Global ETD Search

121	Geografies del capitalisme balear: poder, metabolisme socioeconòmic i petjada ecològica d’una superpotència turística Murray Mas, Ivan 06 July 2012 (has links) Es presenta una recerca activista de geografia crítica sobre el capitalisme balear: el poder, el seu procés d’internacionalització, els fluxos de materials del seu metabolisme social i la seva petjada ecològica. En primer lloc, es vinculen l’economia ecològica i la geografia crítica, amb l’estudi de les mesures biofísiques, les lògiques espacials i els processos socials del capitalisme balear. En segon lloc, es pretén situar el turisme en un lloc central en la via d’acumulació capitalista, desxifrar la seva dinàmica sociopolítica, la geografia de la seva globalització neoliberal i els conflictes socials que genera, particularment la seva contribució a la crisi socioecològica global. En tercer lloc, s’ha pretès esbrinar l’evolució geohistòrica del capitalisme balear, amb l’anàlisi de les geometries del poder, una comptabilitat biofísica, les solucions geogràfiques del capital –deslocalitzacions productives i desplaçaments de les extraccions– i els conflictes socials associats. / Se presenta una investigación activista de geografía crítica sobre el capitalismo balear: el poder, su proceso de internacionalización, los flujos de materiales de su metabolismo social y su huella ecológica. En primer lugar, se vinculan la economía ecológica y la geografía crítica, con el estudio de las medidas biofísicas, las lógicas espaciales y los procesos sociales del capitalismo balear. En segundo lugar, se pretende situar el turismo en un lugar central en la vía de acumulación capitalista, descifrar su dinámica sociopolítica, la geografía de su globalización neoliberal y los conflictos sociales que genera, particularmente su contribución a la crisis socioecológica global. En tercer lugar se ha pretendido averiguar la evolución geohistórica del capitalismo balear, con el análisis de las geometrías del poder, una contabilidad biofísica, las sociones geográfics del capital –deslocalizaciones productivas y desplazamientos de las extracciones– y los conflictos sociales a él asociados. / We are submitting a critical geography activist research paper on Balearic capitalism: the power, its internationalization process, the flows of materials of its social metabolism and its ecological footprint. Firstly, ecological economics and critical geography are linked with the study of biophysical measurements, spatial logics and the social processes of Balearic capitalism. Secondly, an attempt is made to situate tourism in a central place in the path of capitalist accumulation, deciphering its socio-political dynamic, the geography of its neoliberal globalization and the social conflicts generated, particularly its contribution to the global socio-economic crisis. Thirdly, we have attempted to discover the geohistorical evolution of Balearic capitalism, by analyzing the geometries of power, biophysical accounting and the geographical solutions of the capital – relocation of production and movement of the extractions – and associated social conflicts. Anàlisi Geogràfica Regional 91
122	Ethical and stylistic issues of translating Bosman's English short stories into Afrikaans Opperman, Susan 01 1900 (has links) Text in English with abstracts in English, Afrikaans and isiXhosa / Herman Charles Bosman (1905–1951) remains a popular South African writer, despite the frequent occurrence of the offensive k-word for black people in his writings. Although the discipline of Translation Studies is presently dominated by ethical considerations, there are reasons to believe that ethical issues have been neglected in recent translations of Bosman’s English short stories into Afrikaans. His translators, Griebenow and De Lange, have conformed to a simplistic fidelity-driven perception of ethics, while more attention should have been paid to “sensitive” aspects of the original. The research problem is how this gap that exists in translation practice can be addressed, which in turn raises the question: How would one translate Bosman’s stories in an ethically responsible manner for the twenty-first century? This study not does deal with all of Bosman’s short stories but focuses on the Oom Schalk Lourens ones as these demonstrate the research problem best. Thus, the data consist of existing texts in printed form. The following stories have been selected for comparative analysis: “Makapan’s Caves”, “The Rooinek”, “The Gramophone”, “Mafeking Road”, “Splendours from Ramoutsa”, “Unto Dust”, and “Funeral Earth”. Since excerpts from the original and their corresponding translations are compared, translator style is inevitably included in the discussion. A committed approach, which considers translation as an activist and interventionist cultural activity (Brownlie 2011), forms the analytical framework of this study. The analyses indicate that Griebenow and De Lange have retained the offensive racial epithets of the source texts, rather than toning them down for modern target-text readers. Thus, the translators have been faithful to a dead author, instead of taking the socio-cultural and political context of reception into consideration. From a committed stance, I would strongly recommend that derogatory racial epithets, found in older texts, should be subdued in current translations. Otherwise, it may be better not to translate at all, as Pym (2012) suggests. Owing to translators’ responsibility for the effects of their translations on their readers, and South Africa’s political transformation to a democracy in which all people are deemed equal before the law, the use of racist language, is totally unwarranted. / Herman Charles Bosman (1905–1951) bly ŉ gewilde Suid-Afrikaanse skrywer, ten spyte van die gereelde voorkoms van die neerhalende k-woord vir swart mense in sy werk. Hoewel die dissipline, Vertaalkunde, tans deur etiese vraagstukke oorheers word, is daar rede om te vermoed dat etiese kwessies afgeskeep is in die onlangse vertalings van Bosman se Engelse kortverhale in Afrikaans. Die vertalers, Griebenow en De Lange, vereenselwig etiek met getrouheid aan die skrywer, in plaas daarvan om meer aandag te skenk aan “sensitiewe” aspekte van die oorspronklike. Die navorsingsprobleem is hoe om hierdie gaping in vertaalpraktyk aan te spreek: Hoe behoort Bosman se verhale op ŉ etiese, verantwoordelike wyse vertaal te word vir die een-en-twintigste eeu? Hierdie studie fokus op Bosman se oom Schalk Lourens-verhale wat die navorsingsprobleem die beste illustreer. Die data is derhalwe saamgestel uit bestaande tekste in gedrukte vorm. Die volgende verhale is vir vergelykende ontleding gekies: “Makapan’s Caves”, “The Rooinek”, “The Gramophone”, “Mafeking Road”, “Splendours from Ramoutsa”, “Unto Dust”, en “Funeral Earth”. Aangesien grepe uit die brontekste en die vertalings daarvan vergelyk word, is vertalerstyl noodwendig deel van die bespreking. ŉ Betrokke benadering waarvolgens vertaling as ŉ aktivistiese en intervensionistiese kulturele aktiwiteit beskou word (Brownlie 2011), vorm die ontledingsraamwerk van die studie. Die ontledings dui daarop dat Griebenow en De Lange die rassistiese skeldname van die oorspronklike behou het, in plaas daarvan om dit “sagter” uit te druk vir hedendaagse doeltaallesers. Die vertalers was getrou aan ŉ afgestorwe skrywer, eerder as om die sosiokulturele en -politiese konteks van resepsie in ag te neem. Vanuit ŉ betrokke standpunt sou ek sterk aanbeveel dat neerhalende, rassistiese benamings wat in ouer tekste voorkom, gedemp moet word in hedendaagse vertalings. Anders sou dit beter wees om hoegenaamd nie te vertaal nie, soos Pym (2012) voorstel. Vanweë vertalers se verantwoordelikheid vir die effek van hul vertalings op hul lesers, en Suid-Afrika se politiese transformasie in ŉ demokrasie waar alle mense gelyk geag word voor die wet, is die gebruik van rassistiese taal verregaande. / UHerman Charles Bosman (1905-1951) ngomnye wababhali abaphume izandla baseMzantsi Afrika, nangona iincwadi zakhe zizele ligama elingamkelekanga eliqala ngo-k elibhekiselele kubantu abantsundu. Nangona Izifundo Zoguqulo zikuthathela ingqalelo ukunanzwa kweenqobo ezisesikweni xa kuguqulelwa, kukho izizathu ezibangela ukuba kukholeleke ukuba imiba engeenqobo ezisesikweni iye yatyeshelwa xa bekuguqulelwa kwiAfrikaans amabali amafutshane kaBosman abhalwe ngesiNgesi. UGriebenow noDe Lange abangabaguquli bathande ukulandela uluvo olubonisa intembeko kumbhali, endaweni yokugxila kwimiba “enobuethe-ethe” ekwisicatshulwa sentsusa. Injongo yolu phando kukufumana indlela esinokuvalwa ngayo esi sikhewu kwimisebenzi yoguqulelo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho imibuzo ethi: Umntu angawaguqula njani amabali amafutshane kaBosman kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye apho umguquli azithathela ingqalelo iinqobo ezisesikweni. Olu phando aluwahlautyi onke amabali amafutshane kaBosman, koko lugxila kuphela kula ka-Oom Schalk Lourens kuba ingawo ayivelisa kakuhle le ngxaki/njongo yophando. Izicatshulwa ezihlalutywayo zezishicilelweyo kuphela. Amabali akhethelwe ukuthelekiswa nokuhlalutywa ngala: “Makapan’s Caves”, “The Rooinek”, “The Gramophone”, “Mafeking Road”, “Splendours from Ramoutsa”, “Unto Dust”, and “Funeral Earth”. Njengoko kuthelekiswa iziqendwana ezikula mabalana neenguqulelo zawo, isimbo sokubhala sabaguquli siyaqukwa kolu hlalutyo. Isakhelo sohlalutyo esisetyenzisiweyo kolu phando seso sisekelwe kwiingcamango zikaBrownlie (2011) ezihlela uguqulelo njengesenzo senkcubeko sokuphembelela nokungenelela. Uhlalutyo lubonisa ukuba uGriebenow noDe Lange bawagcinile amagama ocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga anyelisayo asetyenziswe kwizicatshulwa zentsusa, endaweni yokuwatshintsha ngelokulungiselela abafundi ekujoliswe kubo beli xesha. Abaguquli ke ngoko baye bathembeka kakhulu kumbhali owaswelekayo endaweni yokuthathela ingqalelo imeko yokwamkelekileyo ngokwezopolitiko nentlalo. Ndiphakamisa ukuba amagama anyelisayo ocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga asetyenziswe kwiimbalo zakudala athonyalaliswe okanye atshintshwe kwiinguqulelo zangoku. Kungenjalo, kungcono kungenziwa nguqulelo kwaphela njengoko ecebisa uPym (2012). Ngenxa yoxanduva olusemagxeni abaguquli ngeziphumo zeenguqulelo zabo kubafundi bazo, nokutshintsha kwemeko yezopolitiko yoMzantsi Afrika itshintshela kwidemokhrasi apho abantu balinganayo ngokomthetho, ukusetyenziswa kolwimi olucalulayo akwamkelekanga. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (Linguistics with specialisation in Translation Studies) Accountability Accuracy Activist/committed approach Ethics Loyalty Racial epithets Repetition/retention Responsibility Strategies Translators’ style Visibility Aanspreeklikheid Akkuraatheid Aktivistiese/betrokke benadering Etiek Lojaliteit Rassistiese skeldname Herhaling/behoud Verantwoordelikheid Strategiee Vertalerstyl Sigbaarheid 823.91 Translating and interpreting -- Style
123	“A Lifetime of Activism”: doing feminist men’s work from a social justice paradigm Rosenberg, Isaac 04 October 2017 (has links) This thesis focuses on the projects and experiences of social justice organizers who place an emphasis on working to address heteropatriarchy and its impacts, work that I call men’s work. In particular, these are organizers who take an intersectional, social justice approach to this work. In order to recognize who organizers are and the kinds of projects they engage in, I describe four major project themes within men’s work and briefly explore their potentials and pitfalls according to those who are involved in them. I then analyze a number of the various considerations, tensions, and difficulties that arise for these organizers, particularly the personal and interpersonal components. In order to support organizers to be resilient and successful when faced with these issues, I conclude by sharing a variety of ways they may choose to navigate the various complexities they encounter in their organizing and in their communities. / Graduate men masculinity feminism men's work activism social justice qualitative interviews political organizing women's studies action research activist feminist gender gender studies gender-based violence militant research movement-relevant theory violence organizers social justice paradigm thematic analysis reproductive labour men's groups personal work political education
124	Strategická obchodní politika v obranném a bezpečnostním průmyslu / Strategic Trade Policy in Defence and Security Industry Neumannová, Pavla January 2016 (has links) The master thesis is devoted to a nontraditional, however, in the todays world to a very current topic, arms industry and its support. The thesis connects the theoretical concept of the strategic trade policy (defined by P. Krugman or J. Brander) to its practical interpretation and application in the defence and security industry. The first chapter explains the strategic trade policy using the Brander Spencer analysis. The topic of the second chapter is strategic industries and this chapter answers the question whether the defence and security industry is a strategic industry or not. The third chapter analyses the possibilities of the support of DSI and compares approaches of different EU member states. The last chapter is devoted to the solution of this problem. The main contribution of this thesis is a new interpretation of the strategic trade policy, analysis of the importance of the defence and security industry and its support and suggestion of practical measures for Czech companies and for the Czech Ministry of Defence.
125	Art, Water, and Circles: In What Ways Do Study Circles Empower Artists to Become Community Leaders around Water Issues Jacoby, Jill Beth January 2009 (has links) No description available. Adult Education Ecology Environmental Science Fine Arts Freshwater Ecology Personal Relationships Science Education Social Research action research study circles dialogue circles popular education water resources activist art social change public art environmental art community-based art collaborative leadership environmental leadership civic engagement
126	NGO involvement in the UN Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm 1972. Interrelations Between Intergovernmental Discourse Framing and Activist Influence. Nilsson, Peter January 2004 (has links) The UN Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm 1972 has been recognized as bringing political attention to environmental problems. Researchers have acknowledged the importance of NGO activities during the conference, initiating a trend of engagement of NGOs in official global meetings. But NGOs were not permitted to speak at the plenary or participate in working groups in the official Conference. The influence of NGOs could still be substantial but in another arenas delivering perceptions, knowledge and information to the general public and officials, directly or through the intense media coverage of the conference. NGOs engaged in these parallel activities and individuals in the official initiating process are central to this research. The purpose of this study is to analyze how Swedish NGOs and their related networks influenced environmental discourses during and following the UN conference on the human environment in Stockholm 1972. The purpose is also to analyze how they in turn were effected by the conference process and the context in which NGOs function. This study is concerned with how social movements became engaged in official global meetings and the effects of this process. It is a study of the interrelations between intergovernmental discourse framing and activist influence. To understand this we take in consideration what motivated the actions of relevant actors, how actors selected strategies to obtain there purposes and how diverse frames of understanding emerged. Political science frames of understanding paradigms environmental understanding UNCHE UN conference on the human environment interrelations discourse framing activist Stockholm conference perception power relations frame-setting NGO social movements Manuel Castells transnational advocacy third world Chossudovsky political actors only one earth networks PowWow Hamilton conference Environmental Forum Peoples Forum Garrett Harding Barry Commoner UNEP ecocide in Indochina sustainable development globalization Statsvetenskap
127	La conception de l’État au prisme du lien entre le religieux et le politique dans la pensée égyptienne moderne et contemporaine (2011-2015) : continuités, évolutions et ruptures El Zabbal, Wael Saleh Mahmoud 12 1900 (has links) Jury Président : Gilles Bibeau Directeur : Patrice Brodeur Membre du jury : Harith Al-Dabbagh Examinateur externe : Dominique Avon / À l’égard du lien entre le religieux et le politique, le XIXe siècle a été marqué par le rétablissement de grandes questions et par la mise en oeuvre de sujets innovateurs dans la pensée égyptienne par les grandes figures de al-Nahḍah (Renaissance), alors que le XXe siècle a été empreint d’une forte polarisation entre les courants du réformisme musulman, de l´islamisme holiste activiste et du libéralisme humaniste musulman. Maintenant, qu’en est-il des prises de position adoptées par les intellectuels égyptiens contemporains (2011-2015) à ce sujet ? Quelles sont leurs principales expressions de la conception de l’État au prisme de ce lien ? En quoi ces orientations courantes reflètent-elles des continuités, des évolutions ou des ruptures dans la conception de l’État par rapport à la pensée égyptienne moderne (1805-2010) ? Pour pouvoir donner des pistes de réponses à ces questions, les principaux travaux et interventions de 22 intellectuels seront étudiés et analysés, et ce, autour de la conception de l’espace public, de la source de légitimité et de la légifération, toujours au prisme du lien entre le religieux et le politique. Il s’agit principalement d’intellectuels qui, malgré leurs apports et leur influence sur la scène intellectuelle égyptienne actuelle, sont quasi absents de la littérature, surtout française et anglaise. Et c’est par le biais d´une approche interdisciplinaire, appliquée et critique que leurs discours seront examinés. / With respect to the relationship between the religious and the political, the 19th century was marked by the resituating within Egyptian thought of innovative questions and subjects by the great figures of the Al-Nahdah (Renaissance), while the 20th century was characterized by a pronounced polarization between Muslim reformism, activist holistic Islamism and Muslim humanistic liberalism. What of the positions of contemporary Egyptian intellectuals (2011-2015) in this regard? What are their primary expressions of conceiving the state through the prism of the relationship under discussion? How do these current approaches reflect continuities, evolutions or ruptures in conceiving the state with regard to modern Egyptian thought (1805-2010)? To propose avenues for answering these questions, the principal works and other contributions of 22 intellectuals will be studied and analyzed taking into consideration the conception of public space, of the State’s source of legitimacy and legislation, again viewed through the prism of the relationship between the religious and the political. Most of these intellectuals are virtually absent from the literature – especially the French and English – despite their contributions and their influence on the contemporary Egyptian intellectual scene. Their discourses will be examined using an interdisciplinary, applied and critical approach. Conception de l’État espace public lien entre religieux et politique réformisme musulman islamisme holiste activiste libéralisme humaniste musulman pensée égyptienne moderne (1805-2010) interdisciplinarité Post-Colonial Studies post-Maqāṣid al-sharīʻah post-texte post-interprétation aggiornamento musulman nécro-islamisme rétro-islamisme post-islamisme Conception of the state public space Muslim reformism activist holistic Islamism Muslim humanistic liberalism modern Egyptian thought (1805-2010) present-day Egyptian thought (2011-2015) interdisciplinarity post-colonial studies post-Maqāṣid al-sharīʻah Muslim aggiornamento necro-Islamism retro-Islamism post-Islamism.
128	Development of Sensitive In Vitro Assays to Assess the Ocular Toxicity Potential of Chemicals and Ophthalmic Products McCanna, David January 2009 (has links) The utilization of in vitro tests with a tiered testing strategy for detection of mild ocular irritants can reduce the use of animals for testing, provide mechanistic data on toxic effects, and reduce the uncertainty associated with dose selection for clinical trials. The first section of this thesis describes how in vitro methods can be used to improve the prediction of the toxicity of chemicals and ophthalmic products. The proper utilization of in vitro methods can accurately predict toxic threshold levels and reduce animal use in product development. Sections two, three and four describe the development of new sensitive in vitro methods for predicting ocular toxicity. Maintaining the barrier function of the cornea is critical for the prevention of the penetration of infections microorganisms and irritating chemicals into the eye. Chapter 2 describes the development of a method for assessing the effects of chemicals on tight junctions using a human corneal epithelial and canine kidney epithelial cell line. In Chapter 3 a method that uses a primary organ culture for assessing single instillation and multiple instillation toxic effects is described. The ScanTox system was shown to be an ideal system to monitor the toxic effects over time as multiple readings can be taken of treated bovine lenses using the nondestructive method of assessing for the lens optical quality. Confirmations of toxic effects were made with the utilization of the viability dye alamarBlue. Chapter 4 describes the development of sensitive in vitro assays for detecting ocular toxicity by measuring the effects of chemicals on the mitochondrial integrity of bovine cornea, bovine lens epithelium and corneal epithelial cells, using fluorescent dyes. The goal of this research was to develop an in vitro test battery that can be used to accurately predict the ocular toxicity of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. By comparing the toxicity seen in vivo animals and humans with the toxicity response in these new in vitro methods, it was demonstrated that these in vitro methods can be utilized in a tiered testing strategy in the development of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. in vitro Alternative Methods alamarBlue rhodamine tight junctions bovine lens viability toxicity mitochondria mitochondria integrity benzalkonium chloride sodium dodecyl sulphate sodium lauryl sulfate scanning electron microscopy Draize Draize maximal average scores zonula occludens cosmetic directive PETA humane society animal league ICCVAM ECVAM JaCVAM BCOP bovine cornea ocular irritants ocular irritation ocular toxicity human corneal epithelial cells vitro confocal confocal microscopy metabolic activity optical quality reactive oxygen species contact lens contact lens care solutions barrier function microbial keratitis mulitipurpose solutions tight junction cell damage claudin ZO-1 occludin MDCK Madin Madin-Darby canine kidney cells cornea human cornea human corneal epithelium epithelial cell line human corneal epithelial cell line sodium fluorescein sodium fluorescein permeability fluorescein permeability ocular surface cell monolayer Araki-Sasaki cell physiology risk assessment safety assessment ScanTox scanning laser lens epithelium corneal cells in vitro model ophthalmic formulations multiple instillation back vertex animal testing rabbit testing alternatives to animal testing cultured bovine lens toxicity of chemicals irritation irritants laser scanner organ culture delayed toxicity toxins hydrogen peroxide cornea toxicity cornea toxicity models prediction of human toxicity no observable adverse effect level lowest observable adverse effect level NOAEL LOAEL toxicity thresholds safety factors cornea uncertainty factors preservatives disinfectants ophthalmic products preclinical preclinical testing epithelial barrier drug penetration clinical confocal microscopy animal rights rabbit cornea human cornea human clinical effects toxic animal rights activist sensitive measures toxic effect toxicity threshold agar overlay agar diffusion agar overlay method agar diffusion method cytochrome cytochrome c apoptosis necrotic apoptotic necrosis caspase rhodamine 123 resazuran resorufin cell death cell viability metabolic dye microsomal microsomal enzymes cytotoxicity cytotoxic cytotoxic effect MTT XTT WST-1 plasma membrane mitochondrial mitochondrial morphology ocular toxicity potential ocular toxicity human corneal epithelial cell line confocal analysis corneal epithelium cell fluorescence alamarBlue assay rhodamine dye animal welfare toxic injury degraded mitochondria epithelial monolayer disinfectants membrane integrity eye toxicity eye viability dye toxicity in humans human toxicity effects on the mitochondria mitochondrial toxicity in vitro battery in vitro test battery ophthalmic eye drop direct contact product safety cytotoxicity potential molecular molecular biology refine reduce replace sensitivity and relevance sensitivity relevance rabbit ocular irritation test product development cytotoxicity models cytotoxicity alternative methods replacements for animal testing three r's beagle tiered testing tiered testing strategy replacements animal testing mechanistic toxicity cornea mitochondria dose response threshold Vision Science and Biology
129	Development of Sensitive In Vitro Assays to Assess the Ocular Toxicity Potential of Chemicals and Ophthalmic Products McCanna, David January 2009 (has links) The utilization of in vitro tests with a tiered testing strategy for detection of mild ocular irritants can reduce the use of animals for testing, provide mechanistic data on toxic effects, and reduce the uncertainty associated with dose selection for clinical trials. The first section of this thesis describes how in vitro methods can be used to improve the prediction of the toxicity of chemicals and ophthalmic products. The proper utilization of in vitro methods can accurately predict toxic threshold levels and reduce animal use in product development. Sections two, three and four describe the development of new sensitive in vitro methods for predicting ocular toxicity. Maintaining the barrier function of the cornea is critical for the prevention of the penetration of infections microorganisms and irritating chemicals into the eye. Chapter 2 describes the development of a method for assessing the effects of chemicals on tight junctions using a human corneal epithelial and canine kidney epithelial cell line. In Chapter 3 a method that uses a primary organ culture for assessing single instillation and multiple instillation toxic effects is described. The ScanTox system was shown to be an ideal system to monitor the toxic effects over time as multiple readings can be taken of treated bovine lenses using the nondestructive method of assessing for the lens optical quality. Confirmations of toxic effects were made with the utilization of the viability dye alamarBlue. Chapter 4 describes the development of sensitive in vitro assays for detecting ocular toxicity by measuring the effects of chemicals on the mitochondrial integrity of bovine cornea, bovine lens epithelium and corneal epithelial cells, using fluorescent dyes. The goal of this research was to develop an in vitro test battery that can be used to accurately predict the ocular toxicity of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. By comparing the toxicity seen in vivo animals and humans with the toxicity response in these new in vitro methods, it was demonstrated that these in vitro methods can be utilized in a tiered testing strategy in the development of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. in vitro Alternative Methods alamarBlue rhodamine tight junctions bovine lens viability toxicity mitochondria mitochondria integrity benzalkonium chloride sodium dodecyl sulphate sodium lauryl sulfate scanning electron microscopy Draize Draize maximal average scores zonula occludens cosmetic directive PETA humane society animal league ICCVAM ECVAM JaCVAM BCOP bovine cornea ocular irritants ocular irritation ocular toxicity human corneal epithelial cells vitro confocal confocal microscopy metabolic activity optical quality reactive oxygen species contact lens contact lens care solutions barrier function microbial keratitis mulitipurpose solutions tight junction cell damage claudin ZO-1 occludin MDCK Madin Madin-Darby canine kidney cells cornea human cornea human corneal epithelium epithelial cell line human corneal epithelial cell line sodium fluorescein sodium fluorescein permeability fluorescein permeability ocular surface cell monolayer Araki-Sasaki cell physiology risk assessment safety assessment ScanTox scanning laser lens epithelium corneal cells in vitro model ophthalmic formulations multiple instillation back vertex animal testing rabbit testing alternatives to animal testing cultured bovine lens toxicity of chemicals irritation irritants laser scanner organ culture delayed toxicity toxins hydrogen peroxide cornea toxicity cornea toxicity models prediction of human toxicity no observable adverse effect level lowest observable adverse effect level NOAEL LOAEL toxicity thresholds safety factors cornea uncertainty factors preservatives disinfectants ophthalmic products preclinical preclinical testing epithelial barrier drug penetration clinical confocal microscopy animal rights rabbit cornea human cornea human clinical effects toxic animal rights activist sensitive measures toxic effect toxicity threshold agar overlay agar diffusion agar overlay method agar diffusion method cytochrome cytochrome c apoptosis necrotic apoptotic necrosis caspase rhodamine 123 resazuran resorufin cell death cell viability metabolic dye microsomal microsomal enzymes cytotoxicity cytotoxic cytotoxic effect MTT XTT WST-1 plasma membrane mitochondrial mitochondrial morphology ocular toxicity potential ocular toxicity human corneal epithelial cell line confocal analysis corneal epithelium cell fluorescence alamarBlue assay rhodamine dye animal welfare toxic injury degraded mitochondria epithelial monolayer disinfectants membrane integrity eye toxicity eye viability dye toxicity in humans human toxicity effects on the mitochondria mitochondrial toxicity in vitro battery in vitro test battery ophthalmic eye drop direct contact product safety cytotoxicity potential molecular molecular biology refine reduce replace sensitivity and relevance sensitivity relevance rabbit ocular irritation test product development cytotoxicity models cytotoxicity alternative methods replacements for animal testing three r's beagle tiered testing tiered testing strategy replacements animal testing mechanistic toxicity cornea mitochondria dose response threshold Vision Science and Biology

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