La fiscalité locale vue comme l’ensemble des mécanismes juridiques régissant la collecte des impôts locaux au profit en totalité ou en partie des collectivités locales apparaît au Cameroun avec la création formelle des villes en 1944. Avant cette réorientation de la fiscalité dans le Territoire du Cameroun sous tutelle, elle est en réalité un outil de domination coloniale au service des intérêts de la Puissance mandatrice. Au lendemain de l’indépendance du pays en 1960, le système fiscal local demeure inchangé avec la prédominance des CAC et une kyrielle de taxes et redevances dont la productivité demeure faible. La timide reforme de 1974 qui a pour but réel d’uniformiser le système fiscal après la réunification des deux Cameroun (Anglophone et Francophone) n’apporte en définitive aucune innovation majeure. Les mêmes difficultés persistent et s’empirent même avec la crise économique des années 90. Au-delà des facteurs externes, ces difficultés sont liées d’une part à l’archaïsme du mode d’organisation administrative et d’autre part à la faiblesse de la législation. Un espoir naît avec la réforme de 2009, fruit du processus de décentralisation en cours au Cameroun. Cette réforme, malgré ses avancées, reste toutefois en deçà des attentes et les collectivités locales dans leur immense majorité croupissent toujours dans l’extrême pauvreté. De nouveaux processus de recherche de ressources fiscales et non fiscales sont de plus en plus expérimentés, faisant la part belle à des partenariats de tous types et aussi à l’extension plus grande de la matière imposable au niveau local. Ces avancées pour plus d’efficacité auront fortement besoin d’une nouvelle forme d’administration de l’impôt local et d’un renforcement du dispositif législatif et réglementaire en s’efforçant de créer de meilleures relations entre l’Administration et les contribuables et aussi, puiser des expériences réussies ailleurs dans d’autres pays Africains de même niveau de développement. La réforme est possible contrairement à une idée véhiculée par les afro-pessimistes. Pour cela, un diagnostic clair de la situation doit être fait et accepté par l’autorité centrale mais aussi par les autorités locales et ensuite toutes les solutions mises en exergue dans cette étude devraient suffire pour sortir la fiscalité locale au Cameroun de sa torpeur. / Local taxes as all of the legal mechanisms for the collection of local taxes for the benefit in whole or in part of local communities appear in Cameroon with the formal creation of the cities in 1944. Before this reorientation of the taxation in the territory of Cameroon under trusteeship, it is actually a tool of colonial domination in the service of the interests of the colonial power. In the aftermath of the country's independence in 1960, the local tax system remains unchanged with the predominance of the ACC and a myriad of taxes and fees including productivity remain low. The timid reform of 1974 which has the real purpose of standardize the tax system after the reunification of the two Cameroon (Anglophone and Francophone) does in the end no major innovation. The same difficulties persist and worsen even with the economic crisis of the 1990s. Beyond the external factors, these difficulties are related to the bigotry of the administrative organization mode and on the other hand the weakness of legislation. A hope was born with 2009 reform, fruit of the ongoing decentralization process in Cameroon. This reform, despite its advances, rest however only below expectations and local communities in their vast majority are still in extreme poverty. New resources tax and nontax research processes are more experienced, strong partnerships of all kinds and the greater extension also taxable matter at the local level. These advances for efficiency strongly need a new form of administration of local tax and a strengthening of the legislative and regulatory system in striving to create better relations between the Administration and the taxpayers and also draw successful experiences elsewhere in other African countries at the same level of development. Reform is possible contrary to mediated by the afro-pessimists. For this, a clear diagnosis of the situation must be made and accepted by the central authority, but by local authorities and then all the implemented solutions highlight in this study should be sufficient to leave local taxation in Cameroon from its torpor.

O presente estudo é uma etnografia que visa compreender como os professores de Educação Física constroem o planejamento coletivo do I ciclo da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre. Apoiei-me para tanto no seguinte problema de pesquisa: Como os professores de Educação Física atuam e são posicionados na perspectiva do planejamento coletivo do I ciclo da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre/RS? Como objetivos específicos propus identificar e analisar como é construído o planejamento de ensino na Educação Física do I ciclo de duas escolas da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre, identificar e analisar as dinâmicas de planejamento dos professores do I ciclo de duas escolas da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre, além de identificar e analisar limites e possibilidades de um planejamento coletivo dos professores das duas escolas desta Rede de Ensino. O trabalho de campo foi realizado durante os meses de março a dezembro de 2016, onde pude acompanhar a rotina de três professores de Educação Física do I ciclo, bem como dialogar com as supervisoras pedagógicas, professoras referência das turmas de I ciclo e demais professores deste coletivo docente, além de professores de Educação Física dos outros ciclos. Com base no referencial teórico construído e nas informações coletadas em entrevistas, diálogos e observações registradas em diário de campo, apresento a unidade temática intitulada “Tensão da Coletividade” dividida em duas categorias que tratam do que o professor de Educação Física faz na escola e da coletividade – ou a ausência dela – nas relações de construção do planejamento deste coletivo docente. As interpretações produzidas apontam para um crescente processo de individualização no planejamento de ensino e na construção das ações não só dos professores de Educação Física, como também dos demais professores do I ciclo. Alguns aspectos suscitados nas interpretações se propõem a analisar quais fatores incidem sobre o tensionamento da coletividade nos contextos estudados. Assim, pude identificar que o brincar como elemento norteador das ações desenvolvidas na Educação Física do I ciclo acaba suscitando hierarquias e disputas por legitimidades. As reuniões pedagógicas têm se transformado em espaços meramente formais e burocráticos que acabam levando a relações de colegialidade forçada e artificial, ao invés de espaços substancialmente garantidos para construções coletivas. Além disso, a intensificação do trabalho docente, a colonização do tempo do professor, a proletarização do seu ofício e a decorrente perda de status profissional são elementos que obstaculizam o processo de construção de ações pedagógicas, inclusive do ponto de vista da coletividade. / The current study is an ethnography which aims to understand how physical education teachers build the collective planning of the I Cycle of the Porto Alegre Municipal School Network. To do so, I leaned on the following research problem: How physical education teachers act and are positioned in the perspective of collective planning in the I Cycle of the Porto Alegre/RS Municipal School Network? As specific objectives, I proposed to identify and analyze how the teaching planning of Physical Education in the I cycle of two schools from the Porto Alegre Municipal School Network is built, identify and analyze the planning dynamics from the teachers that belong to the I cycle of two schools from the Porto Alegre Municipal School Network, besides identifying and analyzing limits and possibilities of a collective planning from the teachers of these two schools in this School Network. The field experiment happened between the months of March to December 2016, when I could track the routine of three physical education teachers from the I cycle, as well as dialogue with the pedagogical supervisors, reference teachers from the classes of the I cycle and the other teachers of this teaching group, as well as physical education teachers from other cycles. Based on the theoretical reference built and on the information collected in interviews, dialogues and observations registered in the field diary, I present the thematic unit called “Tension of Collectivity” split between two categories that cover what the physical teacher does in the school and the collectivity - or lack thereof – in the relationships of planning building from this teaching group. The interpretations generated point to a growing process of individualization in the teaching planning and in the building of actions not only from the physical education teachers, but also from other teachers from the I cycle. Some aspects brought up in the interpretations aim to analyze which factors are key to the tension of collectivity in the given contexts. In that way, I was able to identify that playing as an element guiding activities developed in physical education from the I cycle ends up evoking hierarchies and disputes for legitimacies. The pedagogical meetings are becoming spaces merely formal and bureaucratic that end up creating forced and artificial collegiality relationships, instead of spaces substantially granted for collective constructions. Furthermore, the intensification of the teaching work, the colonization of the teacher’s time, the proletarianization of his craft and the subsequent loss of professional status are elements that hinder the process of building pedagogical actions, even from the point of view of collectivity.

O presente estudo é uma etnografia que visa compreender como os professores de Educação Física constroem o planejamento coletivo do I ciclo da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre. Apoiei-me para tanto no seguinte problema de pesquisa: Como os professores de Educação Física atuam e são posicionados na perspectiva do planejamento coletivo do I ciclo da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre/RS? Como objetivos específicos propus identificar e analisar como é construído o planejamento de ensino na Educação Física do I ciclo de duas escolas da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre, identificar e analisar as dinâmicas de planejamento dos professores do I ciclo de duas escolas da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre, além de identificar e analisar limites e possibilidades de um planejamento coletivo dos professores das duas escolas desta Rede de Ensino. O trabalho de campo foi realizado durante os meses de março a dezembro de 2016, onde pude acompanhar a rotina de três professores de Educação Física do I ciclo, bem como dialogar com as supervisoras pedagógicas, professoras referência das turmas de I ciclo e demais professores deste coletivo docente, além de professores de Educação Física dos outros ciclos. Com base no referencial teórico construído e nas informações coletadas em entrevistas, diálogos e observações registradas em diário de campo, apresento a unidade temática intitulada “Tensão da Coletividade” dividida em duas categorias que tratam do que o professor de Educação Física faz na escola e da coletividade – ou a ausência dela – nas relações de construção do planejamento deste coletivo docente. As interpretações produzidas apontam para um crescente processo de individualização no planejamento de ensino e na construção das ações não só dos professores de Educação Física, como também dos demais professores do I ciclo. Alguns aspectos suscitados nas interpretações se propõem a analisar quais fatores incidem sobre o tensionamento da coletividade nos contextos estudados. Assim, pude identificar que o brincar como elemento norteador das ações desenvolvidas na Educação Física do I ciclo acaba suscitando hierarquias e disputas por legitimidades. As reuniões pedagógicas têm se transformado em espaços meramente formais e burocráticos que acabam levando a relações de colegialidade forçada e artificial, ao invés de espaços substancialmente garantidos para construções coletivas. Além disso, a intensificação do trabalho docente, a colonização do tempo do professor, a proletarização do seu ofício e a decorrente perda de status profissional são elementos que obstaculizam o processo de construção de ações pedagógicas, inclusive do ponto de vista da coletividade. / The current study is an ethnography which aims to understand how physical education teachers build the collective planning of the I Cycle of the Porto Alegre Municipal School Network. To do so, I leaned on the following research problem: How physical education teachers act and are positioned in the perspective of collective planning in the I Cycle of the Porto Alegre/RS Municipal School Network? As specific objectives, I proposed to identify and analyze how the teaching planning of Physical Education in the I cycle of two schools from the Porto Alegre Municipal School Network is built, identify and analyze the planning dynamics from the teachers that belong to the I cycle of two schools from the Porto Alegre Municipal School Network, besides identifying and analyzing limits and possibilities of a collective planning from the teachers of these two schools in this School Network. The field experiment happened between the months of March to December 2016, when I could track the routine of three physical education teachers from the I cycle, as well as dialogue with the pedagogical supervisors, reference teachers from the classes of the I cycle and the other teachers of this teaching group, as well as physical education teachers from other cycles. Based on the theoretical reference built and on the information collected in interviews, dialogues and observations registered in the field diary, I present the thematic unit called “Tension of Collectivity” split between two categories that cover what the physical teacher does in the school and the collectivity - or lack thereof – in the relationships of planning building from this teaching group. The interpretations generated point to a growing process of individualization in the teaching planning and in the building of actions not only from the physical education teachers, but also from other teachers from the I cycle. Some aspects brought up in the interpretations aim to analyze which factors are key to the tension of collectivity in the given contexts. In that way, I was able to identify that playing as an element guiding activities developed in physical education from the I cycle ends up evoking hierarchies and disputes for legitimacies. The pedagogical meetings are becoming spaces merely formal and bureaucratic that end up creating forced and artificial collegiality relationships, instead of spaces substantially granted for collective constructions. Furthermore, the intensification of the teaching work, the colonization of the teacher’s time, the proletarianization of his craft and the subsequent loss of professional status are elements that hinder the process of building pedagogical actions, even from the point of view of collectivity.

This work aims at knowing the conceptions and practices of the inhabitants at the community attended by the Bela União Family Health Unit, located at the city of Santa Maria/ RS, regarding the therapeutic use of medicinal plants on health care. The research has a qualitative approach and its data collecting instrument is composed by a semi-structured interview scheme and by observations. The individuals to be interviewed were selected according built relations network which involved ten individuals. The data examination was made by means of thematic analyses as proposed by Bardin (2008), that allowed to organize the data in such a way to make possible the appearance of thematic categories. While studying the emerging categories we can perceive that most of the popularized knowledge was acquired in the familiar environment, being the woman the one to retain and diffuse this knowledge. It was also observed the use of the home-made tea as a practice used in health maintenance and rehabilitation; it is a very common practice among the participants who besides using it in their day-life also mentioned the intention to cultivate herbs in their own homes. The individuals interviewed demonstrated the desire to acquire new knowledge about this subject despite the fact that most of the medicinal plants used by them have its popularized therapeutic indications similar to those found in the scientific literature. Therefore, we believe that this research has a great importance not only for nurses but also to society, because it points towards the need of an approximation between popular and scientific knowledge and, the production of projects that deal with this topic. Moreover, we suggest that nurses work in the integrality perspective, respecting people differences and social context. To do so, it is necessary to include, in nurse formation as well as in their permanent education, the knowledge of supplementary practices on health care with the use of medicinal pants. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo conhecer os saberes e práticas dos moradores da comunidade assistida pela Unidade de Saúde da Família Bela União, localizada no município de Santa Maria/ RS, no que se refere ao emprego terapêutico de plantas medicinais no cuidado à saude. A pesquisa é qualitativa e apresenta como instrumento de coleta de dados um roteiro de entrevista semi-estruturada e de observação. Os entrevistados foram selecionados de acordo com a rede de relações construída, à qual envolveu dez sujeitos. O exame dos dados foi realizado por meio da análise temática, proposta por Bardin (2008), a qual permitiu organizar os dados de tal maneira que o surgimento de categorias temáticas fosse possível. Ao estudar as categorias emergentes pode-se perceber que a maior parte do conhecimento popular foi adquirido no ambiente familiar, tendo a mulher como a detentora e a principal difusora desse saber. Foi constatado também que o uso do chá caseiro, como prática utilizada para manter ou reabilitar a saúde, é bastante comum entre os partipantes que, além de utilizá-lo no seu cotidiano, mencionam ter vontade de cultivar ervas em sua própria residência. Os entrevistados demostraram vontade de adquirir novos saberes sobre o assunto, apesar de a maioria das plantas medicinais utilizadas por eles terem suas indicações terapêuticas populares semelhantes às encontradas na literatura científica. Portanto, acreditase que a pesquisa tenha grande relevância não só para os enfermeiros, como também para a sociedade, pois aponta para uma necessária aproximação entre o saber popular e científico, bem como para a criação de projetos que trabalhem com essa temática. Além disso, sugere-se que o enfermeiro trabalhe na perspectiva da integralidade, respeitando as diferenças e o contexto social das pessoas. Para isso, torna-se necessário incluir, tanto na formação dos enfermeiros, como na educação permanente desses profissionais, conhecimentos sobre práticas complementares de cuidado com a saúde, como o uso de plantas medicinais.

In dieser Arbeit wurde die von K. P. Hansen entwickelte kollektivitätstheorie auf Gruppen in der antiken Kyrenaika angewendet. Die Kollektivitätstheorie definiert als Kulturträger Kollektive, nicht Völker. Der Begriff Kollektiv erlaubt die Definition von alternativen Gruppierungen in einer einfachen und verständlichen Weise. Ethnozentrische Ansichten werden umgangen. Kollektive lösen die gemeinsamen Formen von Einheiten, ohne die Identität von Völkern, regionalen Identitäten oder Staaten zu hinterfragen. Die Kollektivitätstheorie definiert Kultur als den Satz von Gewohnheiten, die über einen langen Zeitraum in einem Kollektiv von seinen Mitgliedern praktiziert werden. Die Kultur eines Kollektivs drückt sich als eine Sammlung kollektiver Praktiken aus. Wie gezeigt, können viele Kollektive ihre eigenen Kulturen mit verschiedenen Praktiken kultivieren und in einigen Fällen auch für viele Jahrhunderte und sogar Jahrtausende fortsetzen.

La forme d’un noyau, ou la déviation de la distribution en masse par rapport à une forme sphérique, est une des propriétés fondamentales du noyau. Elle est gouvernée à la fois par des effets macroscopiques et microscopiques, tels que l'énergie de liaison donnée par le modèle de la goutte liquide ou la structure en couche du noyau, respectivement. L’étude de la forme des noyaux exotiques par spectrométrie gamma permet de tester finement différents modèles théoriques initialement développés pour les noyaux stables. L’objectif de cette thèse est l’étude de l’évolution de la forme des noyaux exotiques riches en neutrons dans les chaînes isotopiques allant du Zr (Z=40) au Pd (Z=46). Le plus souvent, la forme des noyaux évolue lentement de la forme sphérique, près des fermetures de couche ou des noyaux magiques (ou doublement magiques), à des formes allongées (prolate), pour des noyaux avec de nombreux nucléons de valence. Cependant, Les noyaux auxquels nous nous intéressons ont tendance à avoir des états excités qui évoluent rapidement en fonction du nombre de neutrons, ce qui peut être interprété comme des variations rapides de la forme du noyau. Ceci inclue dans de rares cas l'observation d'états de forme aplatie (oblate) et triaxiale. Jusqu'à présent, les propriétés connues de ces noyaux se limitent (principalement) aux énergies d'excitation. Les informations sur le degré de collectivité nucléaire (que l'on peut déduire de la durée de vie des états excités) sont rares, tandis que les informations directes de forme sont pratiquement inexistantes. L'estimation la plus simple de la déformation nucléaire dans les noyaux pairs peut être obtenue à partir de l'énergie du premier état 2⁺. Pour les isotopes du Sr (Z = 38) et du Zr (Z = 40), il a été observé que cette énergie diminue considérablement à N = 60, alors que son évolution est beaucoup plus progressive pour les isotopes du Mo (Z = 42). Des mesures précises de durée de vie constituent un élément clé de l'étude systématique de l'évolution de la déformation nucléaire et du degré de collectivité dans cette région. Des noyaux riches en neutrons dans la région de masse A = 100-120 ont été peuplés par la réaction de fusion-fission d'un faisceau de ²³⁸U à 6,2 MeV/u sur une cible ⁹Be. Le noyau composé ²⁴⁷Cm était produit à une énergie d'excitation de ∼45 MeV avant de fissionner. Le dispositif expérimental utilisé pour cette étude comprenait le spectromètre de masse de haute résolution VAMOS pour l'identification les noyaux en Z et A, le réseau de 35 détecteurs au germanium AGATA (Advanced γ-ray Tracking Array) AGATA, pour la spectroscopie de rayons γ, ainsi qu'un mécanisme de "plunger" pour mesurer la durée de vie jusqu'à quelques ps par la méthode RDDS (Recoil Distance Doppler Shift). De plus, la cible était entourée de 24 détecteurs LaBr₃ (Bromure de lanthane) pour mesurer des durées de vie plus de 100 ps avec la méthode du "fast-timing". La combinaison de spectromètres sophistiqués utilisée dans cette expérience a permis de mesurer des durées de vie d'états nucléaires allant de 100 picosecondes à quelques picosecondes. Dans cette thèse, nous exposerons de nouveaux résultats pour les états à courte durée de vie dans les noyaux riches en neutrons A∼100, en mettant l'accent sur les chaînes des Zr, Mo et Ru. Nous discuterons des techniques expérimentales utilisées pour évaluer les durées de vie ainsi que l'interprétation de celles-ci à l'aide de modèles de structures nucléaires récents. / The shape of an atomic nucleus, ie. the deviation of its mass distribution from sphericity, is a fundamental property and governed by a delicate interplay of macroscopic and microscopic effects, such as the liquid-drop like binding energy and the nuclear shell structure, respectively. Studying nuclear shape properties using gamma ray spectroscopic methods allows detailed tests of different nuclear models, which were originally developed for stable nuclei. We proposed a project to study the evolution of nuclear shapes in exotic nuclei, far from the valley of stability, specifically in neutron-rich nuclei in the isotopic chains from Zr (Z=40) to Pd (Z=46). Usually, nuclear shapes are slowly evolving from spherical shapes around closed-shell or (doubly-) magic nuclei to elongated (prolate) shapes in nuclei with many valence nucleons. The nuclei of interest, however, show rapidly evolving patterns of excited states, which can be interpreted as rapid variations of the nuclear shape, including the rare observation of oblate (disk-like) and triaxial shapes. So far the known properties for these nuclei are (mainly) limited to excitation energies. Information on the nuclear collectivity, which can be deduced from the lifetime of the excited states, are sparse, while direct information of the shape is practically non existing. The simplest estimate of nuclear deformation in even-even nuclei can be obtained from the energy of the first 2⁺ state. For Sr (Z = 38) and Zr (Z = 40) isotopes this energy is observed to decrease dramatically at N = 60, while its evolution is much more gradual in Mo nuclei (Z = 42). Precise lifetime measurements provide a key ingredient in the systematic study of the evolution of nuclear deformation and the degree of collectivity in this region. Neutron-rich nuclei in the mass region of A = 100-120 were populated through the fusion-fission reaction of a ²³⁸U beam at 6.2 MeV/u on a ⁹Be target. The compound nucleus ²⁴⁷Cm was produced at an excitation energy of around 45 MeV before undergoing fission. The setup used for this study comprised the high-resolution mass spectrometer VAMOS in order to identify the nuclei in Z and A, the Advanced gamma ray Tracking Array AGATA of 35 germanium detectors to perform gamma ray spectroscopy, as well as a plunger mechanism to measure lifetimes down to a few ps using the Recoil Distance Doppler Shift method (RDDS). In addition, the target was surrounded by 24 Lanthanum Bromide (LaBr₃) detectors for a fast-timing measurement of lifetimes longer than 100 ps. The sophisticated set of spectrometers used in this experiment allowed measurement of nuclear lifetimes in a range from 100’s of picoseconds down to a few picoseconds. In this thesis, we will report on new lifetime results for short-lived states in neutron-rich (A ~ 100) nuclei, with an emphasis on the Zr, Mo and Ru chains. We will discuss the experimental techniques used to evaluate the lifetimes as well as their interpretation in terms of state-of-the-art nuclear structure models.

In the past decade, a lively abundance of experimental materials research evolved in and around international arts and design school environments. Emerging from mainly formerly commodity focussed design disciplines such as Industrial, Textile, and Fashion Design, students and lecturers put their attention to the design of materials in order to develop approaches of unlearning exploitative relations with matter and to find new modes towards responsible making. While the projects do not lack of critical material thinking, deal with more-than-human agency, and engage with for example accessibilities of resources, material cycles, handson methods and substitutions of petroleum-based plastics, modes of connecting material experimentations to the social-political realities of their implementation outside of the educational environment or art market are still rare.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Depuis le début du 20ème siècle, la région fut une occupation constante pour le pouvoir central au Maroc. L'appréhender nécessite une analyse à la fois synchronique et diachronique. La régionalisation est, au Maroc, un processus long et lent, traversant plusieurs périodes et connaissant diverses réformes. A l'heure actuelle, elle représente un échelon important dans le processus de décentralisation et un acteur majeur de développement. Néanmoins, une lecture approfondie de la législation instituant la région fait apparaître un certain nombre d'insuffisances. Elle manque tant de cohérence dans le contenu que de cohésion dans les textes de loi. Des imperfections qui semblent difficile à corriger, alors qu'il se profile à l'horizon une réforme – en gestation – dont le but est, justement, de refonder les bases juridiques de cette institution. / From the beginning of the 20th century, the region was a constant activity occupation for the central power in Morocco. To apprehend it we need a synchronic and diachronic analysis. Moreover, in Morocco, the regionalization is a long and slow process crossing several periods and also discerning various reforms. Nowadays, it represents an important point in the process of decentralization and as well a main actor of development. Nevertheless, a deepened reading of the legislation instituting the region creates a certain number of inadequacies. It misses so many coherences in the contents as cohesion in the law's texts. Imperfections which seem difficult to correct while it is outlined on the horizon a reform - in gestation – aiming the refondement of the legal bases of this institution.

Nombreuses sont les exigences qui s'adressent à nous, non pas seulement parce que nous sommes des sujets moraux, mais aussi en tant que citoyens, membres d'un corps politique dont il faut observer les règles pour en garantir la pérennité. Aussi notre responsabilité est-elle doublement convoquée tant bien sur le champ éthique que politique. En effet, le péril écologique nous rappelle notre devoir moral envers la postérité, pour le maintien d'un environnement viable. La menace d'une rupture du lien social, engendrée par un individualisme exacerbé, exige de trouver un nouveau contenu au concept de responsabilité, contenu qui devra être à la hauteur des enjeux de la situation. Seulement, le besoin de consommation frénétique, et la volonté de satisfaction immédiate de désirs, souvent frivoles, s'opposent à cet appel à concevoir une nouvelle forme de responsabilité, que nous définirons comme co-responsabilité. Un régime de sacrifices et une certaine disposition de l'esprit d'abnégation seront nécessaires compte tenu de l'urgence du moment. Mais hélas ! Ces renoncements sont occultés par des préoccupations égoïstes sans lendemain. Aussi, l'enquête menée ici, s'est-elle donnée comme objectif d'examiner les leviers susceptibles de mobiliser les ressources suffisamment persuasives pour accomplir une telle entreprise. C'est la raison pour laquelle nous nous sommes appuyés sur l'analyse de la notion de responsabilité tant dans son application politique, que dans sa rhétorique éthique. Selon Rousseau, l'espèce ne s'est élevée au-dessus de son caractère strictement biologique qu'en cessant d'obéir uniquement à ses pulsions. C'est dans la même veine que Kant affirmera l'autonomie du sujet qui assoira sa responsabilité morale. Mais l'anatomie du concept à laquelle nous avons procédée a permis de trouver à la responsabilité une fondation qui rompt avec tout volontarisme moral. En effet, la dialectique entre liberté et responsabilité a donné lieu à une conception plus féconde de la responsabilité, éthiquement parlant, du moins. En effet, il ne fait pas de doute que le responsable est au sens juridique, l'auteur d'une action accomplie en parfaite connaissance de causes. Ce qui implique la présence, chez cet auteur, d'une conscience à la fois psychologique et moral, d'un libre arbitre, d'une volonté libre. C'est ce que l'analyse de la liberté a permis de réaffirmer ici. Mais ce type de responsabilité formelle de n'importe quel acteur à l'égard de son action n'épuise pas la richesse des responsabilités qui nous incombent. Notre responsabilité ne découle pas exclusivement de notre liberté. Au contraire, elle la déborde et la contient, au niveau politique, mais surtout éthique. Une telle conception de la responsabilité sonne ou plutôt ré-sonne comme un appel à une responsabilité solidaire et collective. Elle ré-sonne, car cette forme de responsabilité qui consiste au secours que nous devons aux êtres vulnérables, condamnés à périr sans notre intervention a reçu ses lettres de noblesse sous la plume de Hans Jonas, dans son œuvre majeure : Le principe responsabilité. Cependant, c'est à Emmanuel Levinas que nous devons cette conception de la responsabilité que nous avons à l'égard des autres êtres. Responsabilité éthique orientée vers l'irréductible inquiétude pour l'Autre « dans la nudité de son visage » jusqu'à la substitution. À une époque où les rapports humains sont dé-réalisés parce que informatisés et numérisés, du fait du développement spectaculaire des nouveaux outils scientifiques et technologiques entraînant l'abrasion de l'empathie et de la sensibilité, il est important de réfléchir à nouveaux frais sur une vision quasi religieuse du progrès ignorant l'humain et la nature qu'il exploite. Aussi, militant pour la sauvegarde de conditions humainement viables, avons-nous cherché à replacer l'Homme et son avenir au cœur de toutes préoccupations... / Thus, the present investigation aims at examining the tools that can generate sufficiently persuasive resources in order to accomplish such a task. That's the reason why we relied on the analysis of the notion of responsibility as much in its political application as in its ethical rhetoric. According to Rousseau, mankind was able to rise above her strictly biological nature only by putting a stop to her drives. It is in the same vein that Kant will claim the autonomy of the subject who will be able to establish her moral responsibility. But the analysis of the concept we have undertaken has allowed us to claim that responsibility has a foundation that breaks with any moral voluntarism. Indeed, the dialectics between freedom and responsibility has brought about a more fertile conception of responsibility, at least ethically speaking. There is no doubt that one can be held legally responsible for something only when one accomplishes an action in full knowledge of the facts. This implies that the very person (subject) has a psychological and moral conscience, a free will, and a free volition. This is what the analysis of freedom has enabled to reaffirm here. But this kind of formal responsibility does not exhaust the richness of responsibilities that are incumbent upon us. Our responsibility does not spring exclusively from our freedom. On the contrary, it extends beyond it and contains it, on the political level, but above all on the ethical level. Such a conception of freedom rings or rather resonates as a call for an integral and collective responsibility. It resonates because this form of responsibility which consists in helping vulnerable beings who are condemned to perish without our intervention, has won its spurs with Hans Jonas, in his masterpiece: The Imperative of Responsibility. But, it is Emmanuel Levinas that we owe this conception of responsibility that we have towards other beings. An ethical responsibility concentrated on the irreducible concern for the Other "in the nakedness of his face" till the substitution. In a time when human relationships are being undone because they are being computerized and digitized through the dramatic development of new scientific and technological tools leading to the abrasion of empathy and sensitivity, it is crucial to reflect freshly upon a quasi-religious vision of progress that shrugs off the human being and the nature she uses. As activist for the preservation of humanly viable conditions, we have then attempted to replace the Human and her future in the centre of all concerns. Convinced that neither the absolute saint or the absolute devil exist, we aim at mobilizing all resources from the noble part of the Human Being in order to enable everyone to provide an appropriate answer to human distress and plays her role in expressing an immense and profound solidarity of souls…