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Showing 21 to 30 of 30 (0.022 seconds)| 21 |
Исследование взаимосвязи личностной зрелости и ценностных ориентаций у студентов : магистерская диссертация / Study of the relationship of personal maturity and value orientations among studentsКокорин, Д. А., Kokorin, D. A. January 2019 (has links)
Объектом исследования являются личностная зрелость и ценностные ориентации. Предметом исследования является связь личностной зрелости и ценностных ориентаций студентов и курсантов высших учебных заведений. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения и списка литературы (71 источник). Объем магистерской диссертации 81 страница, на которых размещены 1 рисунок и 24 таблицы. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируется гипотеза, указываются методы и эмпирическая база. В первой главе подробно рассматриваются следующие психологические феномены: зрелость и основные ее классификации, личностная зрелость, основные подходы к ее изучению и основные параметры личностной зрелости, ценностные ориентации, возможность исследования и определения личностной зрелости в непосредственной связке с изучением инфантилизма. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание хода исследования, интерпретация данных по каждой применяемой методике, в том числе и с разбивкой по группам студентов и курсантов, принимающих участие в исследовании. Корреляционный анализ полученных данных. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутой гипотезе, со ссылками на другие исследования со сходными тематиками, рассмотрены возможные перспективы продолжения исследования взаимосвязи личностной зрелости и ценностных ориентаций. / The object of the study is personal maturity and value orientations. The subject of the study is the relationship of personality maturity and value orientations of students and cadets of higher educational institutions. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references (71 sources). The volume of the master's thesis is 81 pages, on which 1 figure and 24 tables are placed. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the elaboration of the problem, sets the goal and objectives of the study, defines the object and subject of the study, formulates a hypothesis, indicates methods and empirical basis. In the first chapter, the following psychological phenomena are examined in detail: maturity and its main classifications, personality maturity, the main approaches to its study and the main parameters of personality maturity, value orientations, the possibility of studying and determining personality maturity in a direct connection with the study of infantilism. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It provides a description of the progress of the study, interpretation of data for each applied methodology, including a breakdown of the groups of students and cadets participating in the study. Correlation analysis of the data. In conclusion, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work are summarized, as well as the conclusions of the hypothesis put forward, with links to other studies with similar topics, the possible prospects for continuing the study of the relationship of personal maturity and value orientations are considered.
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Selection and early career education of executive officers in the Royal Navy c1902-1939Romans, Elinor Frances January 2012 (has links)
This thesis is concerned with the selection and early career education of executive branch officers in the Royal Navy c1902-1939. The thesis attempts to place naval selection and educational policy in context by demonstrating how it was affected by changing naval requirements, external political interference and contemporary educational reform. It also explores the impact of the First World War and the Invergordon mutiny upon officer education. The thesis discusses the selection of potential executive officers, exploring what methods were used, why they were used and how they were developed over time. It discusses the increasing openness of the officer corps of the Royal Navy to boys of talent, irrespective of their background; and shows that this trend was driven by political demand, fuelled by the increasing number of well educated lower middle class boys, and welcomed by many in the Royal Navy. The thesis demonstrates that the Fisher-Selborne Scheme of officer education combined existing naval practice with recent educational developments to produce a unique and innovatory educational system. It shows how many of the assumptions on which the scheme was founded were subsequently proven to be wrong, and demonstrates its gradual dismantling through the inter-war years. The thesis considers the development of the Special Entry scheme, initially in response to a shortage of junior officers but later as a means of broadening entry to the officer corps. It contrasts the fortunes of the two schemes in the inter-war period, in which the educational side of the Special Entry scheme was largely unaltered. Overall the thesis seeks to place the development of the Royal Navy’s systems for the selection and early career education of executive officers in context by exploring how and why they were developed and their response to the changing fortunes and shape of the Royal Navy.
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O papel da autoeficácia na saúde mental e no Burnout de Cadetes Policiais e Bombeiros MilitaresSouza, Luciane Albuquerque Sá de 15 April 2013 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:16:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2013-04-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Military police and firefighters, in performing their work activities, are subject to a
variety of situations and conditions arising from the external environment, in addition to
having to survive the challenges posed by the public structure in which they operate.
This reflection led to our interest in conducting a study with future law enforcement and
public safety agents, namely military cadets. Therefore, the general aim of this thesis
was to analyze the process by which the relationship between subjective well-being and
mental health, and subjective well-being and burnout, acquire psychological meaning
from the mediating effect of beliefs of self-efficacy. Toward this end, we set out to
achieve the following specific objectives: a) to investigate the mediating effect of selfefficacy
in the relationship of the mental health of future military police and firefighters
with two sets of variables: those sociodemographic and those related to subjective wellbeing;
and b) to evaluate the mediating effect of self-efficacy on the onset of burnout
syndrome in future military police and firefighters, with two sets of variables: those
sociodemographic and those related to subjective well-being. The study included 228
military cadets, mostly male (79%), between 17 and 24 years of age (60%), and of
unmarried status (74%); it is noted that 65% attended the Military Police Officer
Training Course, and 35% the Fire and Rescue Service Officer Training Course, with
42% having already attended the course one year earlier, 30% two years, and 28% three
years prior. After research project approval by the Ethics Committee, and the consent
and authorization of the Director of the Military Police Education Center of Paraíba, we
proceeded to collect data. Participants received a booklet containing the following
instruments: General (Mental) Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), Maslach Burnout
Inventory - Student Survey (MBI-SS), General Perceived Self-efficacy Scale, Positive
and Negative Affect Schedule, Subjective Vitality Scale, and the Satisfaction with Life
Scale. Initially, we conducted a hierarchical regression, using the "Enter" method, to
assess: 1) the role of sociodemographic variables and subjective well-being in the
mental health of military cadets; and 2) the role of sociodemographic variables and
subjective well-being in the development of burnout in the military cadets.
Subsequently, simple regressions were run, using the "Enter" method, to test the
mediating effect of self-efficacy among the aforementioned variables. Regarding the
construct of subjective well-being, we found that, despite being exposed to various
adverse contingencies, these military cadets manage to maintain balanced levels of
mental health, largely due to the dynamics of the four types of mediating functions
(cognitive , selective, affective, and regulatory) set in motion by the beliefs of selfefficacy,
in these individuals. Another interesting finding showed that the relationship
between length of service and mental health is fully explained by self-efficacy. And in
relation to burnout, it is emphasized that despite coming from the same academic
environment (CEPMPB), police cadets and firefighter cadets showed a divergence in
terms of burnout levels - police cadets exhibited a higher level of burnout than did
firefighter cadets. Other evidence indicates that the more time cadets spend in the
service, the more likely they are to develop burnout. The analysis results of this thesis
indicate that military cadets (irrespective of gender and type of service to which they
belong) are using (even partially) their self-efficacy beliefs to help deal with day-to-day
stress. The discussions suggest intervention programs as a way for the military services
to conserve resources, as this will prevent the emergence of burnout syndrome in the
professional life of military police and firefighters. / Os policiais e bombeiros militares, ao realizarem suas atividades laborais, estão sujeitos às várias situações e intempéries advindas do ambiente externo, além de ter que sobreviver aos desafios impostos pela estrutura pública à qual estão inseridos. A partir desta reflexão, surgiu o interesse por realizar um estudo com os futuros agentes da segurança pública e defesa social, os cadetes militares. Logo, o objetivo geral desta tese foi o de analisar o processo pelo qual as relações entre o bem-estar subjetivo e a saúde mental e o bem-estar subjetivo e o burnout adquirem significado psicológico a partir do efeito mediador das crenças da autoeficácia. Para tanto, buscou-se o atingimento dos seguintes objetivos específicos: a) investigar o efeito mediador da autoeficácia na relação entre a saúde mental de futuros policiais e bombeiros militares e dois conjuntos de variáveis: as sociodemográficas e as relacionadas ao bem estar subjetivo; e b) avaliar o efeito mediador da autoeficácia no aparecimento da síndrome de burnout em futuros policiais e bombeiros militares e dois conjuntos de variáveis: as sociodemográficas e as relacionadas ao bem-estar subjetivo. Participaram deste estudo 228 cadetes militares, cuja maioria é do sexo masculino (79%), com idades variando entre 17 e 24 anos (60%), e declarados solteiros (74%); destaca-se que 65% frequentava o Curso de Formação de Oficiais da Polícia Militar e 35% o Curso de Formação de Oficiais do Corpo de Bombeiros Militar, sendo que 42% já frequentava o curso há um ano, 30% há dois anos e 28% há três anos. Após aprovação do projeto de pesquisa pelo Comitê de Ética e do consentimento e autorização do Diretor do Centro de Educação da Polícia Militar da Paraíba, procedeu-se a coleta dos dados. Os participantes receberam um livreto contendo os seguintes instrumentos: Questionário de Saúde mental (QSG-12), Maslach Burnout Inventory Student Survey (MBI-SS), Escala de Autoeficácia Geral Percebida, Escala de Afetos Positivos e Negativos, Escala de Vitalidade Subjetiva e Escala de Satisfação com a Vida. Inicialmente, foi realizada uma regressão hierárquica, método Enter, para avaliar: 1) o papel de variáveis sociodemográficas e do bem-estar subjetivo na saúde mental dos cadetes militares; e 2) o papel de variáveis sociodemográficas e do bem-estar subjetivo no desenvolvimento de burnout dos cadetes militares. Posteriormente, realizaram-se regressões simples com método Enter, para testar o efeito mediador da autoeficácia entre as variáveis supracitadas. Quanto ao construto do bem-estar subjetivo, observou-se que, apesar de estarem expostos a contingências diversas e adversas, os cadetes militares conseguem manter níveis equilibrados de saúde mental, em boa parte, devido à dinâmica dos quatro tipos de funções mediadoras (cognitiva, seletiva, afetiva e reguladora) que as crenças da autoeficácia realizam nestes indivíduos. Outro dado interessante apontou que a relação entre o tempo na corporação e a saúde mental é completamente explicada pela autoeficácia. Já em relação ao burnout, enfatiza-se que, apesar de conviverem no mesmo ambiente acadêmico (CEPMPB), cadetes policiais e cadetes bombeiros apresentaram divergência em termos de nível de burnout, sendo que que os cadetes da PM apresentam maior nível de burnout do que os cadetes BM. Outra evidência aponta que quanto mais tempo os cadetes passam na corporação, maior será a probabilidade destes virem a desenvolver a síndrome de burnout. Os resultados das análises desta tese indicam que os cadetes militares (independente do sexo e do tipo de corporação ao qual pertencem) estão se valendo (mesmo que parcialmente) das suas crenças de autoeficácia para conseguir enfrentar os estressores diários. As discussões sugerem programas de intervenção como forma de poupar recursos às corporações militares, pois estarão prevenindo o aparecimento da síndrome de burnout na vida profissional dos seus policiais e bombeiros militares.
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A Comparative Study of the Required Physical Education Program for Men at North Texas State Teachers College and the Physical Training Program for Naval Aviation Cadets with a Proposed Physical Fitness Program for Men to Be Offered at North Texas State Teachers CollegeBoaz, Kermit 08 1900 (has links)
"This comparative study of the required physical education program for men students offered by the North Texas State Teachers college and the physical training program offered to Naval aviation cadets was made to determine the type of additional training necessary for an adequate program at North Texas State Teachers College which will improve the physical condition of the men students."--1.
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Posttraumatic Stress and Social Support in Police CadetsDawson, Richard 25 August 2020 (has links)
No description available.
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Исследование ответственности у курсантов образовательных учреждений МЧС России : магистерская диссертация / Responsibility research of cadets of educational institutions of EMERCOM of RussiaКочкина, А. И., Kochkina, A. I. January 2018 (has links)
The object of research is responsibility.
The subject of the study is the characteristics of responsibility of cadets of EMERCOM of Russia.
The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, conclusions, a list of references (79 sources) and an annex including the blank forms of the applied methods. The volume of the master`s thesis is 135 pages, which include 4 figures and 14 tables.
The introduction reveals the relevance of the chosen research problem, the level of development of the problematics; the objective and the tasks of the study are set, the subject matter and the scope of the research are determined, the basic and additional hypotheses are formulated, the methods and the empirical base are defined, as well as the stages of the researc, theoretical and practical significance of the work.
The first chapter includes a review of foreign and domestic literature on the research topic, the theoretical aspect of the phenomenon of responsibility among cadets EMERCOM of Russia, the psychological mechanisms of responsibility in adolescence, as well as the psychological characteristics of the cadets EMERCOM of Russia.
Conclusions on the first chapter are the results of the study of theoretical material.
The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It includes a description of the organization and methods of the study, as well as the results obtained due to the applied methods: the method of M.A. Ostasheva, test of A. Makhnach, questionnaire of L. Berkowitz's and K. Lutterman's (K. Muzdybaev), the questionnaire of V.P. Pryadein, the Spielberger alarm scale, locus of control method, the method "Unfinished sentences" (in the modification of A.B. Orlov) and the method of the semantic differential of Charles E. Osgood (in the modification of I.L. Solominov). Also, the chapter presents a comparative, correlation and factor analysis of the results of the study.
The findings of Chapter 2 are the main results of the empirical study.
In the conclusion, brief results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work are presented, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses. The practical significance of the study is substantiated and possible prospects for further development of the problematics are described. / Объектом исследования - ответственность.
Предмет исследования - особенности ответственности у курсантов МЧС России.
Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (79 источников) и приложения, включающего в себя бланки применявшихся методик. Объем магистерской диссертации 135 страниц, на которых размещены 4 рисунка и 14 таблиц.
Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются основная и дополнительные гипотезы, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, а также этапы проведения исследования, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы.
Первая глава включает в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по теме исследования, теоретический аспект феномена ответственности у курсантов МЧС России, психологические механизмы ответственности в юношеском возрасте, а так же психологические особенности курсантов МЧС России.
Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала.
Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: методике М.А. Осташевой, тесту А. Махнача, опроснику Л. Берковица и К. Луттермана (по К. Муздыбаеву), вопроснику В.П. Прядеина, Шкале тревоги Спилбергера, методике УСК, методике «Незаконченные предложения» (в модификации А.Б. Орлова) и методу семантического дифференциала Ч. Осгуда (в модификации И.Л. Соломинова).
Также в главе представлены сравнительный, корреляционный анализ, контент-анализ и кластерный анализ результатов исследования.
Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования.
В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики.
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Роль военно-патриотических клубов в профилактике экстремизма : магистерская диссертация / The role of military-patriotic clubs in the prevention of extremismТимонина, В. С., Timonina, V. S. January 2021 (has links)
Тема магистерской диссертации - "Роль военно-патриотических клубов в профилактике экстремизма". В первой главе дано определение военно-патриотического клуба, представлены его цели и задачи, а также исследовано явление экстремизма, определены причины, способы и признаки вовлечённости молодёжи в деструктивную деятельность радикально настроенных организаций. Кроме этого, определён потенциал военно-патриотических клубов в формировании позитивной жизненной стратегии молодёжи и риски вовлечения экстремизм курсантов военно-патриотических организаций. Во второй главе диссертационной работы представлены результаты социологического исследования эффективности работы, проводимой военно-патриотическими организациями по профилактике экстремизма. По итогам исследования и анализа работы автономной некоммерческой организации «Военно-патриотический клуб «Уральские Медведи» были разработаны методические рекомендации по внедрению программы, направленной на проведение профилактической работы среди курсантов. / The topic of the master's thesis is "The role of military-patriotic clubs in the prevention of extremism". In the first chapter, the definition of the military-patriotic club is given, its goals and objectives are presented, as well as the phenomenon of extremism is investigated, the causes, methods and signs of youth involvement in the destructive activities of radical organizations are determined. In addition, the potential of military-patriotic clubs in the formation of a positive life strategy of young people and the risks of involving the cadets of military-patriotic organizations in extremism are determined. The second chapter of the dissertation presents the results of a sociological study of the effectiveness of the work carried out by military-patriotic organizations to prevent extremism. Based on the results of the research and analysis of the work of the autonomous non-profit organization "Military-Patriotic Club "Ural Bears", methodological recommendations were developed for the implementation of the program aimed at conducting preventive work among cadets.
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La petite noblesse de la sénéchaussée de Sarlat de la Fronde à la Révolution française (1648-1789) / The low nobility of the Sarlat sénéchaussée from the Fronde to the French Revolution (1648-1789)Royon, Olivier 26 March 2011 (has links)
La noblesse du Sarladais avait la réputation d'être pléthorique et désargentée, mais ce point de vue traditionnel doit être nuancé : les nobles n'étaient nombreux que dans les villes de Sarlat, de Monpazier, et dans les vallées. Ils étaient effectivement pauvres, mais leurs lignées étaient anciennes : un partage favorable à l'aîné et l'exercice d'activités sans dérogeance pour les cadets permettaient aux uns et aux autres de se distinguer de leur environnement social. Leurs relations avec l'Etat évoluèrent : aux XVI ° et XVII ° siècles, la noblesse lutta pour son indépendance, encouragée par les La Tour d'Auvergne, dont la vicomté de Turenne était souveraine. Vers 1740, avec le déclin de cette lignée, le second ordre se soumit au monarque : il s'intégra dans ses clientèles pour le servir, et il renforça ses liens avec lui, par des unions avec de vieilles lignées d'officiers, qui faisaient de l'ancienneté un élément essentiel de l'identité nobiliaire. Bien que vaincus, les nobles envisagèrent de réformer l'Etat absolutiste, car la noblesse voulait rester maîtresse chez elle en se protégeant de la domination parisienne et bordelaise. Mais, la réforme n'était pas sans risques, car la noblesse était isolée : d'une attitude ambivalente avec la bourgeoisie, elle se heurtait à des paysans hostiles aux droits féodaux, qu'un noble pauvre ne pouvait abandonner sans perdre sa supériorité dans la paroisse. / The nobility of Sarlat region was know to be overed and penniless, but this reputation needs to be qualified : the noblemen were numerous only in Sarlat, Monpazier and the valleys. They were poor indeed, but their lineage was ancient : the sharing out was in favor of the eldest and the activities reserved to the nobility of the younger brothers allowed them to distinguish themselves from their social environment. The relationships between the nobility and the State also deserve a closer investigation : throughout the 16 th and the 17 th centuries, the nobility fought for its independence, and it's supported by La Tour d'Auvergne whose the viscountey of Turenne was sovereign. Around 1740, with the decline of this lineage, the members of the "second ordre" submitted themselves to the Monarch and joined as it's followers to serve him. Trough this, they also strengthened bonds with him through the unions of old officer lineages for whom length of service was the fundamental element of the identity nobility. Although they had been defeated, the noblemen considered that it was a necessity to reform the absolutistic State, for the nobility wanted to remain in control protecting itself from the domination of Paris and Bordeaux. Yet, the reforme included risks, for the nobility was isolated : its ties with the "bourgeoisie" were ambivalents, but they faced farmers hostile to the feudals rights which a poor nobleman could not give up on, without losing superiority within the parish.
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Intervenció per a la promoció de la esportivitat en el futbol cadet a MallorcaBorràs Rotger, Pere Antoni 11 February 2005 (has links)
La present tesi exposa una investigació amb l'objectiu de dissenyar un protocol de intervenció per a promoure la esportivitat i el fai play en futbolistes cadets de Mallorca, revisats els principals estudis que situen l'objecte d'estudi en la promoció de la esportivitat mitjançant intervención es planteja una intervenció bassada en l'assessorament a entrenadors, jugadors i pares de jugadors de futbol cadets, els instruments utilitzats son el SVQ, per mesurar valors, el EAF per mesurar actituds i el IOFF per mesurar comportaments.Els principals resultats de la investigació son que la intervenció dissenyada ha estat efectiva per a millorar les comportaments relacionats amb el fairplay, no així per les actituds i consegueix que els valors es considerin com a més importants.La principla conclusió és que l'esport en edat escolar és un contexte obert que la seva connotació educativa depen de la intencionalitat de l'acció i de que sence una intervenció específica per a millorar la esportivitat aquesta millora no es produeix per si mateixa. / This Thesis presents an investigation with the objective of designing a educational intervention for promoting sportpersonship amogn young soccer players in Mallorca, once reviewed the principla investigations in interventions to promote sportpersonship amd fairplay there is the design of an intervention in coaches, players and their parents. The investigation tools were SVQ for measuring values, EAF for measuring attitudes and IOFF for measuring behaviours. Main results show that the intervention was positive among the behaviours, nor for the attitudes and the values are measured as more importants. The main conclusion show that sport in young ages is an open context and the educational value of the sport depens on the intention of the action and without an specific intervention to promote sportpersonship there are no evident results.
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Ukraїnas självständighet 1917 i svensk press 1917–1918 / Ukraine’s independence 1917 in swedish press 1917–1918Bergman, Leo January 2017 (has links)
This dissertation is a quantitative study with elements of qualitative analysis. The purpose of this quantitative study was to investigate WHAT was written about Ukraine's independence 1917 in Swedish press 1917–1918. The qualitative part of the survey was intended to answer the question if the newspaper's political attitude influenced the news reports during the chosen period. The exact periodization was determined to be between March 1, 1917 and June 30, 1918. This periodization was chosen because of the March Revolution in 1917, which triggered independence declarations in a number of countries oppressed by Moscow, who now saw their chance of freedom. June 1918 became the end of the investigation because it was just when the peace agreement between Ukraine and the Soviet Union was signed. The source material has been chosen to represent a multitude of ideological orientations. It was liberal, moderate, conservative, liberal and left-wing orientations. The source material consisted of newspaper articles from the following newspapers: Dagens Nyheter, Aftonbladet, Göteborgs Aftonblad, Svenska Dagbladet, Dalpilen, Kalmar Tidning and Norrskensflamman. Quantitative methodology was used on the source material. This method consisted of a reviewing of newspaper articles in searching of news reports from Ukraine or articles which had something to do with the events in Ukraine. Every newspaper was searched day after day. The crawled material was presented in two chapters representing different periods. The first chapter of the results presented the results from 1917, and more precisely from March to December 1917. The second chapter presented the results from 1918, but also from December 1917, that is, the result from December 1917 through June 1918. The whole result was then discussed in a separate chapter where the qualitative analysis was also discussed. The result of the quantitative analysis showed that it has been written relatively sparcely about Ukraine's independence although the volume of articles increased from December 1917 and even more in 1918. Sometimes there were articles on the first page. But for the most part, the articles with Ukraine issues were placed among other foreign articles. It was also found in the survey that it was the first World War that drew attention to the newspapers, even though the events in Petrograd and then in Ukraine took more space. This survey also showed that what was written about Ukraine's independence was also what appears in the reference literature. The news reports reported how Ukraine proclaimed independence in March 1917 and later on proclaimed an independent republic in November 1917 when the Bolsheviks conducted their coup d'état in Petrograd. The newspapers also wrote how the Russian Communists sent a declaration of war to Ukraine in December 1917 and about the war that followed. The articles also tell us how negotiations on Ukraine Peace went on in Brest-Litovsk, and how they ended up with alliance between Germany and Ukraine with the campaign against the communists. It was told how the German army marched into Ukraine to free it from the bolsheviks. Until May 1918 there were battles between the German-Ukrainian Army and the Communists. In June 1918 the peace agreement was signed and this survey’s investigation ended. The survey showed that it was written about Ukraine's independence in all newspapers. Dagens Nyheter had the most news articles linked to the survey. Although the number of articles was not subject for analysis in this survey. The qualitative analysis was based on using Höjelid's theoretical concepts "positive sound" and "negative sound" on the quantitative analysis material. The qualitative analysis’ result showed that it was almost impossible to see the differences between the newspapers because the articles were traded between the newspapers, i.e. the content was copied straight away. It should be noted that not all content was the subject of copying between the newspapers. Copying occurred to a greater extent, but there were still original articles derived from the respective newspaper. Most of the articles were also direct telegrams that were communicated abroad to the newspaper's editors. A lot of these telegrammic articles were sent with a purpose to mislead society. These angled articles were published without further examination in Swedish press. There were articles from, for example, Dagens Nyheter whose editors noted the "strange Petrograd reports" and informed about it for the purpose of enlightening the public. However, as most newspapers were occupied with World War I, as was shown in the source material, the newspaper editorial office was less interested in other foreign events. Therefore, such angled articles could be found in Swedish press on a larger scale. / Denna avhandling är en kvantitativ studie med inslag av kvalitativ analys. Syftet med denna kvantitativa studien var att undersöka VAD som skrevs om Ukrajinas självständighet 1917 i svensk press 1917–1918. Den kvalitativa delen av undersökningen ämnade att besvara frågan om tidningens politiska hållningen påverkade nyhetsrapporteringen under den valda perioden. Den exakta periodiseringen fastställdes att vara mellan den 1 mars 1917 och den 30 juni 1918. Denna periodisering valdes på grund av marsrevolutionen 1917 som utlöste självständighets-förklaringar i en rad länder som var förtryckta av Moskovitien och som nu såg sin chans till frihet. Juni 1918 blev slutpunkten i undersökningen därför att det var just då som fredsavtalet mellan Ukrajina och Sovjet undertecknades. Källmaterialet har valts att representera en mångfald ideologiska inriktningar. Det var liberal, moderat, konservativ, frisinnad samt vänstersocial inriktningar. Källmaterialet bestod av tidningsartiklar från följande tidningar: Dagens Nyheter, Aftonbladet, Göteborgs Aftonblad, Svenska Dagbladet, Dalpilen, Kalmar tidning och Norrskensflamman. Det användes kvantitativ metod på källmaterialet som bestod i en genomsökning av tidningsartiklarna efter nyhetsrapporter från Ukrajina eller som hade något med händelserna i Ukrajina att göra. Varje tidning genomsöktes dag för dag. Det genomsökta materialet presenterades i två kapitel som representerade olika perioder. Det första resultatkapitlet presenterade resultatet från år 1917, och mer exakt från mars till december 1917. Det andra kapitlet presenterade resultatet från år 1918, men även från december 1917, det vill säga resultatet från och med december 1917 till och med juni 1918. Det hela resultatet diskuterades sedan i ett eget kapitel där även den kvalitativa analysen diskuterades. Resultatet från den kvantitativa analysen visade att det har skrivits relativt sparsmakat om Ukrajinas självständighet även om artikelmängden ökade från december 1917 och ännu mer under 1918. Ibland förekom det artiklar på första sidan. Men för det mesta placerades artiklarna med Ukrajina-frågor bland andra utlandsartiklar. Det framgick också i undersökningen att det var mest första världskriget som upptog tidningarnas uppmärksamhet, även om händelserna i Petrograd och sedan i Ukrajina tog allt mer plats allt eftersom. Denna undersökning visade också att det som skrevs om Ukrajinas självständighet var också det som förekommer i referenslitteraturen. Nyhetsrapporterna berättade hur Ukrajina utropat sin självständighet i mars 1917 tills landet proklamerat en oberoende republik i november 1917 när bolsjevikerna genomförde sin statskupp i Petrograd. Tidningarna skrev också hur de ryska kommunisterna skickade krigsförklaring till Ukrajina i december 1917 och om det kriget som följde efter det. Artiklarna berättar även om hur förhandlingarna för Ukrajinafreden gick till i Brest-Litovsk samt hur dessa avslutades med att Tyskland allierade sig med Ukrajina i kampen mot kommunisterna. Det berättades hur den tyska armén marscherade in i Ukrajina för att befria det från bolsjevikerna. Fram till maj 1918 pågick det strider mellan tysk-ukrajinska armén och kommunisterna. I juni 1918 undertecknades fredsavtalet och där slutade undersökningen. Undersökningen visade att det skrevs om Ukrajinas självständighet i samtliga tidningar. Dagens Nyheter hade flest nyhetsartiklar kopplade till undersökningen. Även om antalet artiklar ej var i syfte att analysera i denna undersökning. Den kvalitativa analysen gick ut på att använda Höjelids teoretiska begrepp ”positiv klang” och ”negativ klang” på den kvantitativa analysens resultatmaterial. Det kvalitativa resultatet visade att det var nästintill omöjligt att se skillnad mellan de olika tidningarna eftersom artiklarna traderades mellan tidningarna, det vill säga innehållet kopierades rakt av. Det bör påpekas att inte allt innehåll var ämne för kopiering mellan tidningarna. Kopieringen förekom i större utsträckning men det fanns ändå originella artiklar som härstammade från respektive tidning. De flesta av artiklarna var dessutom direkta telegram som kommunicerades i utlandet till tidningens redaktioner. En hel del av dessa telegraferade artiklar skickades med ett givet syfte att vilseleda samhällsopinionen. Dessa vinklade artiklar publicerades utan vidare granskning i svensk press. Det förekom artiklar från exempelvis Dagens Nyheter vars redaktion uppmärksammat de ”märkliga Petrogradrapporter” och informerat om det i möjligt syfte att upplysa allmänheten. Men eftersom de flesta tidningarna var upptagna med första världskriget, som det visades i källmaterialet, var tidningsredaktionerna mindre intresserade av andra utländska händelser. Därför kunde sådana vinklade artiklar förekomma i svensk press i en större omfattning.
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