University of the Witwatersrand Department of Humanities Wits School of the Arts Drama for Life: (MADT) Master of Arts in Drama Therapy / The body has always fascinated me! As a classically trained dancer with a Physical Theatre background, I learnt to use my body as a means of expressing myself. I saw the body as a means to performance, but I believed there was more to the body than just being put on show. In University I learnt about and came to understand the mind-body connection (Plamer, 2009). This interested me and I began to search deeper, with the question that if the body and mind are connected, where are our human memories stored? I have always wondered what moves me and what moves the people around me… This research was a platform for me to look into the notion of the mind, body connection and memory. Through the use of story and movement, I began to consider bullying as a memory which the body and mind both experience. Through the research I focused on where the body had stored this experience and what were the effects of this stored memory (the aftermath). The rest of this paper unpacks my research and my findings working with a client centred approach. In this paper I speak back to the approach I took during the research process, using Laban’s 8 Effort actions, Lahad’s 6 Part Story Method and Whitehouse’s Authentic Movement as part of the integration process speaking back to bullying.

Honor-related violence and oppression are societal issues that are relevant to social work. However, it is an under-researched area with a lack of knowledge, especially regarding boys and young men in an honor context. The existing research primarily focuses on girls and women. The aim of this study was to describe the content of public publications regarding social work on honor-related violence and oppression in relation to boys and young men. The focus was to examine how boys and young men in an honor context are described as both victims and perpetrators. In addition to that, the study also aimed to investigate the interventions available for this target group. Thematic content analysis was used to address the research questions and objectives by analyzing and thematizing the content of public publications. The findings of this study indicate that boys and young men exist in dual roles as both victims and perpetrators, but more emphasis is often placed on their role as perpetrators rather than victims, as girls' and women's victimization is considered more extensive. Furthermore, the study suggests that there are few interventions specifically targeted at boys and young men living in an honor context. The available interventions mainly focus on victims. The results have been analyzed using power theory and street-levelbureaucracy theory. The analysis demonstrates that power is a central aspect in both an honor context and the practice of social work, and that the structure of street-level bureaucracy affects work with this target group. Therefore, this study concludes that more knowledge and work are needed regarding boys and young men in an honor context.

Bakgrund: Studier visar att unga män har svårt för att sätta ord på sina känslor och att socialt konstruerade normer hindrar dem från att söka hjälp. Samtidigt påvisar studier att skolkuratorer har för många elever vilket begränsar hanterbarheten och handlingsutrymmet att arbeta förebyggande och främjande. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka de utmaningar och möjligheter som kuratorer på gymnasiet identifierar för att fånga upp killar som de bedömer vara i riskzon för psykisk ohälsa, med fokus på riskfaktorer, utmaningar och handlingsutrymme. Metod: Studien har utgått från en kvalitativ ansats. Fem semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med skolkuratorer på gymnasiet. Intervjuerna transkriberades och analyserades med tematisk analys. Resultat- & analysdelen framställdes utifrån insamlad empiri och presenterades sedan i relation till de teoretiska utgångspunkterna hegemonisk maskulinitetsteori och gräsrotsbyråkrati & handlingsutrymme samt tidigare forskning. Resultat: Studiens resultat visade att den psykiska ohälsan ökar och att frånvaro ses som den mest centrala riskfaktorn för psykisk ohälsa, men även underkända betyg och språkbarriärer. Studiens resultat påvisade även att fungerande rutiner är viktigt för att identifiera unga män i riskzon, samtidigt som upplevelsen att rutinerna ofta brister och att övrig skolpersonal behöver kompetenshöjas kring att se riskfaktorer. Upplevelsen var också att man som skolkurator inte räckte till.

Объектом исследования явилась жизнестойкость подростков. Предметом исследования стали психологические корреляты жизнестойкости подростков. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (94 источника) и приложения, включающего в себя бланки применявшихся методик. Объем магистерской диссертации 113 страниц, на которых размещены 12 рисунков и 15 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются основная и дополнительные гипотезы, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, а также этапы проведения исследования, научная новизна, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы. Первая глава включает в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по теме исследования, описание структуры жизнестойкости, предложенной С. Мадди, характеристику жизнестойкости в подростковом возрасте. Представлены разделы, посвященные взаимосвязи самооценки и жизнестойкости, а также взаимосвязи копинг-стратегий и жизнестойкости. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: методике Дембо-Рубинштейн (в модификации А. М. Прихожан), копинг-тесту Р. Лазаруса и С. Фолкман (в адаптации Л. И. Вассермана), Тесту жизнестойкости С. Мадди (в адаптации Д. А. Леонтьева, Е. И. Рассказовой) и Личностному опроснику Г. Айзенка (EPI). Также в главе представлены сравнительный, корреляционный и факторный анализ результатов исследования. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики. / The subject matter of the study is hardiness in adolescents. The object matter of the study is psychological correlates of hardiness in adolescents. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, conclusions, a list of references (94 sources) and an annex including the blank forms of the applied methods. The volume of the master`s thesis is 113 pages, which include 12 figures and 15 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the chosen research problem, the level of development of the problematics; the objective and the tasks of the study are set, the subject matter and the scope of the research are determined, the basic and additional hypotheses are formulated, the methods and the empirical base are defined, as well as the stages of the research, its scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance of the work. The first chapter includes a review of foreign and domestic literature on the research topic, a description of the structure of hardiness offered by S. Maddi, characteristics of hardiness in adolescence. The sections devoted to the relationship between self-esteem and viability, as well as the relationship between coping strategies and hardiness, are presented. Conclusions on the first chapter are the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It includes a description of the organization and methods of the study, as well as the results obtained due to the applied methods: a Method of Self-Esteem Measurement by Dembo-Rubinstein (in the modification of A.Prikhozhan), a Ways of Coping Questionnaire by R. Lazarus and S. Folkman (adapted by L. Wasserman), a Hardiness Test by S. Maddi (adapted by D. Leontiev, E. Rasskazova) and G. Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPI). Also, the chapter presents a comparative, correlation and factor analysis of the results of the study. The findings of Chapter 2 are the main results of the empirical study. In the conclusion, brief results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work are presented, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses. The practical significance of the study is substantiated and possible prospects for further development of the problematics are described.

Цель исследования – определение понятия и специфики отцовского родительского труда, выявление и анализ ценностных установок и ориентаций молодых людей на будущий родительский труд, а также разработка рекомендаций по их формированию и развитию. Основными методами исследования стали теоретический анализ, онлайн-опрос, нарративное интервью, сравнительный и описательный анализ, корреляционный анализ. Научная новизна исследования заключается в идентификации категории «отцовский родительский труд» и описании установок молодых людей на будущий родительский труд, а также в разработке методики исследования установок молодых людей на будущий родительский труд. Практическая значимость исследования заключается в разработке рекомендаций для органов государственной власти, нацеленных на продвижение идей ответственного отцовства. / The purpose of the study is to define the concept and specifics of paternal parental labour, identify and analyze the values and orientations of young people for future parental labour, as well as develop recommendations for their formation and development. The main research methods were theoretical analysis, online survey, narrative interview, comparative and descriptive analysis, correlation analysis. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the identification of the category "paternal parental labour" and the description of the attitudes of young people to future parental labour, as well as in the development of a methodology for studying the attitudes of young people to future parental labour. The practical significance of this research is to develop recommendations for public authorities, aimed at promotion of responsible fatherhood.

Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att undersöka hur manliga universitetsstudenter mellan åldern 20-30 diskuterar sin maskulinitet i relation till samhällsnormer i en svensk kontext. Vi ville identifiera hur maskulinitetsnormer utspelar sig i vardagliga situationer. För att uppfylla studiens syfte hade vi följande problemformuleringar: "Hur reproducerar unga manliga studenter traditionella maskulinitetsnormer i sitt vardagliga liv?" och “På vilket sätt talar och förhåller sig unga manliga studenter till ny maskulinitet i sitt vardagliga liv?”. För datainsamlingen användes en kvalitativ metod följd av 8 intervjuer med unga män som för närvarande studerar vid universitetet inom olika områden. Det empiriska materialet analyserades med hjälp av teorierna maskulinitet, socialisering, normer och stereotyper. Studien visade att informanterna förstår och diskuterar sin maskulinitet som starkt formad av normer och stereotyper som de dagligen möter. De unga männen gav uttryck för den problematik som uppstår när man inte känner igen sig i den maskulina “riktiga mannen” som dominerar bilden av en man i samhället. Men också att de kan utmana dessa normer och  sträva efter att förändra dem mot en mer positiv och mjukare bild av maskulinitet genom att till exempel visa känslor. Slutsatsen vi kom fram till fick oss att fundera över hur inflytelserika sociala strukturer egentligen är, samt att de kan utmanas, vilket stämmer överens med tidigare studier inom området Män och Maskuliniteter. / The aim of this qualitative study is to investigate how male university students between the ages 20-30 discuss their masculinity in relation to societal norms within the Swedish context. We wanted to identify how masculinity norms play out in their day-to-day lives by asking, “How do the young male students reproduce traditional masculinity norms in their daily lives?” and “In what way do the young male students speak about and relate to new masculinity in their daily lives?”. For our data collection we used a qualitative method and conducted 8 interviews with young men that are currently studying at university in different fields. For our theory we used masculinity, socialization, norms and stereotypes. The study results showed that our interviewees  understand and discuss their masculinity as strongly shaped by masculinity norms and stereotypes that they face daily. For example, they gave expression to the pressure they feel to act like “real men” and how problematic it can be when they do not fit in. However, they also challenge these norms as they strive to change them towards a more positive and softer image of masculinity by for example, showing emotions. The conclusion we reached made us think about how influential social structures really are while at the same time they nonetheless can be challenged, which is consistent with previous studies within the field of Men and Masculinities.

Hajrizi, M & Todorovic, E. Forskningsläget avseende att som pojke eller ung man leva i en hederskontext. Examensarbete i socialt arbete 15 högskolepoäng.Malmö Universitet: Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle, Institutionen för socialt arbete, 2021. Denna studien har syftat till att belysa pojkens och unga mäns perspektiv i ett hedersrelaterat sammanhang och hur deras utsatthet kan komma att utvecklas. Med hjälp av vetenskapliga artiklar som vi har använt i vår tidigare forskning har de gett oss en inblick i att det inte bara är tjejer som faller offer för hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck. Pojkar faller också offer för hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck men utsattheten utspelar sig på andra sätt till skillnad från tjejer. Vi karaktäriserar bland annat de krav som ställs på pojkar som lever i ett hedersrelaterat sammanhang och vad som kan uppstå om de strider mot familjens förväntningar på dem. För att synliggöra hedersrelaterade problem från pojkar och unga mäns perspektiv har det varit av stor vikt att använda teorier som maskulinitetsteori och intersektionalitet. Dessa har varit betydelsefulla i den aspekten att pojkar och unga män som utsätts för hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck inte alltid kommer från samma bakgrund. Det har varit viktigt att belysa att människor kommer från olika klasser, de har olika åldrar samt olika sexuella läggningar. Vi har haft dessa faktorer i åtanke när vi har arbetat med vårt resultat. Vidare har vi belyst aspekten av att stöd och insatser bör anpassas utifrån den enskilda pojkens förhållanden och livssituation. I vårt metodavsnitt beskriver vi hur vi har tillhandahållit och uppnått våra resultat genom olika kommuners handlingsplaner. Vidare har vi i våra resultat med hjälp av vår metod och olika rapporter förutom pojkens utsatthet specificerat både förebyggande och riktade insatser för pojkar och unga män samt beskrivit hur verksamheter runt om i landet bör fortsätta för att observera och stödja pojkar och unga män i deras utsatthet. Detta för att sprida kunskap om ett fenomen som är vanligare än förväntat samt att vi tycker att det borde ges ytterligare utrymme och uppmärksamhet i framtiden. Nyckelord: Hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck, hederskultur, pojkar, unga män, utestängning, offer / Hajrizi, M. & Todorovic, E. The Research Area Regarding Living in a Honour- Related as a Boy or a Young Man. Degree project in social work 15 hp. Malmö University: Faculty of Health and Society, Department of Social Work, 2021. In this study, we have aimed to shed light on the perspectives of boys and young men in an honor-related context and how their vulnerability unfolds. With the help of scientific articles that we have used in our previous research, they have given us an insight into the fact that it is not only girls who fall victim to honor- related violence and oppression, but also boys and that this vulnerability takes place in other ways unlike girls. We characterize, among other things, the demands placed on boys who live in an honor-related context and what could arise if they go against their family's expectations of them. In order to make the honor-related problems visible from the perspective of boys and young men, it has been of great importance to use theories such as masculinity theory and intersectionality. This has been significant from the aspect that boys and young men who are exposed to honor-related violence and oppression do not necessarily receive the same background. They are different people from different classes, different ages and with different sexualities. We have kept this in mind when we have achieved our result. This is because support and efforts should also be adapted based on the individual boy's conditions and life situation. In our method section, we describe how we have provided and achieved our results through different municipalities' action plans. Furthermore, in our results with the help of our method and various reports, we have besides boys’ vulnerability specified both preventive and targeted interventions for boys and young men and described how activities around the country should proceed to observe and support boys and young men in their vulnerability. This in order to spread knowledge about a phenomenon that is more common than expected and that it must be given further attention in the future. Keywords: Honor-related violence and oppression, culture of honor, boys, young men, exclusion, victims

Wong, Ching Wa Alana. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-128). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Overview --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Objectives --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Who are fashionable Hong Kong young men? --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Significance and Setting --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- Literature Review --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Changing masculinity in postindustrial society --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Beauty used to be associated with women --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Beauty has become part of masculinity --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Hong Kong's changing masculinity --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3 --- Methodology --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Media survey --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- In-depth interviews --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4 --- Structure of the thesis --- p.22 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- Changing Perception of Masculinity in Hong Kong: Dominant and Alternative --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2 --- Meanings of Chinese masculinity --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3 --- Dominant perception of masculinity in Hong Kong --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4 --- Beauty becomes part of masculinity in Hong Kong --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Male beauty contest on television --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Hong Kong men's opinions on men's beauty --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.2.1 --- Appearance is important for men --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4.2.2 --- Concern for appearance cannot be publicly admitted --- p.37 / Chapter 2.5 --- Conclusion: Caring for beauty is becoming part of masculinity --- p.40 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- Men's beauty in magazines in Hong Kong --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2 --- Magazines in Hong Kong --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Youth and gossip magazines --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Japanese male fashion magazines --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Men's lifestyle magazines --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3 --- Men's images in these three types of magazines --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Over- emphasis of Japaneseness: Youth and gossip magazines --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Authentic Japanese style?: Japanese male fashion magazines --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- High class men: Men's lifestyle magazines --- p.54 / Chapter 3.4 --- Men's images in magazines in Hong Kong: wen or wu? --- p.59 / Chapter 3.5 --- Conclusion: Beauty has become increasingly important for men in Hong Kong --- p.62 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- "Relationship between ""Japan"" and men's beauty in Hong Kong" --- p.64 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2 --- "The meaning and common beliefs about ""Japan"" in Hong Kong" --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Japan as work: Hair stylists and fashion designers --- p.66 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- Hair stylist assistants --- p.66 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- Fashion designers --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- """Japan"" as leading fashion trends" --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- "To be ""cool"" means to learn from Japan" --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Japan is the best --- p.77 / Chapter 4.3 --- "The influence of ""Japan"" on men's beauty" --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Awareness of Japan --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Hong Kong men who deliberately choose Japanized beauty practices --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3.1.1.1 --- Hong Kong men who have long term experiences in Japan --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3.1.1.2 --- Band members --- p.82 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- """Japan"" offers an alternative" --- p.83 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Taken-for-Granted Japanese Influences --- p.84 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- The daily beauty practices: Japanese influences are invisible --- p.84 / Chapter 4.3.2.1.1 --- "No ""Japanese"" hair style" --- p.85 / Chapter 4.3.2.1.2 --- "No ""Japanese"" clothing styles" --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- """Japan"" mixes with Hong Kong" --- p.88 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Special cases --- p.90 / Chapter 4.4 --- Abandonment of Japanized beauty practices --- p.92 / Chapter 4.5 --- "Conclusion: ""Japan"" represents a temporarily attractive life for men" --- p.93 / Chapter Chapter Five: --- Negotiation with Women: Fashionable Hong Kong Young Men's Beauty Ideals --- p.95 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.95 / Chapter 5.2 --- "Women's ""gaze"" in the male beauty contest" --- p.96 / Chapter 5.3 --- The use of women in encouraging men's beauty in Hong Kong magazines --- p.97 / Chapter 5.4 --- Hong Kong men's masculinity: we listen and obey women's orders --- p.104 / Chapter 5.5 --- Conclusion: Fashionable Hong Kong young men's beauty practices are influenced by women --- p.109 / Chapter Chapter Six: --- Conclusion --- p.111 / Chapter 6.1 --- Conclusion --- p.111 / Chapter 6.2 --- A Review: Men's beauty as an alternative masculinity in Hong Kong --- p.111 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Hong Kong men need to care about appearance --- p.112 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- "Japanized beauty practices can make men look ""cool"" and trendy" --- p.114 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Men listen and obey women's orders on beauty practices --- p.116 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- "After all, career achievement and earning ability are more important" --- p.118 / Chapter 6.3 --- Conclusion: Limitations and self reflections --- p.120 / References --- p.123

This dissertation explores how social class matters in young men’s everyday relationship to digital media. The aim is to contribute to the existing knowledge about how young people incorporate digital media in their everyday lives by focusing on the structural premises of this process. It also presents an empirically grounded critique of popular ideas about young people as a “digital generation”, about the internet as a socially transformative force, and about class as an increasingly redundant category. The empirical material consists of qualitative interviews with 34 young men (16-19 years) from different class backgrounds, upper secondary schools and study programmes. Drawing on the conceptual tools of Pierre Bourdieu, three classes are constructed: the “cultural capital rich”, the “upwardly mobile”, and the “cultural capital poor”. The analysis shows that class, through the workings of habitus, structures the young men’s relationship to school and future aspirations. This also engenders class-distinctive ways of conceiving leisure and digital media use. Through their class habitus and taste, the young men tend to orient themselves and navigate in different ways in what they perceive as a space of digital goods and practices, endowed with different symbolic value in school and society. The “cultural capital rich” are drawn to-wards practices capable of yielding symbolic profit in the field of education and beyond, whereas the other classes gravitate towards the “illegitimate” digital culture but deal with this different ways. These findings indicate that there are social and cultural continuities at play within recent technological changes. They also expose the structural differences hidden by sweeping statements about young people as a “digital generation”. Finally, they show that class, contrary to popular beliefs about “the death of class”, still represents a pertinent analytical category.

Our study aims to discover how young men aged 15-19 perceive the image of men in women’s magazines. To do this we let eight young men read the two women’s magazines most read by young women their own age, Vecko Revyn and Cosmopolitan. We want to find whether they consider this image to be representative of their own reality. We are also interested in their opinion when it comes to possible consequences of this image as well as their ideas on how men should be portrayed. We used a combination of different methods. First, we used introspection by letting each of the young men note down their thoughts in a diary while reading the magazines. We then used qualitative interviews to further explore their opinions. We applied the method of phenomenology to our research, which allowed us to concentrate solely on the young men’s experiences without regard to our own opinions or interpretations. Our study shows that the majority of the young men in our study consider the image of men in magazines to be stereotyped, sexualized and lacking in complexity. They express a wish to see more ordinary men as well as different sides of men. Also, there is an interesting contradiction between the young men’s ideals which are very traditionally masculine and their criticism of these values being portrayed in the magazines. Furthermore, there is a noticeable gap in insight between the 15-year olds and the other young men. The youngest two alone accept the image of men in the magazines. All of the young men deny that they are affected by the image of men in the magazines, though they express their concern that other, weaker individuals as well as young women may be affected.