This thesis presents a quantitative study of trust in the police amongst first and second-generation immigrants in Sweden. Previous research suggests that the most socio-economically vulnerable groups in society trust the police the least. People with immigrant backgrounds tend to a larger extent belong to these groups. Yet, few studies have examined trust in the police amongst immigrants within a Swedish context. The aim of this study is divided into two parts. Firstly, the study aims to examine if there are differences in trust in the police between first and second-generation immigrants, and the majority population of Sweden. Secondly, there is an attempt to explain any differences found using the procedural justice model and performance theory. Using data from the European Social Survey (n = 1497), a series of regression analyses are performed to first examine differences between the groups, and then examine whether perceptions of procedural justice and police performance have a mediating effect on first and second-generation immigrants' trust in the police. The findings suggest that first generation immigrants report slightly higher trust in the police, while second generation immigrants report lower levels of trust. Further, perceptions of procedural justice do not mediate trust in the police amongst those with immigrant backgrounds. However, perceptions of police performance mediate both first and second-generation immigrants’ trust in the police, but in opposite directions. The thesis is concluded with a discussion about key findings, limitations of the study and suggestions for future research.

Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka enhetschefers arbetssituation och vilka förutsättningar enhetschefer inom hemtjänst upplever sig ha för att utföra ett tillitsbaserat ledarskap. Fokus har legat på möjligheter och hinder vilket framgår av frågeställningarna. För att besvara frågeställningarna har sex enhetschefer inom hemtjänst intervjuats. Intervjuerna har utgått från en semistrukturerad intervjuguide. Intervjuerna har därefter transkriberats och analyserats enligt tematisk metod. Tidigare forskning om tillitsbaserat ledarskap och chefers organisatoriska förutsättningar har legat som grund både vid insamlandet av empiri och vid analys och diskussion av resultatet. Resultatet har indikerat att enhetschefer arbetar under organisatoriska förhållanden som försvårar ett tillitsbaserat ledarskap enligt de definitioner om tillitsbaserat ledarskap som framkommit i tidigare forskning. Dessa förhållanden omfattar bland annat begränsat handlingsutrymme, detaljstyrning och stora arbetsgrupper. Vidare visade resultaten även att enhetscheferna strävar efter att arbeta med tillit gentemot sina medarbetare. Samtidigt som många verksamheter har en ambition att arbeta med tillitsbaserat ledarskap, är hemtjänsten fortsatt starkt influerad av New Public Managements principer, vilket försvårar implementeringen av ett tillitsbaserat ledarskap.

The purpose of this essay has been to investigate how the Trust Delegation constructs trust-based governance and leadership in the delegation's main report SOU 2018:47, and how this construction is reflected in municipal governance models. To answer the purpose of the essay, the main report and municipal governance models have been processed using a discourse methodological work process to then identify discourses that together construct trust-based governance and are reflected in the governance models. The discourses identified in the main report have then been analyzed from a governmentality perspective and Czarniawska's linguistic artifacts. The results show that the construction of trust-based governance and management is based on discourses about trust, the citizen, the leader, the employee, control, and dialogue. Of these discourses, dialogue is primarily reflected in all governance models, while the discourses about the citizen and the employee are present but to a lesser extent. The conclusion shows that trust-based governance, on the one hand, can be seen as a normative framework that shapes subjects, controls behavior, and forms an understanding of how governance and control are understood and exercised. On the other hand, it can be seen as an example of a management language that, through linguistic artifacts, creates a modernized version of New Public Management with trust as the new guiding principle.

År 2016 tillsatte regeringen med stöd av riksdagen en tillitsdelegation med syfte att reformera styrning och ledning av den svenska välfärden. Detta som ett svar på att den svenska välfärden under en längre tid hade detaljstyrts vilket gav ett begränsat utrymme till professionernas expertis. Tillitsbaserad styrning och ledning förordas sedan dess av staten, att införas brett inom kommuner och regioner, trots att det finns lite forskning om dess effekter. Forskare har den senaste tiden ifrågasatt reformens begriplighet och om den tillför något nytt. Syftet med studien var att få kunskap om hur enhetschefer inom vård och omsorg tolkar tillitsbaserat ledarskap samt om och hur enhetscheferna har anpassat sitt ledarskap efter införandet. Den här kvalitativa studien har undersökt forskningsfrågan med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer. Totalt sju enhetschefer inom vård och omsorg har intervjuats, där tillitsbaserat ledarskap har införts. Intervjuerna har sedan analyserats utifrån en fenomenografisk ansats. Det resultat som framkommer är att enhetscheferna gör sina egna tolkningar av tillitsbaserat ledarskap utifrån tidigare erfarenheter. Få eller inga anpassningar har gjorts i ledarskapet sedan tillitsbaserat ledarskap har införts i organisationen. Det framkommer att enhetscheferna saknar tydliga ramar kring det tillitsbaserade ledarskapet och strukturer för uppföljning vilket skapar en otydlighet kring ansvaret. Det framkommer att  enhetscheferna ökar kontrollen när de har mindre tillit till sina medarbetare och för att skapa tillit krävs förutsättningar för att kunna bygga relationer. Slutsatsen är att lite har förändrats i enhetschefernas sätt att leda samtidigt som införandet av tillitsbaserat ledarskap har skapat en otydlighet kring ledningen och styrningen. / In 2016, with the support of the Swedish Parliament, the government appointed a trust delegation with the aim of reforming the governance and management of Swedish welfare. This was in response to the fact that the Swedish welfare system had been micromanaged for a long time, leaving limited room for the expertise of the professions. Since then, trust-based governance and management has been recommended by the government to be introduced widely in municipalities and regions, although there is littler esearch on its effects. Researchers have recently questioned the comprehensibility of the reform and whether it adds anything new. The purpose of the study was to gain knowledge about how unit managers in health and social care interpret trust-based leadership and whether and how the unit managers have adapted their leadership after the introduction. This qualitative study has investigated the research question using qualitative interviews. Seven unit managers in health and social care have been interviewed, where trust-based leadership has been introduced. The interviews have then been analyzed based on a phenomenographic approach. The result that emerges is that the unit managers make their own interpretations of trust-based leadership based on previous experience. Few or no adjustments have been made in leadership since trust-based leadership has been introduced in the organization. It emerges that the unit managers lack a clear framework for trust-based leadership and structures for follow-up, which creates a lack of clarity regarding responsibility. It appears that the unit managers increase control when they have less trust in their employees, and to create trust, conditions for building relationships are required. The conclusion is that little has changed in the unit managers' way of leading at the same time as the introduction of trust-based leadership has created a lack of clarity about management and governance.

I en tid där skolor stängs ner för gott som en strategi för att möta utmaningar som exempelvis segregation inom västerländska skoldistrikt är det värt att reflektera över hur de påverkar barn och deras välbefinnande. Bakgrunden till uppsatsen bygger på ett större projekt av Flensner & Svensson (2023) kopplat till skolstängningar. I uppsatsen har projektets data från hösten 2021 använts. Metoden är kvantitativ och den upplevda känslan av trivsel, trygghet och tillit jämfördes mellan elever som bytt skola och de som inte bytt skola. Det var 1349 elever i åldrarna 10–15 år som deltog i undersökningen. Data från projektet analyserades med hjälp av Pearsons korrelationsanalys och ett oberoende t-test. Resultaten visade att trivsel, trygghet och tillit korrelerar positivt med varandra. Elever som svarade på enkäten och hade bytt skola trivdes i genomsnitt lika bra jämfört med de som inte hade bytt skola. Dessutom fanns en signifikant skillnad i upplevelsen av trygghet, där de som inte bytt skola kände sig tryggare. De som bytt skola upplevde en högre nivå av tillit. Eftersom många av de tillfrågade valde att inte svara skulle det kunna ha påverkat generaliserbarheten av resultatet. Diskussionen belyser skolstängningars effekt på elevernas upplevelse av trivsel, trygghet och tillit i skolan. / At a time when schools are being closed for good as a strategy to meet challenges such assegregation within Western school districts, it is worth reflecting on how they affect children and their well-being. The background to the essay is based on a larger project by Flensner & Svensson (2023) linked to school closures. In the essay, the project's data from autumn 2021 has been used. The method is quantitative, and the perceived sense of well-being, security, and trust was compared between students who changed schools and those who did not. There were 1,349 students aged 10–15 who participated in the survey. Data from the project were analyzed using Pearson's correlation analysis and an independent t-test. The results showed that well-being, security, and trust correlate positively with each other. Pupils who responded to the survey and had changed schools were on average just as happy compared to those who had not changed schools. In addition, there was a significant difference in the security experience, where those who did not change schools felt safer. Those who changed schools experienced a higher level of trust. As many of the respondents chose not to answer, this could affect the generalizability of the results. The discussion highlights the effect of school closures on students' experience of well-being, security, and trust in school.

In recent years, hybrid work has been increasingly common among office workers, leading this kind of team that is partly at the office and partly remote presents various challenges among managers.  The aim of this study is to explore managers’ experiences of leading hybrid teams and how it differs between selected sectors. The study seeks to identify whether they experience that they receive adequate support from the organization to develop their leadership skills in response to the rise of hybrid work. To meet the purpose of the study we have been interviewing thirteen managers and organizational leaders in the public sector and non-profit sector. The data was analyzed based on sociological theories of trust and reliability, relationships, communication challenges, and knowledge dissemination within the organization. These areas are explained in the light of i.e. Goffman, Collins, Bourdieu, and Ekman. The main conclusion of the study is that hybrid work and the leadership challenge it brings are not defined or recognized by the organization, making it difficult for both managers and the organizations to navigate the new hybrid reality in terms of leadership, support, and attitudes.

Titel: Hybridarbetet: Arbetsplatsen och platsen för arbetet - En kvalitativ studie av medarbetares upplevelser. Nivå: Examensarbete på grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi. Författare: Katarina Danielsson och Maja Mettävainio Handledare: Emilia Kvarnström Datum: 2024 – maj Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att skapa förståelse för hur medarbetare upplever hybridarbetet. Metod: Examensarbetet präglas av en kvalitativ metod bestående av semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta respondenter som har erfarenhet av hybridarbete under och efter Covid-19 pandemin. Samtliga intervjuer har transkriberats, kodats induktivt och därefter analyserats tematiskt innan empirin redovisats och diskuterats i uppsatsen. Resultat och slutsats: Tillit, förtroende och flexibilitet är de förutsättningar som krävs för att möjliggöra hybridarbetet, men organisationer och ledare erbjuder inte alltid förutsättningarna. Vidare bör kontroll, motstånd och ogenomtänkta kontorsytor avskaffas då de skapar låg tillfredsställelse. Följaktligen är platsen för arbetet inte längre av lika central betydelse. Vidare är småbarnsföräldrar den arbetsgrupp som mest fördelaktigt använder hybridarbetet. Examensarbetets bidrag: Uppsatsen visar de förutsättningar som efterfrågas av medarbetare samt vilka förutsättningar organisationer erbjuder; och hur det har en inverkan på balans och arbetstillfredsställelsen. Uppsatsen konstaterar även att hybridarbetet är signifikant för småbarnsföräldrar samtidigt som platsen för arbetet numera är mindre relevant. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Utföra samma studie med kvantitativ metod och större urval för att förtydliga sambandet mellan hybridarbete, arbetstillfredsställelse och Perceived Organizational Support. / Title: Hybrid work: The workplace and the place of work - A qualitative study of employee experiences. Level: Bachelor's degree thesis in the subject of business administration. Author: Katarina Danielsson and Maja Mettävainio Supervisor: Emilia Kvarnström Date: 2024 - May Aim: The aim of the thesis is to create an understanding of how employees experience hybrid work. Method: The thesis is characterized by a qualitative method consisting of semi-structured interviews with eight respondents who have experience of hybrid work during and after the Covid-19 pandemic. All interviews have been transcribed, coded inductively and then analyzed thematically before the empirical evidence is reported and discussed in the thesis. Results and conclusions: Trust and flexibility are the conditions required to enable hybrid work, but organizations and leaders do not always offer the conditions. Control, resistance and ill-conceived office spaces should be abolished as they create low satisfaction. Consequently, the location of the work is no longer of such central importance. Furthermore, parents of young children are the work group that benefits from hybrid work. Contribution of the thesis: The conditions demanded by employees as well as the conditions organizations tend to offer; and how it has an effect on balance and job satisfaction. The essay also states that hybrid work is significant for parents of young children, while the location of the work is of minor importance. Suggestions for future research: Conduct the same study with quantitative method and larger sample to clarify the relationship between hybrid work, job satisfaction and Perceived Organizational Support.

Forskning har visat på samband mellan mående och anknytningsstil efter avslutade kärleksrelationer. Personer som upplevt en avslutad kärleksrelation (N= 158) besvarade Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Attachment Style Questionnaire samt bakgrundsfrågor om den avslutade relationen. Respondenterna skattade signifikant högre på Ångest än normgruppen, och samtidigt signifikant högre på Distans, Sakorientering och Relationsfixering. I jämförelse med tryggt anknutna i studien skattade respondenter med undvikande och ambivalent anknytningsstil signifikant högre på Ångest. Respondenter med ambivalent anknytningsstil skattade även högre på Depression. Distans, Tillit, Bifallsbehov, Relationsfixering, vem som valt att avsluta relationen samt hur en respondent uppfattat relationen associerade signifikant till mående efter en avslutad kärleksrelation. Att undersöka ovan nämnda faktorer samt hur normer påverkar personers livssituation, kan ge värdefull information om vilken behandling personer med relationsproblematik kan bli hjälpt av. Compassion Focused Therapy kan vara en lämplig terapimetod för att öka förståelse för förväntningar kring relationer samt för anknytningens betydelse. / Research has shown a connection between mood and attachment style after the ending of romantic relationships. People who had experienced the end of a romantic relationship (N = 158) answered the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Attachment Style Questionnaire and questions about the terminated relationship. Respondents rated significantly higher on Anxiety than the norm group, and simultaneously significantly higher on Discomfort with relationship, Relationship as secondary and Preoccupation with relationship. In comparison to respondents with secure style of attachment, respondents with avoidant or ambivalent style of attachment rated significantly higher on Anxiety. Respondents with ambivalent attachment simultaneously rated higher on Depression. Discomfort with relationship, Confidence in self and others, Need for approval, Preoccupation with relationship, who decided to end the relationship and how the respondent felt about the relationship turned out to be significantly related to mood, following the ending of a romantic relationship. To investigate the factors mentioned above and how values affect the client's life situation, may provide valuable information about which treatment clients with relationship problems may be helped by. Compassion Focused Therapy may be an appropriate method to increase understanding of the expectations about relationships as well as the influence of attachment.

This study is about seven women’s organizations in Belgrade, Serbia and their relations to domestic and international donors during the period 2003-2006. My main research questions focus on their choices of either domestic or international cooperation partners. How and why did the women organize themselves? What factors were essential when selecting donors? In what ways were the organizations influenced by donors? Through interviews, with organization representatives’ concepts such as gift and reciprocity, power and dependency, trust and mistrust and collective identity emerged.  These concepts were used as points of departure for developing deeper understanding of women organizations’ choice of cooperation partners. The women organizations’ basically had two alternatives for cooperation: cooperation with foreign donors which offered funds, organizational development and social networks. Alternately, cooperation with local donors, which offered the equivalent except for the organizational development. Cooperation with the foreign donor has resulted in more professional attitudes to the work that have been desired by other international donors. A result is that they can compete with other women’s organizations’ for international funding. Cooperation with local donors has led to fewer resources but more independent working practices. For these women organizations’ independence was important so they choose partners who, they felt more respected this allowing them to write articles or discuss gender in the media with little external influence. Regardless of the chosen donor the reciprocity is embedded in the relation between the donor and the receiver of aid, which in various ways is beneficial for both parties.

Syftet med det här arbetet är att tydliggöra vad svenska fotbollsagenter gör samt redogöra hur legitimitet skapas i en bransch som kantas av kriminalitet och bristfällig transparens. Kvalitativa intervjuer har använts för att besvara de två forskningsfrågorna som lyder: Vad gör fotbollsagenter i Sverige och vad erbjuder de fotbollsspelare och fotbollsklubbar för tjänster? Samt, hur konstruerar fotbollsagenter legitimitet i en bransch med dåligt rykte? Respondenterna till studien är tagna från tre olika yrkesgrupper: tre fotbollsspelare, tre fotbollsagenter och tre sportchefer. Resultatet visar att fotbollsagenter i Sverige primärt jobbar med kontraktsförhandlingar, kontaktskapande, scouting och karriärrådgivning. Några agenter erbjöd även spelare möjligheten till extra träningspass, matchanalys och rehab. Utöver detta framkom det att det förekommer agenter i Sverige som arbetar med oetiska arbetsmetoder som exempelvis att muta spelare. När det kom till hur agenter konstruerar legitimitet handlar det huvudsakligen om att skapa tillit från andra aktörer i fotbollssverige. Detta görs främst genom att få externa godkännanden från andra aktörer inom fotbollen. Utöver detta handlade det om att följa den reglering som finns och hålla sig borta från allt som kan associeras med den mörkare sidan av agentbranschen. / The purpose of this thesis is to clarify what a football agent does in Sweden and describe how legitimacy is created in an industry that is associated with crime and a lack of transparency. Qualitative interviews have been used to answer the two main issues that follows: What do football agents do in Sweden and what services do they offer football players and football clubs? And how do football agents construct legitimacy in an industry with a bad reputation? The respondents were picked from three different professions: three footballers, three football agents and three sports directors. The result shows that football agents in Sweden mainly worked with contracts negotiation, professional contact creation, scouting and giving career advice. Some agents even offered their players the opportunity for extra training sessions, match analysis and rehabilitation. The result also shows that some agents in Sweden uses work methods that could be considered unethical, for example giving bribes to players. When it came to how agents constructed legitimacy, it was mainly about creating a trust between themselves and other actors in Swedish football. This was done mostly through gaining external approval from other actors in football. In addition, it was about following the regulations that exist and staying away from anything that can be associated with the shadier side of the football agent industry.