La thèse s’intéresse aux sanctions prises par des exécutifs internationaux et qui ont pour cibles des personnes physiques ou morales :gels et confiscations d’avoirs, interdictions de voyager, amendes et même inscriptions sur des listes à caractère infâmant. La licéité de ces sanctions est examinée à l’aune des règles du droit international qui leur sont applicables :d’une part, les règles de procédure et, de l’autre, le droit international des droits de l’homme. <p><p>L’analyse permet d’identifier deux types de sanctions illicites :<p><p>1°) Le premier type comprend les sanctions qui sont pénales et qui, par ailleurs, répriment de graves infractions. Ces sanctions devraient être imposées par des juges et non par des organes politiques ce que sont les exécutifs internationaux qui les infligent. <p><p>2°) Le second type de sanctions illicites regroupent les sanctions dépourvues de recours au sens du droit international des droits de l’homme. Les personnes affectées par ces sanctions devraient pouvoir en contester le bien-fondé devant un organe indépendant et impartial. <p><p>Il n’existe, par ailleurs, aucune circonstance de nature à exclure l’illicéité de l’un ou l’autre de ces deux types de sanctions. Ces sanctions, dès lors, n’ont aucun caractère contraignant. Qui plus est, les Etats se trouvent mis dans l’obligation de ne pas y donner suite. <p><p>Les sanctions qui n’appartiennent à aucun de ces deux types sont, en principe, licites.<p><p><p>Abstract :<p><p>The thesis concerns the sanctions taken by international executives and which targets individuals and legal entities: freeze and confiscation of assets, ban on travels, fine and even inscription on dishonourable lists. The legality of the sanctions is checked in relation to the international rules which are applicable to the sanctions: firstly, rules of procedure and, secondly, human rights. <p><p>This work concludes to the existence of two types of wrongful sanctions:<p><p>1°) the first type groups together the sanctions which are penal and, moreover, punish serious offenses. These sanctions should be decided by judges and not by political organs like international executives. <p><p>2°) the second type of wrongful sanctions contains those without recourse complying with human rights. The persons targeted by these sanctions should be able to contest them before an independent and impartial organ. <p><p>In addition, there are no circumstances precluding wrongfulness of these two types of sanctions. So, these sanctions are not binding and the States are under obligation not to apply them. <p><p>The other sanctions which do not belong to one of these two types of sanctions are, in theory, legal. <p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences juridiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The purpose of this study was to examine constructions within the Swedish legal system of the plaintiff and the defendant in court cases involving domestic violence. Nils Christies theory of the ideal victim in addition with Strobls criterions was used as theoretical framework. The methodological approach of this study belongs to the critical linguistics. The analysis contained both freeing sentences and convictions during 2016 in Gothenburg's District Court. The result revealed that different types of constructions were present in the material, both regarding the plaintiff and the defendant. It is our belief that in the convicted cases the woman is being described as more fearful and subdued. The cases where the defendant was found guilty contained more vivid descriptions of the violence and the women’s fear. We could see that the plaintiffs response to the violence seemed to be of great importance. The less resistance the better. The analysis also revealed signs of variation in the court´s ruling between similar cases. This with regard to what extent the woman cooperated during the legal process. / Den här studien hade som syfte att undersöka tingsrättens olika framställningar av målsägande och åtalade under rättsprocesser rörande grov kvinnofridskränkning. Som teoretisk ram användes Christies teori om det ideala offret, tillsammans med Strobls tilläggskriterier. Friande och fällande domar från Göteborgs tingsrätt från år 2016, rörande grov kvinnofridskränkning, analyserades med hjälp av kritisk lingvistik. Resultatet visade att det förekom olika konstruktioner av både målsägande och åtalad i materialet. I de fällande domarna framställdes målsäganden som betydligt mer rädd och kuvad i jämförelse med i de friande domarna. Rädslan hos målsäganden beskrevs överlag i ett mer målande språk i de fällande domarna. Målsägandens respons på våldet verkade också vara av vikt. Det framkom även stor variation i hur tingsrätten dömde i de fall där kvinnans medverkan under rättsprocessen inte var klanderfri. Med utgångspunkt i detta så kan rättssäkerheten ifrågasättas vid rättsfall rörande grov kvinnofridskränkning.

This thesis analyses police officers' work with internal control of foreigners through a discussion of, among other things, the nation-state, rule of law ideals as well as the police profession and the conditions surrounding that profession. Internal control of foreigners, practised by police officers has two main aims: to control migration and to fight crime amongst people unauthorised to reside in the country. There has been a demand for increased efficiency in the internal control of foreigners, since Sweden joined the Schengen agreement. Police officers are now expected to be observant in all their work carried out, of the possibility that people they encounter are in the country without permission. The authors have accompanied police officers in Malmö and Stockholm in their work. They have also studied cases in the legal system and of the special board that handles cases of offences made by police officers. The authors discuss the importance of different factors to the police work on internal control of foreigners. Certain factors are more important than others and there is an interplay and reinforcement of some of these: the political and historical context, the discretion of the police, grey areas in the rules, the work tools of the police as well as inspection possibilities. A state of tension can be identified between the ideals of the nation-state and rule of law ideals. Several factors interplay to create a potential for and an apparent risk of ethnic discrimination in the police work on the internal control of foreigners. This study shows that the prerequisites necessary to perform the control efficiently, unerringly and with proper discretion are lacking. Police officers are put to the almost impossible task of determining who is in the country without permission.

This thesis aims to broaden the discussion about the origins of some of the fundamental theoretical sources for Hayek’s ideas regarding freedom and the state. It focuses on the debates between the Austrian School of Economics and the German Historical School of Economics, as well as the works of Popper, Mill, Humboldt and Hegel in order to identify their positive and negative influences on Hayek’s views of freedom and the state. The originality of the thesis relates to the examination of Humboldt’s political philosophy in terms of its influence over the formation of the components of Hayek’s account of freedom, such as spontaneous order, the rule of law, the role of the state, and the nature of human knowledge. These components have assisted in Hayek’s efforts to prove the superiority of open societies over totalitarian regimes. The thesis explains that Hayek’s intellectual collaboration with Popper played a significant role in identifying many enemies of open societies. Both theorists agreed that historicism was a method commonly used and promoted by the enemies of open society; specifically, they accused Hegel of promoting historicism and, as a result, of being an enemy of open societies. However, this thesis disputes these accusations and argues that Popper and Hayek did not possess adequate knowledge of Hegel’s theoretical work to make such claims. In actuality, Hegel was not an enemy of open societies, he recognized the potential devastating outcomes associated with them and sought solutions. The thesis also explores the idea that Mill was also worried about the detrimental features of industrial capitalism and, as a result, attributed a prominent role to “state activity” in securing the conditions of positive freedom. Hayek, meanwhile, viewed such forms of state interference as obstacles to attaining freedom. This thesis examines the topic whether or not Hayek actually sought to formulate a genuine form of freedom or if he merely valued freedom as a tool for the promotion of open societies over centrally planned economies.

La question de l’Etat de droit se pose de plus en plus avec beaucoup d’acuité en Afrique en général et en Afrique de l’ouest en particulier. Le déficit observable d’Etat de droit dans certains pays de cette sous région, est une des causes fondamentales de situations de belligérance et de crise avec leurs conséquences dramatiques : violation des droits de l’homme, désinstitutionnalisation, refus d’alternance démocratique, impunité, pauvreté, insécurité etc.La Côte d’Ivoire, la Mauritanie, le Liberia et la Sierra Léone n’échappent pas à ce constat. Ces pays se caractérisent par des situations particulières au regard des crises qu’ils connaissent et ont connu, ainsi que par des enjeux communs dans la longue et difficile quête de l’établissement de l’Etat de droit.Ce processus, émaillé d’obstacles majeurs, donne naissance à une production normative réelle avec les interventions combinées des communautés sous régionales, panafricaine et internationale. Et pour autant, des « conflits de normativité » ne sont pas à exclure. D’où la nécessité d’envisager des perspectives d’harmonisation normative dans les dynamiques de gestion et de règlement des crises, en vue d’établir l’Etat de droit en Afrique de l’ouest. / The question of the Rule of law arises more and more with much acuity in Africa in general and in West Africa in particular. The observable deficit of Rule of law in certain countries of this region is one of the root causes of belligerence and crisis with dramatic consequences: violation of Human rights, desinstitutionalization, refusal of democratic alternation, impunity, poverty, insecurity, etc…Côte d’Ivoire, Mauritania, Liberia, and Sierra Leone are not immune to this. These countries are characterized by particular situations in the light of the crisis they encounter and have encountered, as well as common issues in the long and difficult quest for the establishment of the Rule of Law. This process, with major obstacles, gives rise to a real normative production with the combined intervention of the regional, pan African and international communities. And provided, the “conflict of norms” are not to be excluded. Hence the need to consider prospects for resolving crises, to establish the Rule of law in West Africa.

Le thème de l’Etat de droit connaît depuis les années quatre-vingt une grande fortune. Aucun Etat ne peut aujourd’hui bénéficier d’un minimum de respectabilité internationale s’il ne se déclare expressément être un Etat de droit. Il est désormais admis en Afrique subsaharienne et au Bénin que l’Etat ne peut fonctionner uniquement par la violence au nom du développement. Les constituants et les populations décident alors de passer d’un pouvoir arbitraire auquel tout est permis à un Etat qui accepte d’être limité par le droit et de le respecter, un Etat de droit.Par sa Conférence nationale tenue à Cotonou du 19 au 28 février 1990 et l’adoption de sa nouvelle Constitution le 11 décembre 1990, le Bénin adhère à l’idéal de l’Etat de droit avec la « juridictionnalisation » de la sphère politique par la Cour constitutionnelle dont la saisine est ouverte à tous les citoyens. Cette thèse fait l’inventaire de la concrétisation de l’Etat de droit au Bénin et en constate la délicatesse. La justice et la primauté du droit ne sont que relativement effectives. Le patrimonialisme et la corruption perdurent. / The theme of Rule of Law has been particularly popular since the 80’s. No State can be internationally respected nowadays if it does not expressly declare itself to practice a Rule of Law. It is now admitted in sub-Saharan Africa and in Benin that the State can no longer function only through violence in the name of development. The constituents and populations decided to go from an arbitrary power where everything is permitted to a State that agrees to be limited by the law and to respect it, in other words, a Rule of Law.Benin has proven its adherence to the idea of Rule of law since its National Conference held in Cotonou from 19 to 28 february 1990 and the adoption of its new Constitution on 11 december 1990, followed by the “jurisdictionalisation” of the political sphere through the creation of the Constitutional Court that every citizen can refer to. This thesis presents the history of the consolidation of the Rule of Law in Benin and points out its weaknesses. The Justice and Rule of Law are only relatively effective. Patrimonialism and corruption prevail.

No description available.

This study investigated whether EU Progress Reports measured the Copenhagen political criteria in a biased manner compared to independent indices. At stake is the credibility of the EU accession process and whether countries in the Western Balkans will seek partnerships with the EU or state-actors beyond the European peninsula. This is a case study of how well Albania and North Macedonia fared regarding the political criteria during 2014 and 2017. Each country was ranked against one another in order to find potential discrepancies between measurements from Progress Reports and independent indices. This paper did find evidence that suggests the European Commission disfavored North Macedonia and favored Albania. However, other results were inconclusive. The finding supported accession literature that has called into question the objectivity of the EU accession process.

No description available.

Entrepreneurship is often linked to some of the most compelling economic and social issues of our time and can therefore be emphasised as essential and relevant. This thesis puts entrepreneurial behaviour in the spotlight and adopts the theoretical lens that enterprises may act as rent-seekers, striving to influence the distribution of income and wealth at the political level for their personal benefit. Because the resources expended on political influence can be seen as non-productive, this entrepreneurial behaviour harms innovation, competitiveness, and the economy as a whole. This work is based on two case studies from two institutionally, politically and socially different contexts and aims to understand the rent-seeking behaviour of enterprises under conditions of governance. Accordingly, cases of Anaklia Deep Sea Port in Georgia and Nord Stream 2 in Germany are brought up for further scrutiny and analysis. The study emphasises the relevance of entrepreneurship as a contextual phenomenon and concludes that governance conditions of a country can have different influences on the rent-seeking behaviour of enterprises. Moreover, this study develops a conceptual generalisation and provides opportunities for further studies.