With a phenomenographic perspective this thesis aims to study preschool teachers experiences of parent cooperation. In order to complete the aim of this study we have formulated three inquiries:     What qualifications do the preschool teacher consider contributing to good cooperation?     What qualifications do the preschool teacher consider leads to a lack of cooperation?    What appears as power relationships in the preschool teacher experiences?     According to the curriculum, preschool teacher requires to build trustworthy relations with parents. This appears to be a complex task. With a quantitative method the data in this study consist of seven interviews with preschool teachers that work in preschools. With our phenomenographic approach we were able to find different categories from the preschool teachers experienced narratives. This thesis consists of an inductive study where the preschool teachers narratives determine our theoretical notions. The notions are: Cooperation, communication, attachment relationship, intercultural knowledge and empowerment, the conclusion of the study reveals that power relations exist between parents and preschool teachers, the teachers have a power position because of their knowledge and parents because of their right to choose among preschools. The study shows that the task to please parents needs can be difficult, it also shows that misunderstandings and the increased number of children in the group aggravates the mission to fulfil the curriculum assignment regarding cooperation with parents. The result also shows that creating a trustful relation with mutual understanding of each other differences can lead to improve the cooperation.

Many curricular innovations, including cross-curricular teaching, are started in schools without adequate teacher preparation and support, reducing the effectiveness of the interventions in supporting student learning. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to describe the implementation of the cross-curricular connections teaching technique in middle schools. Research questions focused on how middle school teachers experienced implementation of cross-curricular teaching at the incident level and how teachers perceived cross-curricular teaching and its long-term value. Myers-Briggs personality type theory informed the study, supporting the postulation that teachers are more comfortable teaching from their personality types. Data from 10 middle school teachers from 3 urban and semirural parochial schools in the northeastern United States were collected through interviews, focus group sessions, journals, and documents such as lesson plans and classroom materials. Open coding was used within progressive and comparative analyses. Primary themes included teacher comfort with cross-curricular connections; various applications of the teaching technique; cross-curricular connections within lessons; time constraints in planning, preparation, and implementation; and creative enhancement of lessons. Recommendations included enhanced professional development, more planning time for teacher teams, and more research about the technique. Positive social change implications include sustaining teachers' adoption and implementation of cross-curricular instruction in support of student achievement.

Many curricular innovations, including cross-curricular teaching, are started in schools without adequate teacher preparation and support, reducing the effectiveness of the interventions in supporting student learning. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to describe the implementation of the cross-curricular connections teaching technique in middle schools. Research questions focused on how middle school teachers experienced implementation of cross-curricular teaching at the incident level and how teachers perceived cross-curricular teaching and its long-term value. Myers-Briggs personality type theory informed the study, supporting the postulation that teachers are more comfortable teaching from their personality types. Data from 10 middle school teachers from 3 urban and semirural parochial schools in the northeastern United States were collected through interviews, focus group sessions, journals, and documents such as lesson plans and classroom materials. Open coding was used within progressive and comparative analyses. Primary themes included teacher comfort with cross-curricular connections; various applications of the teaching technique; cross-curricular connections within lessons; time constraints in planning, preparation, and implementation; and creative enhancement of lessons. Recommendations included enhanced professional development, more planning time for teacher teams, and more research about the technique. Positive social change implications include sustaining teachers' adoption and implementation of cross-curricular instruction in support of student achievement.

The purpose of this study is to examine teachers implementation of read-alouds in preschool and how it affects the read-aloud experience. In order to examine this, I have based this study on a framing of questions that are being answered by a combined method out of observations of the read-aloud experiences and interviews with teachers about read-aloud implementation at their work place. Results from the observations and interviews have together been analysed to perceive the teachers implementation of read-alouds in preschool and how it affects the experience.  Previous research emphasizes that teachers should be well-read about the implementation of read-alouds and how it should look like in order to be a rewarding experience for children. The results of the study show that teachers work with read-alouds has a significant impact on how this moment is shaped. Knowledge and commitment are important aspects for a rewarding read-aloud experience, as this i crucial in order to capture the children´s attention and interest. / Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur pedagogers arbete med högläsning i förskolan påverkar hur stunden för högläsning utformar sig. För att närmare undersöka detta har jag formulerat några frågeställningar som besvaras genom kombinerad metod av observation av högläsningsstunder samt intervjuer med pedagoger om deras arbetssätt med högläsning. Resultat från både observationer och intervjuer har tillsammans analyserats för att se hur pedagogers arbete med högläsning i förskolan påverkar stunden för högläsning. Tidigare forskning lyfter att pedagoger bör vara pålästa kring hur arbetet med högläsning ska gå till för att det ska vara givande för barnen. Undersökningens resultat visade att pedagogers arbete med högläsning har stor betydelse för hur denna stund utformar sig. Kunskap och engagemang är viktiga aspekter för att det ska bli en givande högläsning då detta är avgörande för att kunna fånga barnens uppmärksamhet och intresse.

The digitalization of the school has led to teachers increasingly using digital tools in their teaching of mathematics. In comparison with other subject, however, mathematics sees the least use of digital tools. Teachers pedagogical awareness and knowledge of how they can use digital tools affects how they use digital tools for formative feedback. In the study 9 teachers working with years 4-6 from 3 different schools have been interviewed. The purpose of the study has been to investigate how teachers experience the feedback and how the feedback is affected in student work with mathematics assignments. The purpose was also to bring forward advantages and disadvantages teachers experience with digital mathematics assignments. To examine this, the data was analyzed based on the feedback theory The Power of Feedback (Hattie & Timperley, 2007). The results show the digital mathematics assignments are seen to have both advantages and disadvantages to feedback that contributes to the development of students' knowledge. This is partially affected by the teacher's choice of assignments as well as how actively the teachers are working to give students feedback. It is also apparent that there is a need to both develop teacher's knowledge of how to use digitial mathematics assignments and to develop already existing programs to facilitate a more formative teaching. / Skolans digitalisering har lett till att lärare allt mer använder digitala verktyg i matematikundervisningen. Användningen av digitala verktyg är dock lägst i jämförelse med övriga ämnen. Lärarnas pedagogiska medvetenhet och deras kunskap om digitala verktyg påverkar hur de digitala verktygen används för formativ återkoppling. I studien har 9 lärare som arbetar i årskurs 4–6 från tre olika skolor intervjuats. Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka hur lärare upplever återkopplingen och hur återkopplingen påverkas vid elevarbete med digitala matematikuppgifter. Syftet var även att lyfta fram fördelar och nackdelar som lärarna upplever med digitala matematikuppgifter. För att undersöka detta analyserades data utifrån återkopplingsteorin The Power Of Feedback (Hattie & Timperley, 2007). Resultatet visar att digitala matematikuppgifter både anses ha fördelar och nackdelar för återkoppling som bidrar till elevernas kunskapsutveckling. Detta påverkas dels av lärarens val av uppgifter samt hur aktivt lärarna arbetar för att eleverna ska få återkoppling. Det framgår även att det finns ett behov av att utveckla både lärares kunskap om användningen av digitala matematikuppgifter och de redan befintliga programmen för att möjliggöra en mer formativ undervisning.

Many students have problems learning stoichiometry, a complex mathematical chemistry concept used to determine how much product will be produced or formed from a given quantity of reactants. The problem addressed in this study was teachers' lack of understanding of how to teach stoichiometry in a Midwestern urban school district. The conceptual framework of the study was based upon constructivist theory. A qualitative narrative approach was used to obtain the perceptions of 5 high school chemistry instructors related to their experiences, successful or unsuccessful, in teaching stoichiometry to students in Grades 10 and 11. Data were gathered through face-to-face interviews, which were analyzed via an inductive approach to reveal 6 themes: a difficult subject to teach, presentation of stoichiometry, relevancy, students' reactions, barriers, and gender differences. Findings suggested the need for teachers to be knowledgeable, creative, and resourceful in their subject areas to help their students to learn stoichiometry. Findings also revealed the need for teachers to adapt their instructional strategies and modes of delivery to reflect their students' individual learning styles. Understanding how the participating teachers explained stoichiometry to their students might help other chemistry teachers to examine and adapt their own instructional styles and delivery methods of the concept. This understanding might, in term, help to improve student achievement in stoichiometry in particular and chemistry in general.

I den svenska förskolan har alla barn rätt till en likvärdig utbildning och att få sina behov tillgodosedda. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka erfarenheter förskollärare har av barn i behov av särkilt stöd och för hur de arbetar för att inte exkludera dessa barn. Frågeställningarna är: Vilka erfarenheter har förskollärare av barn i behov av särkilt stöd? Vilka erfarenheter har förskollärare om exkludering och inkludering av barn i behov av särkilt stöd? Metodiska ansatsen i denna studie har varit kvalitativ och empirin som samlats in var genom kvalitativa intervjuer. Resultatet visar att förskollärare är överens om att förskolans läroplan inte ger något stöd för hur de ska arbeta med barn i behov av särkilt stöd. Det framkommer i resultatet att förskollärare har en del erfarenheter, men att de inte har tillräcklig kompetens för hur de ska arbeta med barn i behov av särskilt stöd. Det framkommer även att förskollärarna får stöd av olika instanser, men på olika vis och att inkludering innebär en mer likvärdig och rättvis utbildning. Sammanfattningsvis är detta område övergripande stort och för att kunna möta barn i behov av särkilt stöd bör förskollärares kompetensutveckling öka.

The purpose of this master thesis has been to investigate how private economics is taught in social studies teaching for grades 4-6 through teachers' descriptions of personal finance as part of the social studies subject's civic education assignment. The purpose has also been to investigate how and in what way teachers use teaching materials in their teaching of personal finance. The selected research and literature for the degree project deal with the subject social studies and the civic education assignment, the curriculum and syllabus, social science didactic research and teaching of economics in general and personal finance in particular. Furthermore, research and literature on teachers' difficulties with the subject of personal finance and the use of teaching aids in the subject of social studies are also presented. Little research can be found regarding the teaching of personal finance, especially for younger ages such as grades 4–6, which strengthens the relevance of investigating the purpose of this master thesis.  The theoretical perspectives used as a starting point for analyzing the empirical work of the master thesis are Dewey's pragmatic perspective and Vygotsky's socio-cultural perspective. The survey was conducted using qualitative semi-structured interviews as a method. The survey involved six respondents, all of whom are active social studies teachers in grades 4-6. The results show that the respondents see a clear and important purpose of the teaching to enable the students to become responsible adult citizens who can make wise financial decisions. Furthermore, it appears from the results that teaching materials are common in the teaching of personal finance. The respondents mainly link the concept of personal finance with household or an individual's financial planning.  A conclusion that can be drawn from the results of this master thesis and the previous research is that even though personal finance teaching is a relatively new social science didactic research area, its relevance increases when research emphasizes the importance of teaching being a part of schools’ mission to succeed in their civic education. In step with this, personal finance is given more space in the syllabus for social studies, which is an important factor in the work with a school where students are given the right conditions for adult life.

Lärares villkor att ingå i skolutvecklingsprojekt är starkt kopplat till samhälls- och policyförändringar på makro- meso- och mikronivå. På mikronivå har ämneslärare i en särskild undervisningsgrupp ingått i ett forskningsutvecklingsarbete inom Språkutvecklande digitaliseringsarbete då det finns ett utvecklingsbehov inom dessa områden. I utbildningssammanhang och då det talas om lärares handlingskraft och attityder talas det om "agency" och kopplas till självförtroende, motivation, vilja, målmedvetenhet och kreativitet. Syftet med studien var att undersöka vad som är utmärkande för lärares erfarenheter samt vilka villkor och möjligheter ämneslärare i årskurs 6-9 upplever med att ingå i ett forskningsutvecklingsarbete på vetenskaplig grund. Studien genomfördes på fyra ämneslärare med avsikten att utifrån ett socialkonstruktivistisk förhållningssätt analysera vilka nyvunna insikter framträder i de sociala samspelen i foksugruppen. Analysen skedde via tematisk analys utifrån den induktiva metoden. Det som framträdde i analysen var teman kopplade till olika framträdande koder. Några nyckelfaktorer visade sig vara de pedagogiska samtalen, att växa tillsammans i en grupp, förmågan att kunna se det positiva och kontiniuitetens betydelse. Vidare ansågs det mer relevant att ingå i ett forksningsutvecklingsarbete skapat utifrån ett  "down-top" perspektiv. Motståndet bland informanterna visade sig vara kopplat till plötsliga förändringar som bestäms utifrån ett "top-down" perspektiv – där förutsägbarhet och tydlighet visades vara betydelsefullt för elever som ingår i en särskild undervisningsgrupp. Sammantaget visade studien att ingå i ett forskningsutvecklingsarbete med fokus på ett sociokulturellt perspektiv och heterarkier främjar kollegialt lärande som engagerar ämneslärare och bidrar till proffesionsutveckling både på individ och organisationsnivå. / Teachers' conditions to be included in school development projects are strongly linked to societal and policy changes at the macro, meso and micro level. On a micro level, subject teachers in a special teaching group have been involved in research development work within Language Development digitization work as there is a development need in these areas. In the context of education and when talking about teachers' power of action and attitudes, they talk about "agency" and it is linked to selfconfidence, motivation, will, determination and creativity. The purpose of the study was to investigate what is distinctive about subject teachers' experiences and what conditions and opportunities subject teachers in grades 6-9 experience with participating in research development work on a scientific basis. The study was carried out through a focus group of four subject teachers with the intention of analyzing, based on a social constructivist approach, which newly gained insights emerge in the social interactions in the focus group. The analysis took place via thematic analysis based on the inductive method. What emerged in the analysis were themes linked to various salient codes. Some key factors were shown to be the educational conversations, growing together in a group, the ability to see the positive and the importance of continuity. Furthermore, it was considered more relevant to be included in a project created from a "down-top" perspective. The resistance among the informants turned out to be linked to sudden changes that are determined from a "topdown" perspective - where predictability and clarity were shown to be significant for students who are part of a special teaching group. Overall, the study showed that being part of a school development project with a focus on a socio-cultural perspective as well as from heterarchies promotes collegial learning that engages subject teachers and contributes to professional development both at individual group and organizational level

本研究旨在探討團隊式、主從式、輪流式之合班教學類型其教師課堂經驗與幼兒課程經驗之內涵。本研究使用自編之「幼兒課程經驗記錄表」與「教師課堂經驗記錄表」進行結構式之觀察，觀察對象為台北市公立幼稚園「團隊式」、「主從式」、「輪流式」班級之教師及幼兒，各兩班；觀察時間從早上九點至下午四點，共18天，並於觀察結束後進行教師訪談。 分析結果發現，教師課堂經驗層面，(一)團隊式教師之合作方式以「共同主導」為主，工作內容以「教學相關內容」為主。而「共同討論」比例最高，深度亦是最深，「常規」管理之時間最少。(二)主從式教師合作方式以「一主一協」為主，除中午生活活動時段「獨自帶領」比例提升；工作內容以「教學相關內容」為主。(三)輪流式教師合作方式以「獨自帶領」為主，除中午生活活動時段以「共同主導」為主；工作內容以「照料幼兒」為主，由於獨自帶領比例高，因此「常規」比例最高。 幼兒課程經驗層面，(一)三種合班教學類型皆以「生活活動」比例最高，「學習活動」次之，「轉銜活動」最少。其中上午時段以「學習活動」為主，中午以「生活活動」為主。(二)「學習活動」以「團隊式」、「主從式」之比例最高；「生活活動」以「輪流式」比例最高；「轉銜活動」以「主從式」、「輪流式」比例最高。(三)下午時段，「團隊式」、「主從式」以「學習活動」為主，但主從式多為角落與各類遊戲活動；「輪流式」則以「生活活動」為主。(四)三種合班教學類型之共同參與者皆以「教師與同儕」為主；活動主導者皆以「教師主導」為主；目標明確度以「團隊式」最高。 本研究亦發現，(一)三種合班教學類型其個別指導比例皆偏低，其與研究者進班觀察時間有關。(二)「團隊式」、「主從式」教師間會交流資訊；影響教師參與專業成長活動因素為教師時間與體力、研習內容等。(三)教師兼任行政工作之影響為中斷教學、增加教師負擔、提升教師獨自帶領比例等。(四)公幼並非完全無注音教學，原因為幼小銜接、因應家長需求。(五)自然科學比例較低，美術活動多為繪畫，素材多為彩色筆、蠟筆，缺乏多元性。 最後根據以上之結論，研究者針對幼稚園教師、幼稚園所、教育行政機關及後續研究提出建議。 關鍵字：合作教學、教學類型、課堂經驗、課程經驗、幼稚園 / The main purpose of this study is to discuss teachers' experiences and young children's experienced curriculum in three co-teaching types of classrooms, including “team work type”, “teach- assist type”, and “ rotation type”. This study uses “children's experienced curriculum record” and “teachers' experiences in the classroom record” to do the structural observation. Researcher observed three co-teaching types of classrooms choosing from Taipei city public kindergartens, two classrooms for each co-teaching type, totally six classrooms, from 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m., totally 18 days, and interviewed teachers after observation. Following are the results of this study: First, on the part of teachers' experiences, (A) The primary cooperation way of team work type is “leading together”, and the primary work of team work type is about teaching. Besides, the percentage of discussion is the most, and the classroom- rule management is the least. (B) The primary cooperation way of teach- assist type is “one teach and one assist”, but the percentage of “leading alone” is increased only in the period of noon, and the primary work is about teaching. (C) The primary cooperation way of rotation type is “leading alone”, the percentage of “leading together” is increased only at the time of daily routine in the period of noon, and the primary work is about taking care of children. Besides, the percentage of classroom- rule management is the most. Second , on the part of children's experienced curriculum, (A) In all three types of co-teaching, “daily routine ” has the highest percentage of the context of curriculum, the “learning time” has the second most percentage, and the “transition time” has the least. And the primary activity in the period of morning is “learning”, while the primary activity in the period of noon is “daily routine ”. (B) “Learning time” in the team work type and teach-assist type classrooms is the most, and the “ rotation type” classrooms have the most “daily routine ” time. The teach-assist type and “rotation type” classrooms have the most percentage of “transition time” (C) In the period of afternoon, the primary activity in the team work type and teach- assist type classrooms is “learning time”, but teach- assist type classrooms have more learning corner and play time. And the primary activity in the “rotation type” classrooms is “daily routine ”. (D) The co-participants in all three types of co-teaching classrooms are teachers and peers, and teachers are the main leaders in the activities. And the goal of team work type is most explicit. This study also found, (A) The reason that the percentage of “individual instruction” in the three types of co-teaching classrooms is low, is because of the researcher’s observation time. (B) Teachers belong to team work type and teach-assist type usually exchange information. The factors affect teachers on attending professional development activities are their time, energy, and training programs. (C) The effects that teachers participate in administrative works are interrupting teaching, increasing teachers’ burden, and the percentage of “leading alone”. (D) Owing to the demand of transition from kindergarten to primary school, and the expectations of parents, there still be Chinese phonetic symbol teaching in public kindergartens. (E) The percentage of science curriculum is low. The art activities are mainly drawing, and the materials of art are mostly crayons or color pens, which are lack of varieties. On the basis of the results, this study proposes some suggestions for kindergarten managers, administrations, teachers, and researchers. Key words: co-teaching, teaching type, teachers' experiences, young children's experienced curriculum, kindergarten