automation solutions applied to the four manual assembly stations. The technical options are identified through the internal benchmark at Scania. The technical options are presented as estimated investments in Chapter 6.3, table 15. The technical option is estimated to an investment of 16.5 to 22.5 million sek. The technical solution results in an annual saving at 2.5 million sek., which gives an 6.6 to 9 years payback time (Shown in Chapter 6.3, table 16). The automation solution the thesis project proposes has advantages in that the ergonomic repetitions are significantly reduced (chapter 3.4 and 4.4) and contributes to ensure quality of the adhesive application of the conjoint. Challenges with the proposed automation system is to create additional value cross functional through the organization and to design a solution that is flexible enough to meet changes in products and/or production flow. Recommendation for investment in the thesis projects automation solution cannot be given due to the lack of future flexibility and additional value to another part of the organization. The thesis project shows significant advantages for automation solution in terms of ergonomics and quality. The recommendation is to continue the study of how an investment in an automated solution can create a cross functional value and contribute to product flexibility.

The transport sector is currently facing challenges to reduce environmental impacts during the vehicle’s operation due to its reliance on fossil fuels. The introduction of new technologies such as alternative fuels or battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are therefore rapidly growing because they can significantly reduce the vehicle’s tailpipe emissions. There is however the concern that these could transfer environmental burdens to other life cycle phases such as production. Therefore, a development towards sustainable transport will require more than just the development of alternative fuels or EVs, but also a more sustainable production. Considering that 80% of the product related environmental impacts are determined during the design phase of a product, the significance of product design is studied. Scania offers the opportunity to customize trucks with a high level of detail through customized design, also called S-order design. Design engineers want to know if their customized solutions have the potential to reduce environmental impacts within the production of a truck. Therefore, the life cycle assessment (LCA) framework is used to know the environmental impacts of a truck designed with S- and A-order design and to compare them in order to determine if there is an environmental performance difference between these two designs. The results show that the production of a truck with a S-order design has on average 3% lower environmental impacts on all impact categories than when it’s produced with an A-order design. This is due to the S-order design’s great level of flexibility to consider small details of the truck’s functionality. Nevertheless, this design flexibility can lead to multiple configurations for one truck, thus meaning that the results will vary from product to product since the customer decides the specifications of the truck. The main conclusion is that the early implementation of adaptations through S-order design in heavy truck development at Scania can potentially reduce resource consumption and environmental impacts, and aid to sustainable production. / Transportsektorn står för närvarande inför utmaningar för att minska miljöpåverkan under fordonets drift på grund av dess beroende av fossila bränslen. Introduktionen av ny teknik som alternativa bränslen eller elektriska fordon (BEV) växer därför snabbt eftersom de avsevärt kan minska fordonets utsläpp från avgasröret. Det finns emellertid oro för att dessa skulle kunna överföra miljöbelastningar till andra livscykelfaser som exempelvis produktionen. Därför kommer en utveckling mot hållbara transporter att kräva mer än bara utveckling av alternativa bränslen eller eldrift, men också en mer hållbar produktion. Med tanke på att 80% av de produktrelaterade miljöeffekterna bestäms under en produkts designfas studeras därför produktens design. Scania erbjuder möjligheten att skräddarsy lastbilar med hög detaljnivå genom skräddarsydd design, även kallat S-orderdesign. Designingenjörer vill veta om deras skräddarsydda lösningar har potential att minska miljöpåverkan inom tillverkningen av en lastbil. En livscykelanalys (LCA) används därför för att känna till miljöpåverkan från en lastbil konstruerad med S- och A-orderdesign och för att jämföra dem för att avgöra om det finns en skillnad i miljöprestanda mellan dessa två konstruktioner. Resultaten visar att tillverkningen av en lastbil med S-orderdesign har i genomsnitt 3% lägre miljöpåverkan på alla kategorier av miljöpåverkan än en med A-orderdesign. Detta beror på S- orderdesignens stora flexibilitet för att ta hänsyn till små detaljer gällande lastbilens funktionalitet. Dock kan denna konstruktionsflexibilitet leda till flera konfigurationer för en lastbil, vilket innebär att resultaten kommer att variera från produkt till produkt eftersom kunden bestämmer lastbilens specifikationer. Huvudslutsatsen är att det tidiga genomförandet av anpassningar genom S- orderdesign vid utvecklingen av tunga lastbilar hos Scania potentiellt kan minska resursförbrukningen och miljöpåverkan och stöd till hållbar produktion.

Antalet hållbarhetskrav ökar allt med tiden, vilket även gäller för fordonsindustrin. Tillverkarna förmedlar vidare de krav som ställs mot de till deras leverantörer i försörjningskedjan. Några av dessa krav är inte tillräckligt tydliga för leverantörerna, de vet inte vilka processer som ligger bakom dessa krav för att uppnå dem. Särskilt de aspekter som leverantörerna inte arbetat med tidigare och som är nya liksom miljömässig hållbarhet. Detta examensarbete syftar till att ta reda på vilka hållbarhetskrav - med fokus på miljömässig hållbarhet - som ställs mot leverantörer inom tung fordonsindustri. Frågeställningen som besvaras i detta arbete är följande: Vilka hållbarhetskrav har svenska tillverkare inom tung-fordonsindustrin på sina leverantörer i förhållande till miljömässig hållbarhet? Den metod som använts för att kunna besvara frågeställningen är en egen variant av abduktiv och deduktiv metod. Där har teorin utvecklats med tiden genom de dokument som mottagits från fallföretag och dess kunder, samt de semistrukturerade intervjuer som genomförts. Metoden har varit givande för analysen där alla former av data som samlats in - teori, dokument och intervju - sammankopplas genom de mest förekommande ämnena. Utifrån den givna informationen och analysen framkom resultat och slutsatser. De miljömässiga hållbarhetskraven som ställs mot leverantörer inom tung-fordonsindustri är följande: beräkning av CO2 utsläpp genom GHG-protocol, implementering av förnybar energi i verksamheten, samt välja CO2 snåla och återvinningsbara material. / The number of sustainability requirements are increasing over time, which also applies to the automotive industry. The manufacturers further convey the demands placed on them to their suppliers in the supply chain. Some of these requirements are not clear enough for the suppliers, they do not know what processes are behind these requirements to achieve them. Especially the aspects that the suppliers have not worked with before and which are new, such as environmental sustainability. This thesis aims to find out which sustainability requirements - with a focus on environmental sustainability - are placed on suppliers in the heavy vehicle industry. The question answered in this work is the following: Which sustainability requirements do Swedish manufacturers in the heavy vehicle industry have on their suppliers in relation to environmental sustainability? The method used to be able to answer the question is a variant of the abductive and deductive methods. There, the theory has been developed over time through the documents received from case companies and their customers, as well as the semi-structured interviews that have been conducted. The method has been fruitful for the analysis where all forms of data collected - theory, documents, and interviews - are connected through the most common topics. Based on the given information and analysis, results and conclusions emerged. The environmental sustainability requirements placed on suppliers in the heavy vehicle industry are as follows: calculation of CO2 emissions through the GHG protocol, implementation of renewable energy in the business, and choosing CO2-saving and recyclable materials.

Le présent mémoire a pour objet les formes, les caractéristiques et les défis de la gouvernance des déchets électroniques. L’auteure explore les impactes socioéconomiques et environnementales de divers types d’instruments conçus pour mitiger les risques à la santé humaine et à l’environnement que présentent les produits électroniques en fin de vie, notamment: les traités multilatéraux qui visent à prohiber le transfert des déchets hasardeux au pays en développement, les législations régionales, nationales et provinciales mettant en vigueur des systèmes de recyclage obligatoire des déchets électroniques, ainsi que d’autres initiatives, publics et privées, basées sur le principe de la responsabilité élargie des producteurs (REP). L’objectif de ce travail est de comprendre comment les acteurs impliqués dans le commerce de l’équipement électronique peuvent modeler les systèmes de production, d’usage et du traitement fin de vie des technologies contemporaines pour que ces dernières puissent continuer à faire élever les standards de vie et à avancer le développement des communautés humaines, en respectant simultanément le principe international de l’équité globale, l’environnement naturel et la qualité de vie des générations futures. / This thesis addresses the forms, characteristics and challenges of electronic waste governance. The author explores the socio-economic and environmental impacts of a diverse range of instruments that have been developed to mitigate the human health and environmental risks presented by end-of-life electronic equipment, namely: multilateral treaties restricting e-waste trade flows into developing countries, regional, national and provincial legislations imposing mandatory recycling systems for e-waste, as well as other public and private initiatives based on the principle of extended producer responsibility (EPR). The objective of this study is to understand how stakeholders implicated in the electronic equipment sector can model the systems of production, use, and discard of electronics, so that the latter may continue to raise living standards and propel human development while simultaneously respecting the international principle of global equity, the natural environment and the quality of life of future generations.

Le présent mémoire a pour objet les formes, les caractéristiques et les défis de la gouvernance des déchets électroniques. L’auteure explore les impactes socioéconomiques et environnementales de divers types d’instruments conçus pour mitiger les risques à la santé humaine et à l’environnement que présentent les produits électroniques en fin de vie, notamment: les traités multilatéraux qui visent à prohiber le transfert des déchets hasardeux au pays en développement, les législations régionales, nationales et provinciales mettant en vigueur des systèmes de recyclage obligatoire des déchets électroniques, ainsi que d’autres initiatives, publics et privées, basées sur le principe de la responsabilité élargie des producteurs (REP). L’objectif de ce travail est de comprendre comment les acteurs impliqués dans le commerce de l’équipement électronique peuvent modeler les systèmes de production, d’usage et du traitement fin de vie des technologies contemporaines pour que ces dernières puissent continuer à faire élever les standards de vie et à avancer le développement des communautés humaines, en respectant simultanément le principe international de l’équité globale, l’environnement naturel et la qualité de vie des générations futures. / This thesis addresses the forms, characteristics and challenges of electronic waste governance. The author explores the socio-economic and environmental impacts of a diverse range of instruments that have been developed to mitigate the human health and environmental risks presented by end-of-life electronic equipment, namely: multilateral treaties restricting e-waste trade flows into developing countries, regional, national and provincial legislations imposing mandatory recycling systems for e-waste, as well as other public and private initiatives based on the principle of extended producer responsibility (EPR). The objective of this study is to understand how stakeholders implicated in the electronic equipment sector can model the systems of production, use, and discard of electronics, so that the latter may continue to raise living standards and propel human development while simultaneously respecting the international principle of global equity, the natural environment and the quality of life of future generations.

Public spending of many states makes a significant contribution to the Gross Domestic Product of countries, which are the main consumers of the national economies. For this reason, the purchasing power is an opportunity to influence the market by promoting production and consumption of sustainable and friendly goods to the environment.In this sense, this article discusses the system of Sustainable Public Procurements as a way to promote Sustainable Consumption and Production patterns and, thus, reach sustainable development for a green economy. / El gasto público de muchos Estados contribuye de manera significativa en el Producto Bruto Interno de los países, siendo normalmente los principales consumidores de las economías nacionales; razón por la que dicho poder de adquisición constituye una oportunidad para influir en el mercado, fomentando la producción y el consumo de bienes sostenibles y amigables con el ambiente. En ese sentido, el artículo aborda el mecanismo de las Compras Públicas Sostenibles como una herramienta para promover patrones de Consumo y Producción Sostenibles y, consecuentemente, lograr el desarrollo sostenible en el marco del concepto de una economía verde.