Submitted by Carolina Aguiar (carol_aguiar@terra.com.br) on 2016-08-01T12:12:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_CarolinaAguiar.pdf: 3322047 bytes, checksum: 97fb54948e2633d5394f65eb4f25eb1a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-05-29T14:53:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_CarolinaAguiar.pdf: 3322047 bytes, checksum: 97fb54948e2633d5394f65eb4f25eb1a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-29T14:53:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_CarolinaAguiar.pdf: 3322047 bytes, checksum: 97fb54948e2633d5394f65eb4f25eb1a (MD5) / FAPESB / A presente tese nasce da intenção de oferecer uma contribuição ao campo de estudo do comportamento humano nas organizações, mais especificamente das diferentes formas de vinculação do indivíduo com a organização na qual está inserido, tendo como ponto de partida o pressuposto de que tal comportamento não deve ser explicado exclusivamente com base em variáveis ocupacionais e organizacionais. Para tal, optou-se pela utilização de construtos oriundos do campo das interfaces entre o trabalho e a família, já que eles representam variáveis que não são exclusivas do ambiente de trabalho, mas também não são totalmente desvinculadas dele. Para a condução do estudo, dois vínculos organizacionais foram contemplados – o comprometimento e o entrincheiramento organizacional – sendo a sua escolha pautada na necessidade de continuidade de uma agenda de pesquisa que pretende melhor delimitar esses vínculos, tendo no estudo de seus antecedentes uma etapa importante e urgente. No campo das interfaces entre trabalho e família, dois construtos também foram contemplados: o conflito trabalho-família e a interface positiva entre trabalho e família. Trata-se de duas perspectivas antagônicas, mas não excludentes, de compreensão das formas como a combinação dessas duas esferas da vida pode ser percebida pelos indivíduos. Diante disso, a tese traçou como objetivo geral avaliar o potencial dos construtos relativos às duas perspectivas sobre a interface trabalho-família de contribuírem para ampliar a delimitação empírica entre os vínculos de comprometimento e entrincheiramento organizacional. Para alcançá-lo, entretanto, algumas etapas preliminares revelaram-se imprescindíveis, envolvendo a análise conceitual das interfaces entre trabalho e família e, ainda, a proposta de instrumentos de medida adequados para a população brasileira. Participaram do estudo um total de 646 trabalhadores de diferentes organizações e segmentos ocupacionais. Dois instrumentos de pesquisa foram utilizados: o primeiro deles foi composto por escalas relativas à interface positiva entre trabalho e família e respondido por 200 participantes com o objetivo de alcançar uma versão preliminar da medida a ser proposta. O segundo instrumento, aplicado nos demais 446 participantes, contemplou todos os construtos da pesquisa, contendo as escala de comprometimento organizacional, de entrincheiramento organizacional, do conflito e da interface positiva entre trabalho e família, além de medidas complementares como a escala de suporte organizacional e de adequação familiar e, ainda, de dados sócio-demográficos. Para as análises de validação, foram realizadas análises fatoriais exploratórias (método de extração PAF e rotação direct oblimin) e confirmatórias (através da modelagem por equações estruturais), além de observados os índices de consistência interna. Para as investigações envolvendo as relações entre as interfaces trabalho-família e os vínculos organizacionais, foram utilizadas análises descritivas, regressões lineares múltiplas (método Enter) e, ainda, análises de clusters. O trabalho obteve como principais resultados a proposta de medidas válidas e fidedignas para a mensuração do conflito e da interface positiva entre o trabalho e a família. Além disso, os resultados apontaram que as interfaces entre as duas esferas da vida foram capazes de predizer, de forma significativa, ambos os vínculos organizacionais, apresentando padrões de relações substancialmente distintos com cada um deles. Ademais, foi possível identificar que as interfaces entre o trabalho e a família desempenharam importante papel quando os dois vínculos foram considerados simultaneamente. Conclui-se, portanto, que, a presente tese foi capaz de contribuir de forma significativa com os dois campos de estudo nos quais está inserida, oferecendo evidências adicionais sobre os limites empíricos entre o comprometimento e o entrincheiramento organizacional, além de fortalecer a perspectiva de que os comportamentos humanos na organização devem ser compreendidos com base em variáveis internas e externas ao ambiente de trabalho. / The thesis intends to bring a contribution to the study of human behavior in the organizations, more specifically to the different manners individuals are bonded with the organization in which are inserted, assuming as starting point that behavior must not be exclusively explained based on occupational and organizational variables. With that purpose, this study utilized constructs originated in the work and family interface, once they represent variables not exclusively from the working environment, but also not entirely detached to them. Two organizational linkages served as pillars to the study – commitment and entrenchment – and they have been chosen due to the necessity of a study agenda intended to better delimit those linkages, as well as the urgency and importance of the investigation of their antecedents. In the work and family interface field of study, two constructs were also contemplated: the work-family conflict and the positive interface between work and family. They are opposite perspectives, but not excluding concepts, of understanding the ways the combinations of those two spheres of life may be realized by individuals. In this context, the thesis presents as general goal evaluating the potential of the constructs concerning both perspectives of work and family interface so it contributes to broadening the empiric delimitation between the linkages of organizational commitment and entrenchment. Nevertheless, in order to achieve it, specific preliminary steps are essential, which involve the conceptual analysis of work and family interface, as well as the proposal of adequate measuring instruments to the Brazilian population. The study comprised a total of 646 workers from different organizations and occupational sectors. Two research instruments were utilized: the first one was formed by scales regarding the positive work and family interface and was answered by 200 participants to achieve a preliminary version of the measures to be proposed. The second instrument, applied to the remaining 446 participants, comprised all constructs from the research, including the organizational commitment, organizational entrenchment and positive work and family interface scales, as well as complementary measures such as the organizational support scale, family adequacy and social-demographic data. For the validation analysis, the study performed exploratory (PAF extraction method and direct oblimin rotation) and confirmatory (via structural equations modeling) factorial analyses, as well as the verification of the internal consistency. For the investigation of the relation between work and family interface and organizational linkages, the study utilized descriptive analyses, multiple linear regressions (Enter method) and cluster analyses. The thesis obtained as main result the proposal of valid and reliable tools for measuring the conflict and the positive interface between work and family. Furthermore, the results indicated that the two spheres of life interface were capable of substantially predicting both organizational linkages, presenting relationship patterns considerably distinct from each of them. Moreover, it was possible to identify that the work and family interfaces perform an important role when two linkages were simultaneously considered. In conclusion, the thesis could significantly contribute with the two fields of study in which it is inserted, offering additional evidences about empirical limits between organizational commitment and entrenchment, along with strengthening the perspective that human behavior in the organizations must be understood based on internal and external variables to the work environment.

Submitted by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-12-16T18:16:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese. Karina Araújo. 2013.pdf: 1139255 bytes, checksum: db79657880bc4804261a241d43cae1bd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-12-16T18:17:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese. Karina Araújo. 2013.pdf: 1139255 bytes, checksum: db79657880bc4804261a241d43cae1bd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-16T18:17:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese. Karina Araújo. 2013.pdf: 1139255 bytes, checksum: db79657880bc4804261a241d43cae1bd (MD5) / Trabalho e família são domínios que concentram a maioria das relações sociais estabelecidas na vida adulta e a multiplicidade de papéis sociais desempenhados por mulheres e homens. O conflito trabalho-família, que emerge da incompatibilidade das demandas entre estas esferas, tem sido associado a efeitos deletérios à saúde, afetando de forma assimétrica mulheres e homens. Há escassez de estudos desta natureza no Brasil e a realização desta investigação com dados do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) pretendeu contribuir para o conhecimento sobre determinantes sociais da saúde de adultos brasileiros, sob a perspectiva de gênero. O objetivo foi analisar as associações entre conflito trabalho-família e excesso de peso corporal e ansiedade em mulheres e homens no Brasil. Foram utilizados dados da linha de base da coorte ELSA-Brasil, realizada entre 2008 e 2010, quando foram coletados entrevistas, medidas e exames clínicos. Foram escolhidas e incluídas nas análises variáveis relacionadas aos domínios do trabalho e da família. Foram realizadas análises psicométricas de itens para mensurar o construto conflito trabalho-família, além de modelos de regressão logística para testes de associação entre exposição e desfechos. As análises foram estratificadas por sexo. Gênero foi a categoria analítica que orientou as discussões dos resultados, que estão apresentados sob a forma de três artigos para publicação em revistas de circulação nacional e internacional. O primeiro artigo apresenta a análise de propriedades psicométricas dos itens para mensuração do conflito entre trabalho e família, cujos resultados foram aceitáveis e deram origem às variáveis de exposição dos demais artigos. No segundo artigo foi testada a hipótese de associação entre conflito trabalho-família-tempo para si e transtorno de ansiedade generalizada (TAG). Os resultados evidenciaram associação positiva entre a percepção de alto conflito trabalho-família-tempo para si e TAG, de maior magnitude entre as mulheres. No terceiro artigo realizou-se o teste da hipótese de associação entre tempo insuficiente para cuidado pessoal e lazer e o excesso de peso corporal. Evidenciou-se associação positiva entre tempo insuficiente para o cuidado pessoal e lazer e a ocorrência de sobrepeso e obesidade entre mulheres que referiram maior jornada semanal de trabalho profissional. A abordagem do conflito entre trabalho e família e sua relação com desfechos de saúde deve ser aprofundada em estudos futuros.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:53:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KadmaLSM_DISSERT_CAPA_A_PAG 55.pdf: 4418826 bytes, checksum: 1352411c9af22967fd6a7a925ca3aef7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-28 / The balance between the demands of two important spheres of human life, work and family, has become a challenge due to the pressures of the contemporary that is expanding around the difficulties of reconciling these two com?nios. In this sense, this research aimed to understand the work-family interaction in the perception of executive secretaries. The analysis approach used was qualitative research, by worrying about a reality that can not be quantified due to the subjectivity of his goal. The data collection technique used was the semistructured interview to twenty executive secretaries, servants of a Federal Institution of Higher Education. For the understanding and interpretation of the data, we used the technique of content analysis. The results of both analyzes identified the existence of conflict as enrichment in this interaction. The time was identified as the largest generator of conflict work. The overload, relationship stress and conflict emerged as elements common to both domains. As main implications of labor disputes, were revealed: problamas health for secretaries and stress. As main implications of family conflicts emerged: motivation for work, lower performance and lack of concentration. The attempt at balance was identified as the strategy most used by secretaries to minimize work-family conflict. The work-family enrichment was seen as resources that contribute to improving the lives of the secretary in both domains. The opportunity to add knowledge was highlighted as enriching element of work and family values ??as elements enriching family. The support and experience emerged as enrichment items common to both domains. Regarding the implications of enrichment resulting from the interaction of work and family, the more perceived by respondents were: increased knowledge and skills, material and psychological benefits, improved quality of life and personal and professional fulfillment. From the perception of executive secretaries, work and family spheres of human life are essential and complementary, and that help is contrary, however, this relationship is the primary management of conflicts, ie, how the individual sees and manages the negative side of the work-family / O equilibrio entre as demandas de duas esferas importantes da vida humana, o trabalho e a fam?lia, tornou-se um desafio em decorrencia das press?es do contempor?neo que vem ampliando as dificuldades em torno da concilia??o entre esses dois com?nios. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa objetivou compreender a intera??o trabalho-fam?lia na percep??o de secret?rios executivos. A abordagem de an?lise utilizada foi a pesquisa qualitativa, por preocupar-se com uma realidade que n?o pode ser quantificada devido ? subjetividade do seu objetivo. A t?cnica de coleta de dados utilizada foi a entrevista semiestruturada, aplicada a vinte secret?rios executivos, servidores de uma Institui??o Federal de Ensino Superior. Para a compreens?o e interpreta??o dos dados, foi utilizada a t?cnica de an?lise de conte?do. Os resultados das an?lises identificaram a existencia tanto de conflito quanto de enriquecimento nessa intera??o. O tempo foi identificado como o maior gerador de conflito do trabalho. A sobrecarga, o relacionamento e o estresse emergiram como elementos de conflito comuns aos dois dom?nios. Como principais implica??es dos conflitos de trabalho, foram revelados: problamas de sa?de para os secret?rios e estresse. Como principais implica??es dos conflitos da fam?lia, emergiram: desmotiva??o para o trabalho, queda no rendimento e falta de concentra??o. A tentativa de equil?brio foi identificada como a estrat?gia mais utilizada pelos secret?rios para minimizar o conflito trabalho-fam?lia. O enriquecimento trabalho-fam?lia foi entendido como recursos que contribuem para a melhoria da vida do secret?rio em ambos os dom?nios. A oportunidade de agregar conhecimentos foi destacada como elemento enriquecedor do trabalho e os valores da fam?lia como elementos enriquecedor da fam?lia. O apoio e a experiencia emergiram como elementos de enriquecimento comuns aos dois dom?nios. Quanto ?s implica??es do enriquecimento resultante da intera??o trabalho-fam?lia, as mais percebidas pelos entrevistados foram: aumento de conhecimento e habilidades, benef?cios materiais e psicol?gicos, melhoria da qualidade de vida e realiza??o pessoal e profissional. A partir da percep??o dos secret?rios executivos, fam?lia e trabalho s?o esferas da vida humana essenciais e complementares, que se ajudam e se contrar?am, contudo, o primordial nessa rela??o ? o gerenciamento dos conflitos, ou seja, a maneira como o indiv?duo encara e administra o lado negativo da rela??o trabalho-fam?lia

Les entreprises du secteur touristique doivent constamment améliorer la qualité de leurs prestations pour satisfaire leurs clients devenus de plus en plus exigeants et pour rester compétitives. Le rôle du personnel en contact est donc primordial pour assurer un niveau de qualité de service élevé, y compris dans le secteur hôtelier (Haynes et Fryer, 2000). Bien que les conditions de travail des personnels travaillant dans le secteur hôtelier soient difficiles (Kim et al., 2007), très peu de chercheurs se sont intéressés à leurs effets sur le stress et sur la qualité de service. L’originalité de ce travail doctoral réside donc dans le fait qu’elle s’intéresse à analyser ces effets. Plus précisément, cette recherche vise à analyser les incidences des conditions de travail, définies en termes d’exigences et de ressources, sur le stress professionnel, au travers du conflit travail-famille, en intégrant les caractéristiques individuelles et le type d’hôtel en tant que variables modératrices. En outre, nous avons pour objectif d’examiner le rôle médiateur du conflit travail-loisirs, qui est un nouveau concept, entre les conditions de travail et le stress professionnel. Finalement, cette étude a l’ambition d’examiner les effets indirects des conditions de travail sur la qualité de service perçue via le stress professionnel. Aucune recherche antérieure n’a traité de telle relation ce qui constitue une autre originalité de notre recherche doctorale. La théorie de la conservation des ressources d’Hobfoll (1989) ainsi que ses principes de « spirale de pertes », de « spirale de gains » et de « resource caravan passageways » (Hobfoll, 2011, 2012, 2014) nous servent d’ancrages théoriques pour expliquer les différentes relations testées dans notre modèle de recherche. Une étude a été menée auprès de 648 personnels en contact, dans le secteur hôtelier en France. Les résultats des analyses des équations structurelles démontrent des effets positifs directs des exigences du travail sur le stress et des effets négatifs directs des ressources du travail sur le stress. Ils attestent également que le stress a un effet négatif sur la qualité de service. Quant aux effets de médiation, les principaux résultats des analyses des effets indirects reposant sur une analyse en bootstrap (Preacher et Hayes, 2004) et sur un test de Sobel révèlent que le conflit travail-famille a un effet médiateur sur la relation entre les exigences du travail et le stress professionnel. De même, ils identifient un effet médiateur du conflit travail-famille sur la relation entre les ressources, et le stress. En outre, les résultats de tests de la médiation modérée montrent que les caractéristiques individuelles et le type d’hôtel sont des variables modératrices. Dans le même ordre d’idées, les résultats dévoilent que les exigences du travail ont des effets indirects sur le stress au travers du conflit travail-loisirs. Ils indiquent aussi que le conflit travail-loisirs médiatise la relation entre les ressources du travail et le stress. Finalement, cette étude souligne que les exigences et les ressources du travail influencent sur la qualité de service perçue via le stress. / The companies of tourism industry must constantly improve the quality of services to satisfy their customers who become more and more exigent and to remain competitive. The role of the employees in contact with customers is therefore essential to ensure a high level of service quality, including in the hotel sector (Haynes and Fryer, 2000). Although the working conditions of employees working in the hotel industry are difficult (Kim et al., 2007), very few researchers have studied their effects on stress and quality of service. The originality of this thesis resides therefore in the fact that it is interested to analyze these effects. Specifically, this research aims to analyze the impact of working conditions defined in terms of demand and resources on job stress through the work-family conflict incorporating the individual characteristics and the type of hotel as moderator variables. In addition, we aim to examine the mediating role of work-leisure conflict, which is a new concept, between working conditions and job stress. Finally, this study seeks to examine the indirect effects of working conditions on quality of service via the job stress. No previous research has dealt with this relationship; this is another originality of our thesis. The theory of the conservation of resources of Hobfoll (1989) and its principles of «spiral of loss», «spiral of gains" and "resource caravan pasageways" (Hobfoll, 2011, 2012, 2014) are used as a theoretical bases to explain the different relationships tested in our research model. A study was conducted among 648 customer contact employees in the hospitality industry in France. The results of structural equation analyzes demonstrate direct positive effects of job demands on stress and directs negative effects of job resources on stress. They also certify that job stress has a direct negative effect on the service quality. As for mediation effects, the main results of the indirect effects analyzes based on a bootstrap analysis (Preacher and Hayes, 2004) and on a test of Sobel show that work-family conflict mediates the relationship between job demands and professional stress. Similarly, these results identify the mediatory effect of the work-family conflict on the relationship between the resources and stress. Besides the results of the moderated mediation test show that individual characteristics and the type of hotel are moderating variables. In the same vein, the results reveal that all job demands have indirect effects on stress through the work-leisure conflict. They also indicate that the work-leisure conflict mediates the relationship between job resources and stress. Finally, this study emphasizes that job demands and resources influence on the service quality through the stress.

Tidigare forskning visar på att en konflikt mellan arbete och familj är något som kan drabba alla, har olika bakomliggande faktorer och påverkar bland annat det subjektiva välbefinnandet. Det som har störst påverkan på konflikten är arbetsrelaterade faktorer. Syftet med studien var att undersöka kvinnliga chefers upplevelse av konflikten samt olika aspekter som de upplever kan påverka konflikten, både positivt och negativt. Deltagarna i den studien var 8 kvinnliga chefer som har eller har haft barn i åldern 2–10 år under perioden som chef. Resultatet visar på att konflikten varierar i grad utefter arbetsbelastning och kan påverkas med hjälp av en öppen och förstående arbetsplats som möjliggör planering och skapandet av sociala relationer. Förhoppningar finns om att studien ska bidra till att minska konflikten hos de individer som upplever den och öka det subjektiva välbefinnandet.

Magister Artium (Psychology) - MA(Psych) / This study investigated how Work-Family Conflict was related to Role Salience and Job level (investigated in terms of the amount of job demand and job control associated with different job levels) among women from a Collectivistic culture. A sample of 65 teachers was used. Although the results of the study showed no correlations between Work-Family Conflict and both role salience and job level, this was attributed to the high data skewness, thereby reducing the chances of detecting correlations. The high positive data skewness was possibly caused by the floor effect, which was the situation that the sample consisted of only female teachers from a Collectivistic culture. The high negative data skewness was possibly caused by the ceiling effect, which is the situation that the women in this sample have a Collectivistic cultural orientation, and are therefore highly likely to consider their home role as more salient. Moreover, correlations between Work Family Conflict and Job demand have been found to be higher in Individualistic cultures compared to Collectivistic cultures. There also seems to be no differences in job control among teachers occupying different job levels, and hence, no correlations were detected. Further analyses depicted that the teachers within this sample considered their home role as more salient. Moreover, despite their commitment to both their home role and occupational role, the data indicated that the sample experienced low levels of Work Family conflict. / South Africa

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / The call centre industry has been one of the fastest growing industries in South Africa. Call centres have for most companies become a basic business requirement for servicing customers. Zapf, Isic, Bechtoldt and Blau (2003: 311) argue that there are high levels of stress amongst employees in call centres, which they believe to be the result of both the work tasks and the interactions with customers. The aim of this study was to establish whether call centre work design and structure contributed to role stress amongst client service representatives (CSRs). It was also the aim of this study to establish whether role stress affected the CSRs' levels of job satisfaction and their intentions to quit from their jobs. / South Africa

Magister Commercii - MCom / In recent years, there has been a proliferation in research on work-family conflict which has become more prevalent in recent years due to the economic climate in which increasingly large numbers of women are entering or returning to the labour market. Finding equilibrium in work and family arenas has also become more important to South African employees. Traditional gender roles have evolved and the role of females as homemakers is no longer the norm. However, an alternative set of social standards have not yet been established as a substitute to new patterns of work and family life. As a result, it is important to focus on concerns relating to female experiences in the workplace to try and overcome the effects of work-family conflict on females.Job stress and role stress have increased dramatically in work and family life, as more women attempt to balance responsibilities at home whilst simultaneously trying to overcome challenges faced with at the office. Typically role ambiguity, role overload and role interference arises and ultimately produces two forms of conflict: time-based conflict and strain-based conflict. Self-efficacy and implementing coping strategies are means to overcome this.The objective of this study was to explore and add to existing research done on work-family conflict amongst females in the workplace. More specifically the study is to determine whether relationships exist between the variables: job stress, role stress, role overload, inter-role conflict, spousal support, coping behaviours; job, family and life satisfaction, emotional exhaustion; the nature of the relationships and the causal impacts between these variables.Two hundred questionnaires were administered and 150 were returned to women employed in a service oriented organisation in the Western Cape.The statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was utilized to analyze and present data in this research with frequency tables and graphical illustrations to provide information on key demographic variables in this study. The results reveal that there are statistically significant relationships amongst work overload and work-family conflict (WFC). There was also a significant relationship between parental overload and WFC. Moreover, the strongest relationship emerged between WFC and family-to-work conflict (FWC). Females experiencing WFC showed a tendency to rely on problem-focused coping strategies. In addition, there was an inverse relationship between job satisfaction and WFC. There was a significant difference in WFC based on age, tenure, number of children, income and tenure. There was no significant difference in WFC on the basis of marital status. There were statistically significant differences in FWC based on some of the biographical characteristics of the respondents. There was a significant difference in FWC based on age, tenure, income and occupation.Approximately 35% of the variance in WFC can be explained by age, education, income, work overload, parental overload and spousal support. These variables account for 33.53% of the variance in WFC, and suggest that other unexplored variables could explain the variance in WFC levels experienced by respondents. Approximately 38% of the variance in role stressors can be attributed to age, education, income, work overload, parental overload and spousal support in relation to FWC. The results which emanated from the current study assist in furthering an understanding of WFC and FWC. Individual and organisational implications are discussed and recommendations are made to further enhance this study with additional research into this area being warranted.

工作家庭衝突領域之研究已有豐富的理論與成果，探討短時間內工作家庭衝突隨著工作者所處環境與心理歷程的動態發展亦成為新興趨勢。本研究採用資源保存理論的觀點，認為工作者每日隨職家環境與認知歷程而變動的狀態性心理資源，能中介工作家庭衝突與工作者在職場與家庭中人際行為表現的關係，並提出反芻作為情境變項，驗證個體不同類型的認知思考對每日工作家庭衝突與關係損耗間的調節作用 本研究採用日記型研究法，首先進行前測調查，並隨後進行一周連續五個工作日的日記型問卷調查，研究資料共有96名受試者，433筆有效樣本，結果採取階層線性模型分析之。研究發現，每日的工作家庭衝突與家庭工作衝突皆顯著預測當日與主管、同事、與家人的關係損耗，並預測當日更低的自我效能。在反芻部分，負向反芻能降低工作者每日家庭對工作衝突與家人關係損耗的負向關係；問題解決反芻能降低工作者每日工作對家庭衝突與家人關係損耗的負向關係。其結果顯示，每日工作家庭衝突與個人自我調節資源有正向關聯，而透過不同的反芻型態，則能夠減緩衝突對於家人關係的負向影響。

Introduktion: Obalans i vardagen kan leda till stressrelaterade besvär. Föräldrastress finns hos både mödrar och fäder vilket i sin tur kan leda till sämre mental hälsa. Balans i livet är generellt relaterat till hälsa och välbefinnande. Det finns olika balansbegrepp inom arbetsterapin. Dessa är till exempel aktivitetsbalans, life balance, lifestyle balance och work-life balance.  Syfte: Beskriva balans i vardagens aktiviteter relaterat till hälsa och välbefinnande hos föräldrar som förvärvsarbetar. Metod: Designen för examensarbetet var Scoping Review. Databaserna som användes var CINAHL, ERIC och PubMed. Materialet granskades och skrevs in i en artikelöversikt och totalt inkluderades 21 artiklar i resultatet.  Resultat: Det är viktigt för föräldrar att ha möjlighet att kombinera familjeliv och arbete för att uppleva balans i vardagens aktiviteter. Aktivitetsbalans, meningsfullhet i aktiviteter, aktivitetsvärde och tillfredsställelse med aktiviteter har ett samband med tillfredsställelse i livet hos föräldrar. Slutsats: Flera föräldrar skattade sin aktivitetsbalans lågt vilket tyder på att barn kan påverka föräldrars aktivitetsbalans negativt. Mödrar skattade sin aktivitetsbalans lägre än fäder. De faktorer som var viktigast att ha balans mellan var hemliv, familjeliv, arbete och fritid.