Te aim of the research dissertation thesis is to introduce transactional analysis as a practi- cal tool applicable for efective communication with clients in low-threshold addictology services. Te main objective is the discovery of ego-states that clients use in communication with employees, determining the representation of individual ego-states at both client and employee side. A partial goal is to observe the methods of communication with the client, which lead to the provision of services in the framework of Adult to Adult transactions. Te output usable in real life is a manual of communication between employees and clients using principles of transaction analysis. Te research group consists of 88 observed, recorded and evaluated interviews between employees and clients of the low-threshold addictology service Drop In Prevention and Treatment of Drug Addiction Center, specifcally in the Drop In Low-threshold Center. Tey were active users of illegal addictive substances who have requested some service from the spectrum of harm reduction services at the time of the research. Te thesis uses qualitative research in the form of text and word analysis used in the com- munication of clients and employees in the Drop In Low-threshold Center with the aim of capturing the usual communication...

This study intends to examine the psychotherapist`s experience of videotherapy and therapeutic relation and alliance in videotherapy. Earlier studies show that videotherapy is a positive contribution to healthcare systems and increases accessibility for patients, but there are technical issues and limitations in non-verbal communication. The therapeutic alliance between patient and therapist is not negatively affected. The experience of the patient tends to be more positive than the experience of the therapist. This study´s approach is qualitative and inductive. Data are obtained from interviews with five licensed psychotherapists. The study shows that videotherapy is a good flexible alternative, but therapist attitude towards it, varies. A good therapeutic relation and alliance is possible and depends on both patient and therapist factors, though the quality is deepened in face-to-face sessions. The psychotherapists describe that some therapeutic interventions need to be modified and amplified, due to the unique settings.

No description available.

Bakgrund: Psykiatrisjuksköterskan behöver ta hänsyn till olika aspekter i sitt värv, alltifrån Sveriges lagar till rådande normer på avdelningen. Informellt tvång som enligt tidigare forskning är ett kulturellt fenomen i psykiatri då personal med påtryckningar försöker få patienten att följa vårdarnas upplägg - inte sällan mot sin vilja. Bärande begrepp: Första begreppet är makt, vilket ger vidare förståelse för mekanismerna bakom vårdens etik. Det andra bärande begreppet är vårdrelation. Syfte: Belysa före detta patienters upplevelse av informellt tvång i psykiatrisk heldygnsvård och dess påverkan på vårdrelationen. Metod: Fallstudie med semistrukturerad intervjuguide utfördes med tre informanter. Intervjuerna transkriberades och pseudonymiserades. Narrativ analys utfördes på intervjuerna. Resultat: Informanternas upplevelser sätts i ett narrativ som börjar vid ankomst till vårdavdelningen och intrycket av att hamna i en onaturlig värld. Vidare skildras händelserna kring vårdens innehåll där känsla av vanmakt dominerar. I slutet reflekterar informanterna kring känslan, förväntningar inför framtida vård och vårdrelationen. Slutsats: Genom att analysera informellt tvång ur ett maktperspektiv kan etiken bakom fenomenet synliggöras. Med psykiatrisjuksköterskans interpersonella kompetens kan hen i det kliniska arbetet med den terapeutiska relationen verka för att minska informellt tvång och därmed maktobalansen och således möjliggöra den goda vården. / Background: The psychiatric nurse has to consider many different aspects while working, from Swedish laws to existing norms in the ward. Informal coercion is according to research a cultural phenomenon in psychiatric inpatient care where nursing staff use pressure techniques to get the patient to comply, often against the patient’s will. Key concepts: Key concepts are used within this paper. The first key concept is power, where we can gain more understanding of the mechanisms of caring ethics. The caring relationship is the other key concept in this paper. Aim: To enlighten former inpatients’ experience of informal coercion and its impact on the caring relationship. Method: A case study using a semi-structured interview guide was performed with three interviewees. The interviews were transcribed and pseudonymized. Narrative analysis was performed on the interviews. Results: The informants' experiences are put in a narrative and start with arrival at the ward and the feeling of entering an unnatural setting. Later the depictions revolve around the content of the given care which evoked feelings of powerlessness. At the end of the narrative the informants describe feelings, expectations of future care and the caring relationship. Conclusion: By viewing informal coercion as a form of excursion of power one can unravel the ethics behind the phenomena. Using the psychiatric nurse's interpersonal competence, she can in the clinical work with the therapeutic relationship strive to reduce informal coercion and thus the imbalance of power and thereby enable the good care.

No description available.

Bakgrund: Självskadebeteende kopplas ofta ihop med psykiatriska tillstånd så som depression och ångestsyndrom och en vanlig uppfattning är att syftet med beteendet är suicidalt. Självskada används ofta som en strategi för att reglera negativa känslor. Patienter med självskadebeteende kan behöva insatser från olika nivåer och områden inom hälso- och sjukvården Det finns stigmatisering av patienter med självskadebeteende inom vården och samhället. Ett dåligt bemötande inom vården kan minska patientens självkänsla, tillit till vården samt leda till att patienten blir mindre benägen att söka vård i framtiden. Sjuksköterskan har en central roll i omvårdnaden av patienter med självskadebeteende, genom att lyssna, skapa sig förståelse samt identifiera behov. Syfte: ​​Syftet var att belysa sjuksköterskans erfarenheter vid omvårdnad av patienter med självskadebeteende.​ Metod: Metoden var en litteraturöversikt i enlighet med Fribergs metodbeskrivning. Sökningar genomfördes i databaserna Cinahl Complete och PubMed. Tio kvalitativa vetenskapliga originalartiklar valdes ut. Artiklarna analyserades ​för att identifiera likheter och skillnader. Resultat: ​Kunskap om självskadebeteende samt kommunikationsstrategier efterlystes av sjuksköterskor. Flera sjuksköterskor upplevde bristande förmåga att ge omvårdnad till patienter med självskadebeteenden. Vårdrelationen lyftes som central i omvårdnaden av denna patientgrupp och sjuksköterskans bemötande. Förmågan att lyssna och få patienten att känna sig hörd ingick i sjuksköterskornas omvårdnadsarbete. Ytterligare aspekter av omvårdnaden var sjuksköterskans attityder och dessa ansågs kunna ändras med hjälp av ökad kunskap. Resultatet visade även att en del i omvårdnaden av patienter med självskadebeteende var att hindra patienten från att självskada, sköta om fysiska skador samt att göra olika typer av riskbedömningar. Omvårdnaden inom akutmiljöer beskrevs som utmanande då ett stort fokus låg på snabb somatisk vård samt att det var svårt att förse patienterna med en lugn miljö. Slutsats: ​​Det finns en osäkerhet hos sjuksköterskor kring vårdandet av patienter med självskadebeteende och mer kunskap efterfrågas. Den akuta vårdmiljöns brist på tid och resurser försvårar omvårdnaden av patienter med självskadebeteende. Vårdrelationen och kommunikationen mellan sjuksköterska och patient är centralt för en personcentrerad omvårdnad. Sjuksköterskor anser även att en viktig aspekt av omvårdnaden är bemötande och attityder där ett empatiskt, icke dömande och in lyssnande förhållningssätt är fördelaktigt. / Background: Self-injurious behavior is often linked with psychiatric conditions such as depression and a common perception is that the aim is suicide. Self-injury is often used as a strategy to regulate negative emotions. People with self-harming behavior may need interventions from different levels and areas within the health care system. There is stigmatization of patients with self-harming behavior, both within healthcare and society. Poor treatment in care can reduce the patient's self-esteem, trust in care and lead to the patient being less inclined to seek care in the future. The nurse has a central role in the care of patients with self-harming behavior, by listening, understanding and identifying needs. Aim: Nurses experiences of caring for patients with self-injurious behaviour Method: ​​The method used was a literature review following Friberg‘s methodological framework. Searches were conducted in the databases Cinahl Complete and PubMed. Ten qualitative original scientific articles were selected. The articles were analyzed  to identify similarities and differences.​ Results: Knowledge of self-injurious behavior and communication strategies were requested by nurses. Several nurses experienced a lack of ability to provide nursing care to patients with self-harming behaviors. The nursing relationship was highlighted as central in the care of this patient group, and the nurse's approach, ability to listen, and making the patient feel heard were integral aspects of nursing care. Other aspects of nursing care included nurse's attitudes, which were believed to be changeable through increased knowledge. The results also showed that an important part of the nursing care of patients with self-harming behavior was to prevent the patient from self-harming, caring for physical injuries and making different types of risk assessments. Nursing care in emergency settings was described as challenging as there was a large focus on rapid somatic care and it was difficult to provide patients with a calm environment.​ Conclusions: ​​Nurses express uncertanty regarding the care of patients with self- harming behavior and there is a demand for increased knowledge. The lack of time and resources in emergency departments complicates the care for patients with self-injurious behavior. The relationship and communication between the nurse and patient is central to person-centered care. Nurses also believe that a crucial aspect of care involves attitudes approaches, emphasizing the importance an empathic, non- judgemental and attentive demeanor.

Text in Afrikaans / The research was directed at setting up guidelines for the counsellor dealing with the adolescent in a multicultural environment. The supposition of the study was that the adolescent in a multicultural environment should be treated by the counsellor with cultural empathy, understanding and insight. This process should be free from stereotyping and prejudice. Guidelines were set up using a combination of Gestalt philosophical principles, existing literature and semi-structured interviews with cultural therapy experts. For the purpose of this study Thomas and Rothman's intervention research model was applied. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to gain information on the adolescent in therapy, which was combined with information found in literature in order to set up guidelines for counsellors. The researcher concludes that the counsellor dealing with the adolescent in a multicultural environment, has to possess sufficient cultural knowledge, cultural efficiency and cultural empathy to achieve a successful theurapeutic outcome. Guidelines for the counsellor who works with adolescents in a multicultural environment were set up successfully to bridge the current lack of knowledge in the field. / Social Work / M. Diac (Play Therapy)

Movement intervention in a Gestalt therapeutic setting using structured activities and free improvisation is a successful method in creating awareness of contact-making styles for late adolescents. An overview of the existing literature regarding the theoretical aspects of the interrelatedness of movement therapy, awareness, contact-making styles and the use of movement as a therapeutic intervention within a Gestalt context was presented. This included a description of the meta-theoretical assumptions that underpinned the research. A case-study consisting of eight late-adolescent females using the exploratory and descriptive nature within the qualitative research model was applied. All participants reported growth and awareness within themselves. The researcher concludes that movement intervention within a Gestalt therapeutic context can support an approach that adapts itself to the developmental phase of the individual and is a creative way of maintaining interest and focus. / Social Work / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)

Text in Afrikaans / In this study the researcher explored and described the use of Gestalt play therapy with specific focus on self-support with the child in middle childhood years. A literature study was undertaken to examine the concepts of child, Gestalt play therapy, self-support and the play therapy process. This literature study forms the theoretical frame in which this study was done. After the completion of the literature study, the empirical study was conducted. The researcher made use of unstructured interviews within a intrinsic single case study in order to compile research data. During the empirical study ten therapy sessions were conducted with the participant which was explored within the framework of qualitative research methodology. The researcher was able to use ample Gestalt play therapy concepts and principles during the description of the case study in order to explore self-support within the child during middle childhood. These concepts and principles will be discussed in depth within this study. / Social Work / M.Diac. (Spelterapie-rigting)

Registered nurses are exposed to the risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and contracting the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Qualitative phenomenological research was conducted to explore registered nurses' experiences of working in such a high-risk environment and how their experiences influence the therapeutic relationship. A sample of registered nurses who care for HIV-infected persons or persons who suffer from AIDS was purposefully selected. Focus group interviews were conducted. Qualitative data analysis was performed. Frankl's theory of meaning of life served as a theoretical foundation for interpreting the research findings. The research results revealed that registered nurses experience existential frustration due to the intentional and unintentional risks that they are exposed to. This negatively impacts upon their ability to maintain a healthy therapeutic relationship with patients. However, evidence was obtained indicating that some factors support their quest for finding meaning in life in the workplace. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)