Submitted by Daniel Lucas Alves da Silva (danilu157@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-20T14:49:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Daniel - Versão Final - Repositório.pdf: 1014278 bytes, checksum: ae6cad39a074b69fadfc0158454d8be1 (MD5) / Rejected by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: Problema 01) Está faltando o LOGO da Universidade na capa do seu trabalho.(este item é obrigatório) Problema 02)Solicitamos que faça correção na descrição na folha de rosto e de aprovação. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2018-04-20T15:49:09Z (GMT) / Submitted by Daniel Lucas Alves da Silva (danilu157@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-23T10:36:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Daniel - Versão Final - Repositório I.pdf: 1110805 bytes, checksum: 9660f0b915e0db1a26aceb17210cee66 (MD5) / Rejected by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: - Está faltando o LOGO (Símbolo)da Universidade/Câmpus na capa do seu trabalho.(este item é obrigatório) - Solicito que corrija a descrição: Dissertação apresentada como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Estudos Linguísticos, junto ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Linguísticos na área de concentração de Linguística Aplicada, linha de pesquisa de Ensino e Aprendizagem de Línguas, do Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Câmpus de São José do Rio Preto. Lembramos que o arquivo depositado no repositório deve ser igual ao impresso. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2018-04-23T18:15:13Z (GMT) / Submitted by Daniel Lucas Alves da Silva (danilu157@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-23T19:38:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Daniel - Versão Final - Repositório II.pdf: 1111954 bytes, checksum: 4ed3ca18ab6bbadc62b1024124eb3be0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2018-04-23T20:09:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_dla_me_sjrp.pdf: 1111954 bytes, checksum: 4ed3ca18ab6bbadc62b1024124eb3be0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-23T20:09:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_dla_me_sjrp.pdf: 1111954 bytes, checksum: 4ed3ca18ab6bbadc62b1024124eb3be0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-06 / Na esteira do crescente interesse em português como língua estrangeira, doravante PLE, este trabalho se propõe a contribuir para a formação de professores de PLE quanto a seu entendimento da dinâmica das relações étnico-raciais que marcam a língua portuguesa na sua variante brasileira, sobretudo, no que diz respeito ao racismo antinegro. Espera-se que, por meio de um instrumento de avaliação voltado a professores de PLE, o EPPLE-PLE, esta formação seja melhor informada para a condução do debate acerca da temática racial e, por consequência, a prática docente destes profissionais possa instanciar uma maior sensibilização por parte de professores e aprendentes da língua para esta dimensão cultural que perpassa a historicidade do português brasileiro. Para tanto, valemo-nos da teoria racial crítica aplicada à formação de professores de língua estrangeira como apresentada por Ferreira (2015) e um seu desdobramento, qual seja o letramento racial segundo Skerret (2011), do conceito de washback by design conforme Messick (1989) e da teoria sociocultural nos termos de Vigostski (1987) para este que é um processo de legitimação da elaboração e da proposição de itens para o referido exame. Trata-se de um processo de legitimação de uma proposição de itens e sua posterior elaboração para o que se pretende possa ser uma intervenção benéfica para a prática de professores de PLE. / In the context of increasing interest in Portuguese as a foreign language (henceforth PFL) this project contributes to the understanding of teachers of PFL regarding the racial dynamics that manifest themselves in Brazilian Portuguese, in particular anti-black racism. We argue that considerations about race should form part of the elaboration of an assessment instrument designed for teachers of PFL, the EPPLE-PLE (a proficiency exam for teachers of foreign languages in its Portuguese acronym). In doing so, as an expected result, teaching can inculcate more awareness, both on the part of teachers and learners of PFL, regarding this cultural dimension that forms part of the history of Brazilian Portuguese. To this end, we make use of critical race theory applied to the education of teachers of a foreign language as presented by Ferreira (2015) and the idea of racial literacy according to Skerret (2011), the concept of washback by design by Messick (1989) and the theory of sociocultural perspective by Vigostki (1987), for the selection of items for the aforementioned exam. This is a legitimation process of the proposition of items and their elaboration for an exam that we deem can be a beneficial intervention in the practice of PFL teachers.

The purpose of this study has been to partly investigate what the application of Augmented Reality tools could look like within the context of formal classroom didactics and partly to discover how these pedagogical tools can be supported from a sociocultural perspective. The study shows that AR (Augmented reality) can provide an increased production of knowledge and motivation, and also develop a significantly more positive attitude towards the learning process and the teaching material. The technology enhances students’ learning within the Proximal Zone of Development (ZDP) and can act as a scaffolding structure in the learning process. Due to the interactive nature that Augmented reality provides, students are provided with the opportunity to participate actively in their own learning and development / Syftet med denna litteraturstudie har dels varit att undersöka hur arbetet med AR-tekniska verktyg kan se ut inom den formella skoldidaktiska kontexten. Dels att analysera hur tekniken som ett pedagogiskt verktyg kan understödjas av ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. Studiens resultat visar på att AR-tekniken kan bidra till en ökad kunskapsproduktion och motivation samt att elever får en positivare attityd till både lärandeaktiviteten och undervisningsinnehållet. Tekniken främjar elevers utveckling inom den proximala utvecklingszonen och kan fungera som stödstrukturer för elevers lärande. På grund av den interaktiva lärandemiljö som AR-verktygen erbjuder får eleverna en mer aktiv roll i deras egna kunskapsutveckling. De konkreta upplevelser som ett sådant visuellt verktyg möjliggör ger elever goda förutsättningar att utveckla både abstrakt och konkret kunskap enligt praxismodellen, som Arevik & Hartzell (2014). Trots detta visar resultatet även på att implementeringen av ett sådant verktyg kan innebära vissa utmaningar för både lärare och elever. Dessa orsakas vanligtvis på grund av tidsbrist, att programmen saknar en pedagogiskt grund eller att den positiva motivationseffekten, som AR-tekniken bidragit med, riskerar att avta när tekniken blivit ett etablerat undervisningsverktyg

This thesis explores the implications of cultural resources for educational attainment and socioeconomic progression among Caribbeans in Britain - one of Britain's most disadvantaged [social] ethnic groups - since the 1940s. More specifically, it offers, first, a review of Caribbeans’ experiences in education and socioeconomic domains in Britain, as have been researched throughout the decades since the World Wars, and explores, second, how cultural resources through which Caribbeans understand their social world and mediate their experiences therein impact upon their educational attainment and socioeconomic progression. Cultural resources, as implied in studies undertaken by DeGraaf (1986; 1989; 2000) in the Netherlands, are acquired in settings such as the family and schools in which individuals are socialised, i.e., learn their culture and how to live in their social world. These settings are held to be influenced by cultural and societal factors that are interrelated and are, in effect, sociocultural (Wertsch, 1994; 1995). Such settings are posited in this thesis as vital to understanding Caribbeans’ educational and socioeconomic outcomes. This is demonstrated through adopting a sociocultural approach from which analyses was undertaken into the experiences of ten families of three generations and ten individuals - all of Caribbean descent - who participated in a quasi-ethnographic inquiry that formed the empirical part of the study. The participants had a range of educational, cultural, and socioeconomic backgrounds, which characterised a purposive sample that they formed. Their accounts of their experiences, which were the source from which inferences about their educational attainment, socioeconomic progression, and cultural resources are made, were elicited through ethnographic interviews, participant observations, and researcher’s diaries, and are presented in this thesis as family case study analyses and sociocultural settings analyses. The inquiry revealed that the participants across the whole sample were socialised in a key set of sociocultural settings that were identified in their accounts of their experiences as family, community, religion, education, and occupation. In-depth interrogation of patterns in their lived experiences in these settings revealed that their socialisation processes were diverse and, consequently, reflected in diversity in their acquisition and usage of a common set of cultural resources that were discovered and, through analyses, reified as familial influence, community orientation, religiosity, familiarity with formal education processes, and occupational aspiration. Diversity in their acquisition and usage of these resources in the various settings reflected in diverse patterns of educational and socioeconomic outcomes across the three generations. However, two distinct patterns are herein defined and discussed as a ‘trajectory of advancement’ and a ‘trajectory of urgency’. The former characterises the outcomes of participants who had attained educationally and progressed in socioeconomic terms across generations in their family, and the latter characterises the outcomes of participants who had not attained educationally and remained disadvantaged in socioeconomic terms across generations in their family. These findings are tentative, but they suggest, nonetheless, that cultural resources are salient in shaping Caribbeans’ educational and socioeconomic outcomes. Such findings are significant in that they interrupt the ways that Caribbeans’ experiences and outcomes in education and socioeconomic domains have been understood historically and, at the same time, offer the sociocultural approach as another way from which to understand these experiences and outcomes. In addition, the sociocultural approach from which these finding are derived and the concept of cultural resources are introduced, in this thesis, in an understanding of patterns of educational and socioeconomic outcomes that persist across generations. This understanding, it is herein suggested, is crucial to any debate surrounding persistently low achievement in education and socioeconomic domains among social groups - particularly among groups such as Caribbeans that are disadvantaged in education and socioeconomic domains.

Education is an important part of the development of, and democratic processes in, any society. This study aims to explore the experiences of studying in a program combining two types of schools in Swedish, University College and Folk High School. In the theory section of the study, the similarities and differences of the two types of schools are described, as well as the prerequisites under which they operate. The study uses the sociocultural perspective as its starting point.The program is described as a unity with three parts; local congregation, Folk High School and University College. The respondents do report differing perceptions on how unified the educational form actually is. They do, however, mostly express positive views of the program as well as a large willingness to recommend it to others, and generally describe the program as both substantial and well crafted. The analysis shows how didactics and methodology from both types of schools are being used, and how this too is being perceived differently by the respondents.The study shows that this combination of two types of schools is being perceived as a positive for both the students’ learning and coming working life, and that it facilitates an educational form with more learning tools than the type of school individually could offer. Previous research also shows that this type of combination has a positive impact on learning, as well as the importance of a good study environment and general well-being to achieve good study results. However, the study also notes the relatively small amount of previous research into the field of adult education, pointing to the need for continued research into this field, to further our understanding of how to create good learning environments. / <p>Betygsdatum 2021-06-07</p>

Syftet med denna studie är att synliggöra hur lärare undervisar i folkmusik. Studien tar både upp förhållningssätt till den gehörstradition som folkmusik bygger på, hur utbildningen har påverkat musiken och vilka konkreta metoder lärare använder i sin undervisning. Bakgrundslitteraturen sätter folkmusik och undervisning i ett historiskt perspektiv och den tidigare forskningen tar upp begrepp som metodik, institutionalisering, gehör och tyst kunskap. Arbetet studeras utifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. För att samla in material till studien har semistrukturerade intervjuer använts och dessa har sedan analyserats tematiskt. I resultatet presenteras lärarnas metodiska tankesätt kring genrespecifika övningar som antingen har utformats på egen hand, utifrån låtar eller utifrån existerande material som har anpassats till genren. Vidare framkommer tankar kring tyst kunskap i en gehörstradition och hur detta ses i relation till utbildning. En folkmusikmetodik som är på väg att formas och utvecklas genom att folkmusiken har tagit plats i utbildningsmiljön är något som diskuteras av respondenterna. Diskussionen tar upp hur nya redskap för lärande utvecklas när musiken hamnar i nya kontexter och vilka redskap lärare tycker är viktiga för lärandet av fiol och folkmusik. / The main goal of this study is to examine the methodology in the teaching of fiddle, used by teachers in traditional music. The study examines the approaches to the tradition of learning music by ear which is central to the teaching of traditional music, how education has affected music and which methods teachers use in their tuition. The background literature sets traditional music and teaching traditional music in a historical perspective. Previous research studies address concepts such as methodology, institutionalization, learning music by ear and silent knowledge. Material for the study is collected through semi-structured interviews. The interviews were transcribed and then analyzed thematically. The result presents the teachers' methodical way of thinking about genre-specific exercises. These have either been designed by themselves, based on tunes or based on existing material that has been adapted to the genre. Furthermore, thoughts emerge about silent knowledge in a learning by ear-tradition and how this is seen in relation to education. A traditional music methodology that is about to be shaped and developed, due to traditional music taking place in the educational environment, is discussed by the respondents. The discussion addresses how new tools for learning develop when the music is put in new contexts and which tools teachers think are important for the learning of fiddle and traditional music.

Denna masteruppsats syftar till att bidra med kunskap om lärares lärande och undersöka deras användning av kulturella redskap i en aktionsstudie. I studien undersöks processen i ett arbetslag där universell design för lärande (UDL) presenteras och diskuteras som en möjlig stödstruktur för undervisningen i form av en aktionsstudie. Målet med den är att bidra med kunskapsbildning om hur undervisning kan planeras och utformas med hjälp av den systematik UDL bidrar till.  För att kunna besvara studiens frågeställningar genomfördes en aktionsstudie med tre lärare på en F–6 skola. Studien är genomförd med en kvalitativ metod där loggboksanteckningar från aktionsstudiens sessioner utgör en del av empirin, åtföljd av enskilda, reflekterande intervjuer. Deltagarna undervisade två klasser i ett tre–lärarskap på ett mellanstadium och diskuterade och reflekterade över texter och filmer om universell design för lärande (UDL) under sex sessioner.   Resultaten från aktionsstudien visar hur språket och kommunikationen förändrades under sessionerna, vilka möjligheter och hinder för implementeringen av UDL som identifierades och inställningen till forskningsbaserade arbetssätt utkristalliserades. Hur deltagarna använde sig av kulturella redskap i sitt eget lärande likväl som i sin undervisning framkommer också som ett resultat av denna studie. / This master thesis aims to contribute with knowledge about teachers´ learning and investigate their use of linguistic tools in an action research study. In this, where UDL is presented and discussed as a possible scaffolding structure, the process in a team of teachers at a middle school is investigated. The aim of the action research study is to create knowledge about how the systematic work with UDL can contribute to the planning and forming process of teaching.   In order to answer the research questions in the study, an action research study was conducted with three teachers at a middle school. The study is conducted with a qualitative method, in which field notes from the sessions in the action research study is one part followed by separate, reflective interviews with the participating teachers. The participating teachers were teaching in two classes in a grade at a middle school and have during six sessions discussed and reflected on texts and films about Universal Design for Learning (UDL).   The results from this action research study showed how the use of language and communication changed during the sessions, which possibilities and obstacles could be identified in implementing UDL and how the attitude towards research based approaches could be seen. How the participants used sociocultural tools in their own learning as well as in their teaching can also be seen as a result of this study.

This is a scientific essay that has been written with the aim to reflect and analyze difficulties of bilingual children to communicate, being seen in a group and to focus during a traditional learning in language development within preschool. I have also reflected on my experiences and competences in intercultural pedagogy to support bilingual children in a changing society and in a globalized world. By using self-experienced situations from my professional practice, I have in a narrative form reflected back at my experiences with the help of academic literature, research articles, theoretical perspectives, curriculum (2018) and even asked questions to gain different perspectives on my stories. The main part of my research questions is whether I could have planned and acted differently in my self-experienced situations? Did I have enough knowledge about intercultural approach in order to adapt various situations based on the need of different children? In which ways could the preschool have provided better support in language development and communication for all children? This scientific essay has shown that it is important to understand the cultural background, language and ethnicity of bilingual children. It is also important to have a good collaboration with the guardians in order to plan suitable activities and classes/sessions. In addition, it is necessary to have great knowledge of intercultural pedagogical competence, diversified normality, inclusion, sociocultural perspective and support for the mother tongue to be able work with bilingual children. As a pedagogue and a future preschool teacher, I have according to Skolverket - Swedish National Agency for Education (2020) a greater responsibility to change, for example, the traditional way of working, but also to improve and adapt the education based on different needs to provide an equal education and preschool for all children. / Detta är en vetenskaplig essä som har skrivits för att reflektera och analysera tvåspråkiga barns svårigheter med att kommunicera, synas i en grupp samt att fokusera under ett traditionellt lärande i språkutveckling inom förskolan. Här har jag också reflekterat över mina erfarenheter och kompetenser inom interkulturell pedagogik för att stödja tvåspråkiga barn i ett förändrat samhälle och i en globaliserad värld. Genom att använda mig av egenupplevda situationer i berättande form i min yrkespraktik har jag reflekterat tillbaka med hjälp av akademisk litteratur, forskningsartiklar, teoretiska perspektiv, läroplanen (2018) samt ställt frågor för att få olika perspektiv på mina berättelser. Centralt i forskningsfrågorna är om jag kunde ha planerat och handlat annorlunda i mina egenupplevda situationer? Har jag haft tillräckligt med kunskaper inom interkulturellt förhållningsätt för att anpassa situationer utifrån barns olika behov? Hur skulle förskolan ha kunnat ge bättre stöd i barnens språkutveckling och kommunikation? Denna vetenskapliga essä har visat att det är viktigt att förstå tvåspråkiga barns kulturella bakgrunder, språk, etnicitet samt ha ett gott samarbete med vårdnadshavare för att kunna planera passande aktiviteter och undervisningar. Det krävs också kunskaper inom interkulturell pedagogisk kompetens, diversifierat normalitet, inkludering, sociokulturellt perspektiv samt modersmålsstöd för att jobba med tvåspråkiga barn. Jag som pedagog och blivande förskollärare har enligt Skolverket (2020) ett större ansvar för att förändra exempelvis det traditionella arbetssättet, men även förbättra och anpassa utbildningen utifrån olika behov för att få en likvärdig utbildning och förskola för alla barn.

Uppdraget som låg till grund för detta examensarbete var att utveckla Vattenfall Science Centers utställning och verksamhet. Uppdraget formulerades i ett syfte att studera hur sciencecentret som koncept kan utvecklas genom att pröva hur ett sociokulturellt perspektiv pålärande yttrar sig i skapandet av en interaktiv installation. Målet med arbetet är att föreslå hurett science center kan formas och utvecklas för att skapa förutsättningar för lärande.Arbetet delades upp i tre delar. Första delen består av en studie av litteratur med syfteatt få en övergripande bild av den forskning som berör lärande på museer. Målet var att belysaviktiga aspekter för lärande på museer. Andra delen består av arbetet med att formulera endidaktisk modell som svarar för vad, varför och hur ett ämne eller ämnesområde skapresenteras, samt att tillämpa den didaktiska modellen i skapandet av en interaktivinstallation. Tredje delen av arbetet består av en utvärdering av mötet mellan den skapadeinstallationen och dess användare.I denna rapport presenteras arbetets tre delar för att avslutningsvis leda till endiskussion kring examensarbetets huvudfråga: Hur kan förutsättningar för lärande möjliggörasi utformandet av en interaktiv utställning?Att skapa förutsättningar för lärande handlar om att skapa förutsättningar föraktiviteter som möjliggör lärande. Genom utformning och val av innehåll i en utställningfinns möjlighet att skapa mer eller mindre goda förutsättning för lärande. Därför är det viktigtatt från början ha en klar bild av vilken typ av aktivitet som det är önskvärt att utställningeninbjuder besökaren till, exempelvis samarbete, samtal och besökarens egen påverkan.Det traditionella science centret är ofta kritiserat för att framställa naturvetenskap ochteknik som något färdigt och opåverkbart. För att skapa intresse och engagemang för dessaämnen och för områdena energi och miljö betonas från flera håll vikten av att iställetframställa dem nyanserat och från flera perspektiv. Därför är det viktigt att i arbetet med attutveckla en interaktiv utställning eller en science center verksamhet diskutera hur det tänktaämnet ska presenteras för att uppnå detta.Att skapa och utveckla en utställning och en verksamhet är en arbetsprocess sominvolverar många människor. Här liksom i alla situationer där många människor ärinvolverade i ett och samma projekt behövs en tydlig ambition och tydliga mål medverksamheten som kan styra och leda arbetsprocessens alla delar. I arbetet har det betonats attdenna ambition kan utvecklas från att intressera besökaren för naturvetenskap och teknik, idetta fall med fokus på energi- och miljöfrågor, till att också skapa engagemang. Engagemangsom exempelvis kan skapas genom att erbjuda besökaren verktyg för att själv kunna agera ochpåverka framtiden i relation energi- och miljöfrågor. / This study illuminates how the science center as a concept can be developed and how asociocultural perspective on learning influences the design of an interactive exhibit. The aimof the study is to propose ideas on how a science center can be designed and developed withthe purpose of creating good conditions for learning.The work was divided in three parts. In the first part literature was studied with theaim of highlighting aspects important for learning from a sociocultural perspective. In thesecond part an educational model was formulated based on the result from the literature study,interviews and study visits. The educational model was then used to guide the design of aninteractive exhibit on hydro power. The third part consists of an evaluation of the exhibitbased on observation of the visitors’ interaction with the exhibit.In this thesis the work and the result of the three parts are presented leading to a finaldiscussion about the key question of the study: How can learning possibilities be createdthrough the design of an interactive exhibition?Creating possibilities for learning is about creating possibilities for activities thatmakes learning possible. Through the design and in the choice of content of an exhibition it ispossible to create more or less good conditions for learning. Therefore it is important to havea clear picture of what type of activities it is desirable that an exhibition invite the visitor to,for example cooperation and conversation and the visitors’ possibility to influence the resultof the activity.The traditional science center is often criticized for presenting science and technologyas something static and finished. To create interest and engagement for the subject area it isinstead needed to be presented from a wide range of perspectives. Therefore throughout thework of developing an interactive exhibition or a science center it is important to discuss howthe subject area can be presented to fulfil this aim.Creating and developing an exhibition is a work that involves a number of people withdifferent backgrounds, knowledge and ideas. Just as in any other project that involves manypeople a clear ambition with clear goals is needed and makes a shared vision possible that canlead and steer all parts of the work.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how preschool teachers face children who they perceive as children with behavioral problems and how they act in the daily work to prevent and counter violations. The study aims to observe how preschool teachers deal with children who they experience as having behavioral problems in the form of aggression. The study also intends to compare two preschool classes in two municipalities where some residential areas are socio-economically vulnerable. For the collection of empirical data, the study was conducted as a qualitative study consisting of interviews with teachers and observations of children and teachers. The two selected schools were deliberately chosen based on geographical areas with known socio-economic vulnerability. The results predict that the preschool teachers encountered situations where difficulties arise, and which can be considered crucial for the children's biological, cognitive, and emotional development. The difficulties highlighted in this study are analyzed with theoretical concepts such as the punctual and relational perspective, the intercultural perspective and theories of socio-economic impact, conflict management, power and norms, aggression, and more. These theories count as significant developmental aspects in children's critical periods. The results show that the teachers in theory share a common view of the prosocial development work with children who are regarded by the preschool teachers as "children with behavioral problems". Despite this, we found significant contradictions that create a distance between what preschool teachers say they do and what they do in practice. The results of this study also show that preschool teachers use methods and strategies, in which children who are perceived as having behavioral problems get reprimanded, are threatened with punishment, and are made invisible. / Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur förskollärare bemöter barn som de upplever som barn med beteendeproblem och hur de agerar i det dagliga arbetet för att förebygga och motverka kränkningar och beteendeproblem i form av aggression. Studien ämnar även att jämföra två förskoleklasser i två kommuner där en del bostadsområden är socioekonomiskt utsatta. För insamlingen av empiriska data genomfördes studien som en kvalitativ studie bestående av intervjuer med förskollärare samt observationer av barn och förskollärare. De två utvalda skolorna valdes medvetet utifrån geografiska aspekter med känd socioekonomisk sårbarhet. Resultaten förutspår att lärarna stött på situationer där svårigheter uppstår och som kan anses vara avgörande för barnens biologiska, kognitiva och emotionella utveckling. De svårigheterna som lyfts fram i denna studie analyseras med teoretiska begrepp som det punktliga och relationella perspektivet, det interkulturella perspektivet samt teorier om socioekonomisk påverkan, konflikthantering, makt och normer, aggression med fler. Dessa teorier räknas som viktiga utvecklingsaspekter i barns kritiska perioder. Resultaten visar att förskollärarna i teorin delar en gemensam syn på det prosociala utvecklingsarbetet med barn som av förskollärare betraktas som "barn med beteendeproblem". Trots detta fann vi betydande motsättningar som skapar ett avstånd mellan vad förskollärare säger att de gör och vad de faktiskt gör i praktiken. Studiens resultat visar även på medvetna och omedvetna metoder och strategier som förskollärare använder sig av i bemötandet av barn som upplevs ha beteendeproblem. Barnen blir tillsagda, hotade med bestraffning och osynliggjorda respektive bemötta med positiv uppmuntran.

“You just say ‘yes!’ Say something more!” A study of pupils participation, active involvement, motivation and development through student discussion of factual texts about the concepts of climate and sustainable development.  The purpose of this study is to investigate whether student-led text conversations about concepts in the subject of geography, with the help of support structures, can be designed in a way that promotes discussion between pupils. The further aim is to investigate how support structures for increased participation affect the dialogue in text conversations for pupils in upper primary school. The research questions in this study were: How is pupils' participation in text conversations affected by different support structures? How are pupils' participation in text conversations affected by different support structures? How is pupils' dialogue in text conversations affected by different support structures? How do pupils experience structured text conversations as a form of work? As this is a practical study based on the model of a lesson study, where the aim is to increase participation and promote dialogue between a group of pupils, a hermeneutic approach is used in the analysis. Hermeneutics is about interpreting meaning and actions by subjectively trying to put yourself in the place of a text author or participant. This is done by moving in the analysis between partial perspectives and holistic perspectives. In this study, conversation analysis has been used as an analysis tool. It focuses on detailed transcriptions of conversations and studies various aspects of the interaction, including overlaps, turn-taking and conversational structure. By analysing these elements, one can identify social norms, conventions and strategies used by participants to create meaningful interactions. The result of the study can be interpreted as that with a high level of participation and active involvement from the pupils, the dialogue between the pupils was convulsive and bordering on monologic, however, in a dialogically well-functioning text conversation, instead, the participation and active involvement were low.