Η παρούσα μελέτη αφορά την αντίληψη και έκφραση της ατομικότητας του εκπαιδευτικού μέσα στην διδακτική του διαδικασία, παράλληλα με τον ρόλο του μέσα στην τάξη. Με χρήση συνδυαστικής πολυεπίπεδης μεθοδολογίας, με στοιχεία εθνογραφίας και ανθρωπολογικής προσέγγισης οίκοι, διεξήχθη αυτοπαρατήρηση σε διάστημα 5 μηνών προκειμένου να εντοπιστεί η σχέση σύγκρουσης ή συνύπαρξης μεταξύ της ατομικότητας με τον ρόλο. / This study analyzes the perception and expression of individuality of the teacher in his class, in a parallelism to his professional role. In this multi-leveled methodology, with element of ethnography and anthropological oikoi approach, it was studied for 5 months the relation between the individuality of the teacher to the professional role, through self-observance.

O ensino e aprendizagem de línguas estrangeiras em ambientes virtuais apresenta, como questão central de reflexão e pesquisa, os aspectos teórico-metodológicos que envolvem a concepção de cursos e, sobretudo, as mudanças no papel do professor e do aluno na sala virtual. Esta pesquisa, desenvolvida no contexto de um curso-piloto online de Introdução ao Francês como Língua Estrangeira, realizada em uma escola privada de idiomas localizada na cidade de São Bernardo do Campo, no estado de São Paulo, tem como objetivo principal discutir as questões que envolvem a concepção e a realização de um curso online de francês, predominantemente na plataforma síncrona Elluminate, sob o ponto de vista da análise papel do professor. Como princípio metodológico orientador, adotamos a pesquisa-ação, que apresenta como uma de suas características a participação do pesquisador. Para analisar e discutir os dados obtidos na pesquisa, utilizamos como referencial teórico noções ligadas à organização da Internet; ao ensinar e ao aprender virtual; a possíveis abordagens pedagógicas, dentre elas o estar junto virtual (Valente, 2003), que se aproxima da abordagem por tarefas proposta pelo Quadro Europeu Comum de Referência para Línguas (QECRL) e concretizada pela realização de Feuilles de Route (Mangenot; Louveau, 2006); aos planos e sujeitos envolvidos na elaboração e realização de um curso online. / The foreign language teaching and learning on virtual environments present, as a central reflection and research question, the theoretical and methodological aspects that involve the course design and, mainly, the changes in the role of both teacher and student in the virtual class. This research, developed in the context of an online Introduction to French as a Foreign Language pilot course, implemented at a Sao Bernardo do Campo city language institute, in the state of Sao Paulo, aims at discussing the issues that involve the design and development of an online French course, mainly on the synchronous platform Elluminate, based on the analysis of the teacher\'s role. We had the research-action as the main methodological principle, which presents the researcher\'s participation as one of its characteristics. In order to analyze and discuss the research data, we used theoretical references related to Internet organization, to virtual teaching and learning, to possible methodological approaches - for example, the estar junto virtual (Valente, 2003), which is similar to the task-based approach proposed by the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) and developed by the Feuilles de Route (Mangenot; Louveau, 2006) -, and to the plans and people involved in the course design and development.

The purpose of the study is to contribute knowledge about preschool teachers' perceptions of planning and implementation of physical activity in preschool teaching, so that all children have the opportunity to participate to a sufficient extent. In order to collect preschool teachers' perceptions of the phenomenon, we used semi-structured interviews, where five preschool teachers were interviewed. We have started from a phenomenographic approach, which also provides a starting point in the interviews. To produce the results, we used the phenomenography analysis model where concepts, categories and outcome spaces become central. The results showed that the preschool teachers perceive that physical activity is important but also a challenge. They also perceive that the physical activity takes place most spontaneously in preschool due to various limitations. Furthermore, they perceive that the physical activity is carried out both indoors, on the schoolyard and in nearby environments, which also provides the opportunity for different tools. / Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om förskollärares uppfattningarav planering och genomförande gällande fysisk aktivitet i förskolansundervisning, för att alla barn ska få möjlighet att delta i tillräcklig omfattning.För att samla in förskollärares uppfattningar kring fenomenet har vi använt ossav semistrukturerade intervjuer, där fem förskollärare intervjuades. Vi harutgått ifrån en fenomenografisk ansats, som också ger en utgångspunkt iintervjuerna. För att få fram resultatet använde vi oss av fenomenografinsanalysmodell där begreppen, kategorier och utfallsrum blir centrala. I resultatetframgick det att förskollärarna uppfattar att den fysiska aktiviteten är viktigmen också en utmaning. De uppfattar också att den fysiska aktiviteten skermest spontant i förskolan på grund av olika begränsningar. Vidare uppfattar deatt den fysiska aktiviteten utförs både inomhus, på gården och i närliggandemiljöer, vilket också ger möjlighet till olika redskap.

The thesis deals with the subject of the role of the teacher in low-threshold courses of Czech for foreigners provided by The Centre for Integration of Foreigners (CIC). The thesis is divided into a theoretical and empirical part. The theoretical part is divided into three main parts. The first chapter explains the term "low-threshold", which is later put into context of foreign language education organized by the state or non-profit organizations. We focus mainly on NPK CIC. We cover how the courses are built, what is their content and what are the specific of (large) heterogenous classes. The second chapter focuses on adult education in general. We cover the basic of adult education and introduce the key competencies that are developed at NPK. The third chapter covers the adult's teacher. It defines who the teacher is and what his competencies are. We also compare the demands that the teacher has to meet in schools or when they are a teacher at NPK. The chapter covers the role of the teacher and analyses the usage of these models in the environment of NPK. Attention is also paid to team teaching. The empiric part deals with the description of the results and implementation of qualitative research. The aim of this research was to find out how the teachers view their role at NPK that substantially...

Den 1 juli 2010 avskaffades värnplikten i förmån för ett yrkesförsvar, varpå premisserna för utbildningen av soldater förändrades. Idag har män och kvinnor från 18 år möjlighet att genomföra s.k. Grundläggande Militär Utbildning (GMU) under tre månader på frivillig basis. De nya premisserna kan m.h.t. frivilligheten ställas i paritet med civil vuxenutbildning, där båda upplever exempelvis avhopp till följd av motivationsbrist. Syftet med studien är delvis att identifiera officerarnas upplevda utmaningar på GMU avseende rekryternas tidigare erfarenheter, motivation samt lärarrollen. Därtill syftar studien till att undersöka om de är desamma för civil vuxenutbildning. Intervjuer av åtta officerare har genomförts för att identifiera de utmaningar som föreligger på GMU, samt en komparativ analys mellan dessa utmaningar och bland annat Knowles andragogikteori, som i den här studien representerar utmaningarna för den civila vuxenutbildningen. Resultatet visar att det föreligger utmaningar på GMU som är desamma för civil vuxenutbildning, särskilt tydligt vad gäller elevens/rekrytens motivation, men å andra sidan visar resultatet på att det föreligger utmaningar på GMU som inte förekommer i samma omfattning som i vuxenutbildning, och vice versa. / In July 2010 Sweden abolished conscription in favor of an all-volunteer military force, whereupon the prerequisites for the recruitment and training of soldiers changed. Today, men and women from the age of 18 can sign up for a so-called Basic Military Training (GMU) for three months on a voluntary basis. The new prerequisites can, with regard to voluntariness, be on par with civilian adult education, both of which are, e.g., experiencing drop-outs as a result of lack of motivation. The purpose of the study is partly to identify the officers’ perceived challenges at GMU regarding recruits earlier experience, motivation and the teacher’s role. In addition, the study aims to examine whether these challenges are the same as for the civilian adult education. Interviews of eight officers have been conducted to distinguish the challenges that exist at GMU, as well as a comparative analysis between these challenges and theory of adult learning, including Knowles’s andragogy model, which in this study represents challenges for the civilian adult education. The result shows that there are challenges at GMU that are the same as for the civilian adult education, particularly evident in terms of the motivation of the pupil/recruit, but on the other hand, the result shows that there are challenges at GMU that do not occur in the same extent as in adult education, and vice versa.

Reading aloud is a form of teaching that rarely occurs in favor of other activities. Nevertheless, research shows that reading aloud is the main language development in children. This study aims to clarify the views teachers have about reading in relation to language development, as well as what they think about the working method. The thesis's theoretical approach is mainly based on the socio-cultural perspective on learning where interaction between individuals and the language are fundamental factors for learning to take place. An interview study of qualitative type has been conducted with active teachers in grades 1-3. Previous research shows the importance of reading aloud for language development and the teaching form has many advantages. It is important that the students are included, that there is time and that the teaching is carefully planned with a purpose. The result shows that teachers read aloud continuously but that the purpose varies. First and foremost, they say that the moment aims to be language development but sometimes also to relaxation. They use different strategies to get students involved and they believe that the main thing is the vocabulary and reading comprehension that is promoted. Some stated that they opt out of reading aloud sometimes as they thought it takes a lot of time. / Högläsning är en undervisningsform som förekommer sällan och som utgår till förmån för andra aktiviteter. Trots det visar forskning på att högläsning främjar språkutvecklingen hos barn. Den här undersökningen syftar därför till att bringa klarhet i vilken syn lärare har på högläsning i relation till språkutveckling, samt vad de anser om arbetsformen. Uppsatsens teoretiska ansats utgår främst från det sociokulturella perspektivet på lärande där interaktion mellan individer och språket är grundläggande faktorer för att lärande ska ske. En intervjustudie av kvalitativt slag har genomförts med aktiva lärare inom årskurserna 1-3. Tidigare forskning visar på högläsningens betydelse för språkutvecklingen och undervisningsformen har många fördelar. Viktigt är att eleverna är inkluderade, att det finns tid och att undervisningen är noga planerad med ett syfte. Resultatet visar att lärare högläser kontinuerligt men att syftet varierar. Främst säger de att stunden syftar till att vara språkutvecklande men ibland även till avkoppling. De använder olika strategier för att få eleverna delaktiga och de anser att det främst är ordförråd och läsförståelse som främjas. Några uppgav att de väljer bort högläsningen emellanåt då de menade att den tar mycket tid i anspråk.

Studien syftar till att synliggöra förskollärarens roll för att främja motorisk utveckling och lärande i utomhusmiljön. Den metod som har använts är semistrukturerad intervju då den lämpade sig för att synliggöra den fenomenografiska uppfattningen hos förskollärarna som deltog i studien. Att aktivt använda sig av utomhusmiljön är viktigt för att främja undervisning och lärande inom många ämnen. Barnens rörelsemönster, koordination och motoriska färdigheter utvecklas hela tiden i utomhusmiljön och utmanas därför i större mån ute än inne vilket i sin tur främjar en god hälsa. Resultatet av studien visar att förskollärare aktivt arbetar med motorisk utveckling och lärande i utomhusmiljön men att förskollärare aktivt behöver planera, genomföra och utvärdera i större mån för att främja utveckling och lärande. Genom tydlig dokumentation synliggörs skillnader och utveckling av motoriska färdigheter vilket skulle underlätta när man aktivt arbetar för att främja barnens motoriska utveckling och lärande i utomhusmiljön. / The study aims to show the preschool teacher's role in promoting motor development and learning in the outdoor environment. The method that has been used is semi-structured interview as it was suitable for making visible the phenomonographic perception of the preschool teachers who participated in the study. Actively using the outdoor environment is important to promote teaching and learning in many subjects. Children's movement patterns, coordination and motor skills are constantly evolving in the outdoor environment and are therefore more challenged out there than inside which in turn promotes good health. The results of the study show that preschool teachers actively work with motor development and learning in the outdoor environment, but that preschool teachers actively need to plan, implement and evaluate to a greater extent to promote development and learning. Through clear documentation, differences and development of motor skills are made visible, which would facilitate when actively working to promote the children's motor development and learning in the outdoor environment.

The study aims to show the preschool teacher's role in promoting motor development and learning in the outdoor environment. The method that has been used is semi-structured interview as it was suitable for making visible the phenomenographic perception of the preschool teachers who participated in the study. Actively using the outdoor environment is important to promote teaching and learning in many subjects. Children's movement patterns, coordination and motor skills are constantly evolving in the outdoor environment and are therefore more challenged out there than inside which in turn promotes good health. The results of the study show that preschool teachers actively work with motor development and learning in the outdoor environment, but that preschool teachers actively need to plan, implement and evaluate to a greater extent to promote development and learning. Through clear documentation, differences and development of motor skills are made visible, which would facilitate when actively working to promote the children's motor development and learning in the outdoor environment. / Studien syftar till att synliggöra förskollärarens roll för att främja motorisk utveckling och lärande i utomhusmiljön. Den metod som har använts är semistrukturerad intervju då den lämpade sig för att synliggöra den fenomenografiska uppfattningen hos förskollärarna som deltog i studien. Att aktivt använda sig av utomhusmiljön är viktigt för att främja undervisning och lärande inom många ämnen. Barnens rörelsemönster, koordination och motoriska färdigheter utvecklas hela tiden i utomhusmiljön och utmanas därför i större mån ute än inne vilket i sin tur främjar en god hälsa. Resultatet av studien visar att förskollärare aktivt arbetar med motorisk utveckling och lärande i utomhusmiljön men att förskollärare aktivt behöver planera, genomföra och utvärdera i större mån för att främja utveckling och lärande. Genom tydlig dokumentation synliggörs skillnader och utveckling av motoriska färdigheter vilket skulle underlätta när man aktivt arbetar för att främja barnens motoriska utveckling och lärande i utomhusmiljön.

Parental involvement in education is not a new concept; parents have always been involved in education in various ways and to various degrees. Perhaps nowr parents are more sensitive to the important role it plays in ensuring the full potential of the child is realised. Departing from the premise, that it is important, useful and necessary, the researcher has embarked upon an in depth literature study of parental involvement in education in various communities and has undertaken an empirical investigation of the involvement of parents of pupils in secondary schools in the Phoenix North area. The main thrust of this research was to explore the obstacles to parents being involved fully in the education of their children and to make appropriate recommendations to the principals, as the school managers. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Educational Management)

本研究之目的在探討台灣國中課室中英語教師動機策略應用的情形，此研究調查學生和老師雙方面對於在課堂中動機策略使用頻率的感知，比較其中差異。很少研究同時參考雙方面的意見，本研究透過問卷的方式詢問老師使用動機策略的頻率，也詢問學生對於相同教師策略使用頻率的感受，目的在找出何種動機策略最常被使用，也最常被學生體驗到。另一個目的是要收集學生對於課室內動機策略的觀點，以瞭解在學生的觀點中，哪些策略可以有效提升他們學習興趣。問卷收集樣本共有老師135人，學生216人。另外，研究者還進行了10堂課的課室觀察，期以觀察所得的資料與師生填寫的問卷資料做對照。 研究結果顯示，學生和老師大致上對使用頻率較高的策略有共識。在48個動機策略當中，老師和學生對各項的排序幾乎相同。前幾名分別是適當的教師行為、辨別出學生的努力、適當地呈現教學任務、提升學習者的自我信心、創造愉悅的教室氣氛等。但是程度上老師表示的和學生體認到的卻大不相同，以T檢定比較學生和教師問卷，發現大部分項目都達顯著性差異，教師表示使用的頻率高，但學生體驗到的頻率卻相對較低。在課室觀察的資料中，發現最常被觀察到教師使用的動機策略為：呈現教學工作、提供回饋、教師行為、提升學習者自主性，和提升與第二語言相關的價值，可能因為這些外顯行為的項目較其他容易被實際地觀察到。 此外，比較學生對不同策略重要性的看法問卷當中也指出，學生對於動機策略的想法的確和老師報導的使用頻率不相同。學生對重要性前幾項依序為：提升學習者的自主性、創造愉悅的教室氣氛、辨別學生的努力、適當的教師行為，和提升學習者的自信心。特別在提升學習者的自主性這個類別裡，老師和學生的看法就很不一樣。老師們最少使用這個類別的策略，但是學生卻認為這些是最有效於提升他們對學習語言動機的策略。 / The purpose of the present study is to find out the use of motivational strategies in secondary EFL settings in Taiwan. Questionnaires were sent to inquire teachers’ reported use and students’ perception of such use of motivational strategies. Few studies have included questionnaire results from both students and teachers. The present study elicited answers from both parties to find out which motivational strategies were frequently used by teachers and which were perceived by learners in the foreign language classroom. Another purpose is to collect data from students about their opinion on the importance of various motivational strategies used in the classroom. The number of teacher sample is 135, and the number of students is 216. Besides, ten classroom observations were conducted by the researcher in order to complement self-reported questionnaire data. The results of this study revealed that students and teachers generally agree on which motivational strategies were frequently used in class. The rank order of teachers and students were almost the same. The top ones, in the order of frequency, were proper teacher behavior, recognizing students’ effort, presenting tasks properly, promoting learners’ self-confidence, and creating a pleasant classroom climate. However, the frequency as reported by teachers and stated by students was very different. The data collected from teachers and students was examined by performing an independent sample t-test, and the result indicated that difference between them was statistically significant. Teachers reported that they frequently used the strategies, but students didn’t experience those strategies as frequently as teachers reported using. In the data collected from classroom observation, the most observable and frequently used strategies were: presenting tasks properly, providing feedback, teacher behavior, promoting learner autonomy, and promoting L2-related values. The fact that these domains appeared to be more prominent in the observation data may probably be associated with the nature of their being more observable. In addition, the result from the student questionnaire asking about students’ expectation toward the motivational strategies also indicated that students’ perceived importance of them was different from teachers’ reported frequency of use. The rank-order of the ten clusters of students’ expectation were: promoting learner autonomy, creating a pleasant classroom climate, recognizing students’ effort, proper teacher behavior, and promoting learners’ self-confidence. As to the conceptual domain of “promoting learning autonomy”, it is viewed very differently by teachers and students. Teachers put this one on the last place, but students regarded this domain as the most effective strategy in promoting their motivation toward language learning.