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L’entraînement délibéré joue un rôle essentiel dans le développement de l’excellence sportive. Cette pratique est décrite comme étant une activité menée dans un but d’amélioration exigeant un niveau élevé d’effort et de concentration et n’étant pas nécessairement plaisante. Bien que les aspects quantitatifs de la pratique délibérée aient grandement été explorés, peu d’études se sont attardées à qualifier ce processus de façon précise. Ainsi, l’objectif de la présente étude est de définir précisément ce qu’est un entraînement de qualité ainsi que le processus psychologique s’y rattachant. Pour ce faire, des entrevues semi-structurées ont été menées auprès de douze patineurs élites québécois. L’analyse des données, par théorisation ancrée, démontre qu’un entraînement de haute qualité est le résultat d’une interaction dynamique de plusieurs facteurs liés à l’athlète, à son environnement, au contenu de son entraînement et à son état psychologique. Plus précisément, la confiance, la motivation, la concentration et l’attitude positive sont les habiletés psychologiques qui peuvent affecter l’entraînement. En fait, l’analyse démontre qu’un processus psychologique important s’opère lors de l’entraînement délibéré. Tout d’abord, des stratégies cognitives et comportementales comme l’imagerie mentale, la fixation d’objectifs et la routine sont utilisées par les athlètes pour se préparer à l’entraînement. Puis, lorsque son état psychologique est affecté négativement, l’athlète a recours à différentes stratégies afin d’optimiser cet état. Si ces stratégies s’avèrent efficaces, la qualité de l’entraînement est maintenue et l’athlète en ressort avec l’impression d’avoir progressé autant sur le plan technique, mental qu’émotionnel. / Deliberate practice plays an important role in the development of sport excellence. This practice is described as being aimed at the improvement of performance and requires a high level of effort and concentration and is not inherently enjoyable. The quantitative aspect of deliberate practice has been explored in several studies, but very few studies have examined the qualitative side of this process. Thus, the goal of the present study is to describe precisely what deliberate training is and the psychological process underlying it. To reach those goals, semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve elite Quebec figure skaters . Data analyse, using grounded theory, demonstrate that high quality training is the result of a dynamic interaction among many factors related to the athletes, their environment, the content of their training and their psychological state. Specifically, confidence, focus, motivation and positive attitude are psychological skills that can affect performance. In fact, the results show that an important process occurred during deliberate training. First, cognitive and behavioral strategies such as mental imagery, goal setting and routine are used by athletes to prepare themselves to train. Then, when the athletes' psychological state is negatively affected, they use different strategies to try to optimize this state. If these strategies are efficient, they help maintain the quality of training and the athletes experience the perception of having progressed technically, mentally, and emotionally.

Lietuvoje yra nedaug mokslinių tyrimų apie įkalintų asmenų tyčinį savęs žalojimą, susijusį su savižudybės rizika. Užsienio šalių moksliniais tyrimais nustatomos įkalintų asmenų tyčinio savęs žalojimo sąsajos su negatyviomis situacijomis ir depresiškumu yra nevienareikšmės. Įkalintų asmenų tyčinio savęs žalojimo atsiradimui gali būti svarbūs stabilesni asmenybiniai veiksniai, kaip kertiniai įsitikinimai. Tyrimo tikslas. Nustatyti patirtų negatyvių situacijų, depresiškumo ir kertinių įsitikinimų (pagal kognityvinę - elgesio teoriją) sąsajas su nuteistų vyrų tyčiniu savęs žalojimu. Tiriamieji. Tyrime savanoriškai dalyvavo 168 nuteisti vyrai, kalintys Pravieniškių pataisos namuose – atvirojoje kolonijoje. Tiriamųjų amžiaus vidurkis – 29,39 metai. Tyrimo metodai. Duomenys buvo renkami, naudojant: Tyčinio savęs žalojimo skalė – sutrumpinta versija (DSHI-s), Kongityvinės triados skalė (CTI), Depresiškumo skalė (CES-D), Negatyvių situacijų įkalinimo įstaigoje skalė. Taip pat tiriamiesiems buvo pateikiami klausimai apie jų sociodemografinius, kriminogeninius rodiklius bei save žalojantį elgesį praeityje. Tyrimo išvados. Tyčia save žalojusių nuteistų vyrų kertiniai įsitikinimai apie save, pasaulį ir ateitį yra negatyvesni nei savęs nežalojusių nuteistų vyrų. Nuteistų vyrų negatyvesni kertiniai įsitikinimai apie ateitį yra susiję su didesne tyčinio savęs žalojimo tikimybe, atsižvelgus į tyčiniam savęs žalojimui reikšmingus šalutinius veiksnius: tyčinį savęs žalojimą... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The number of scientific researches about deliberate self-harm that are associated with the risk of suicide among incarcerated persons is not plentiful. The results of scientific researches in foreign countries about the associations of deliberate self-harm with negative situations and depressiveness among incarcerated persons are not unambiguous. Therefore it might be important more stable personality factors such as core beliefs for the deliberate self- harm of incarcerated persons. Research aim. The aim of the study was to identify the links of experienced negative situations, depressiveness and core beliefs (according to cognitive-behaviour theory) with convicted men’s deliberated self-harm. Research participants. The research included 168 convicted men in Pravieniskes Correction House-Open Prison Colony. The average age of research participants is 29,39. Research methodology. The data was gathered using psychological assessment methods: Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory-short version (DSHI-s), Cognitive Triad Inventory (CTI), The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Negative Situations in Prison Scale. Also was asked about sociodemographic, criminogenic factors and self - harm behaviour in the past. Research conclusions. The convicted men who deliberately self-harmed have more negative core beliefs about themselves, the world and the future than convicted men who do not deliberately self-harmed. The more negative core beliefs about the... [to full text]

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:51:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-03-17T00:00:00Z / Este estudo teve por objetivo identificar e descrever o processo de estratégia de duas grandes organizações do ramo varejista pela ótica da estratégia deliberada, destacando as principais características, modelos e ferramentas teóricas que se aplicam aos casos empíricos. Assim, realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, essencialmente descritiva, com abordagem de estudo de caso junto ao Makro Atacadista e a Wal-Mart. Observou-se que o processo de estratégia do Makro caracteriza-se por ser formal, consciente, sistemático, contínuo e organizado e por seguir uma sequência bem definida de etapas pré-programadas. Os agentes estratégicos são os Diretores da empresa e a estratégia é tornada explícita através de planos e programas. Na Wal-Mart, a formulação da estratégia passa por um processo de concepção, no qual o líder (Presidente da empresa) tem papel fundamental. O modelo é simples e informal e as estratégias são implementadas através de um processo de institucionalização. Nos dois casos, a formulação da estratégia precede a implementação, sendo que a formulação é responsabilidade do Presidente e Diretores e a implementação é executada por seus subordinados. Não se utilizam nos casos as ferramentas analíticas propostas por alguns teóricos da estratégia deliberada e a análise da concorrência é realizada de modo intuitivo. Além disso, não se verifica um modelo de estratégia padrão para as empresas estudadas. Cada qual impõe as suas especificidades organizacionais ao processo de estratégia. Observou-se: que o processo deliberado gera integração e unidade entre os funcionários das empresas, pois todos se alinham num foco comum. Constatou-se ainda a importância do sistema tecnológico das empresas no processo de estratégia, principalmente no que se refere ao controle estratégico. Por fim, o estudo realizado pela ótica da estratégia deliberada demonstrou-se importante, pois, ao contrário do que alguns teóricos, em especial Mintzberg, argumentam, os processos de estratégia empíricos provaram-se essencialmente deliberados. / This study had as purpose to identify and describe the strategy process of two major retailers from the point of view of deliberate strategy, pointing out the main characteristics, models and theoretical tools applicable to empirical cases. .Thus, a qualitative, essentially descriptive research was performed, approaching a case study with Makro Atacadista and Wal-Mart. It was observed that Makro's strategy process is distinguished for being formal, conscious, systematic, continuous and organized, and following a well-defined sequence of predetermined stages. The strategic agents are the company's Directors and the strategy is made explicit through plans and programs. At WalMart, strategy formulation undergoes a conception process where the leader (President of the company) plays a criticai role. The model is simple and informal and the strategies are implemented through an institutionalization processo In both cases, strategy formulation precedes implementation, where the President and the Directors are responsible for its formulation while their subordinates perform its implementation. The analytic tools proposed by some theorists of deliberate strategy are not used in these cases and the competitors' analysis is made based on intuition. Besides, there is no standard strategy model for the surveyed companies. Each of them imposes its own organizational peculiarities on the strategy processo It was observed that the deliberate process generates integration and unity among the companies' employees, since they are ali aligned with a common focus. It was verified further that the companies' technological system is very important for their strategy processes, particularly as regards the strategic control. Finally, the study made from the point of view of deliberate strategy showed up to be extremely important, since, as otherwise argued by some theorists, particularly Mintzberg, empirical strategy processes proved to be essentially deliberate.

The two operations in Bosnia and Kosovo named Deliberate Force and Allied Force took place in 1995 and 1999. Both operations show clear signs that the use of air power was the main contributor to the outcome of the operations. Earlier research states that there are signs of coercive air power in both of these operations but fail to explain in what way. The purpose of this essay is to examine if Robert A. Papes theory about denial strategy in air operations can explain the different outcomes of the operations as the operation in Bosnia took 21 days and the operation in Kosovo took 78 days to reach its designated goals. This essay will also test Papes Theory on what constitutes a successful air campaign by comparing the two operations in Bosnia and Kosovo. The result supports Papes theory and shows that operation Deliberate Force acted according to Papes theory on denial in five out of six parts, excluding the strategic interdiction. Whereas operation Allied Force acted according to the theory as well but in a smaller extent. It can be argued that there are other background factors that also contributed to the outcome of the operations but by looking at the usage of the air power in both operations it shows that by acting accordingly to Papes theory the outcome was a success. By supporting Papes theory this essay adds to the earlier research a wider knowledge about coercive air power in military interventions. / <p><strong>Uppsatsen skriven VT 2017 under Termin 4 Officersprogrammet 15-18 med inriktning </strong><strong>mot flyg. Examen genomförs VT 2018.</strong></p>

This master's thesis deals with interpreter's self-training. The aim of this theoretical-empirical study is to give an overview of the interpreting students' attitude towards interpreter's self- training as well as of the techniques students use when they perform their self-training. Another aim is to describe the role of teachers in interpreter's self-training, i.e. to what extent they motivate and support their students when it comes to self-training. The research part of the study was conducted at the Institute of Translation Studies, Charles University, and at the Department of Translation Studies, University of Graz, with the aim to compare the situation at those two institutes taking into account the abovementioned criteria. The theoretical part of the thesis discusses interpreter's self-training in the context of deliberate practice and focuses also on group practice as well as on the teachers' role. It also presents methods, techniques and e-learning tools which students may find useful during their self-training. The empirical part consists of an analysis of the data collected by means of questionnaires at the abovementioned institutes. Collected data suggest that both institutes support students' self-training, be it to different extents, and offer them all the necessary tools and...

Selbstvergiftung in der Akutmedizin – 2005–2012 Zusammenfassung Ziel. Beschreibung des Trends der akuten Selbstvergiftung in der Notfall- und Intensivmedizin. Methode. Elektronische Akten erwachsener Patienten, die zwischen 2005 und 2012 wegen einer akuten Selbstvergiftung infolge eines Selbstmordversuches (Selbstmordgruppe), einer Berauschung (Intoxikationsgruppe) oder Medikamentenüberdosierung zwecks Schmerzlinderung (Überdosierungsgruppe) in der Notaufnahme des Universitätsklinikums Leipzig eingewiesen worden waren, wurden ausgewertet. Ergebnisse. 3533 Patienten (62,6 % männlich) wurden identifiziert, mit einem Anstieg von 305 Fällen im Jahre 2005 auf 624 in 2012. Die Aufnahmerate bezogen auf die Gesamtaufnahmen stieg von 1,2 % im Jahre 2005 auf 1,9 % im Jahre 2012 an. 31,7 % der Patienten waren < 25 Jahre alt. Die Ursachen der Selbstvergiftung waren Suizidversuch (18,1 %), Intoxikation (76,8 %) und Medikamentenüberdosierung (2,9 %). Bei 80 Fällen war eine genaue Gruppenzuordnung nicht möglich. Während psychotrope Medikamente bei 71,6 % der Suizidversuche angewandt wurden, war Alkoholintoxikation die Ursache bei 80,1 % der Fälle in der Intoxikationsgruppe. Selbstvergiftung mit mindestens zwei Substanzen lag bei 52,0 % der Suizidversuche, 10,3 % der Intoxikationsgruppe und 29,7 % der Gruppe mit Medikamentenüberdosierung vor. Während die Alkoholintoxikation nach wie vor am häufigsten vorkam, gab es eine drastische Zunahme der Intoxikationen mit Cannabinoiden, Crystal Meth und Gamma- Hydroxybuttersäure in den Jahren 2011 und 2012. Eine Aufnahme auf die Intensivstation war bei 16,6 % der Fälle erforderlich. Es gab 22 Todesfälle (0,6 % der gesamten Studienpopulation), von denen 15 aus der Suizidgruppe (2,3 %), vier aus der Intoxikationsgruppe (0,15 %), und drei aus der nicht eindeutig zugeordneten Gruppe (3.8 %) waren. Zusammenfassung. Akute Selbstvergiftung ist ein zunehmendes medizinisches Problem. Psychotrope Medikamente stellen nach wie vor die häufigsten Suizidversuchsmittel dar. Obwohl die Alkoholintoxikation weiterhin am häufigsten vorkommt, nehmen illegale Drogen als notfallmedizinischer Einweisungsgrund zu. / Self-poisoning in the acute care medicine 2005–2012 Abstract Objective. To describe the trend of acute self-poisoning in the emergency and intensive care. Methods. Electronic charts of adults who presented to the emergency department of the University Hospital Leipzig with selfpoisoning following a suicide attempt (suicide group), intoxication (intoxication group), drug overdose for relief of pain or discomfort (drug overdose group) between 2005 and 2012 were analyzed. Results. 3533 adults (62.6 % males) were identified, with the yearly admissions increasing from 305 in 2005 to 624 in 2012. The admission rate in relation to the total emergency department admissions also increased, from 1.2 % in 2005 to 1.9 % in 2012. 31.7 % of the patients were younger than 25 years. The reasons for self-poisoning were suicide attempt (18.1 %), intoxication (76.8 %) and drug overdose (2.9 %). The reason could not be clearly classified in 80 patients. Psychotropic drugs were used in 71.6 % of suicide attempts, while alcohol was the sole cause of intoxication in 80.1 % of cases in the intoxication group. Self-poisoning using at least two substances was observed in 52.0 % of the suicide attempts, 10.3 % of those with intoxication and 29.7 % of those with drug overdose. While alcohol remains the most common cause of intoxication, there was a drastic increase in the consumption of cannabinoids, Crystal Meth and gamma-hydroxybutyrate in the years 2011 and 2012. ICU admission was necessary in 16.6 % of the cases. There were 22 deaths (0.6 % of the study population), of whom 15 were in the suicide group (2.3 %), four (0.15 %) in the intoxication group, and three in the not clearly classified group (3.8 %). Conclusion. Acute self-poisoning is an increasing medical issue. Psychotropic drugs remain the most common means of suicide attempt. Although alcohol intoxication is very frequent, intake of illicit drugs as the cause of emergency admission is increasing.

Bakgrund: Över 700 000 människor dör varje år till följd av suicid runt om i världen och den största riskfaktorn för att begå suicid är tidigare suicidförsök. Forskning visar att människor som begår suicid ofta söker till akutmottagningar en eller flera gånger innan de tar sitt liv. Akutmottagningar är därför en viktig plats för förebyggandet av suicid. Forskning visar att suicidförsök och självskadebeteende blir allt vanligare samt att självskadebeteende är en viktig riskfaktor för suicid. Sjuksköterskor på akutmottagningar möter ofta patienter med självskadebeteenden, patienter som genomgått suicidförsök och patienter som funderar på att ta sitt liv. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva akutsjuksköterskors upplevelser och erfarenheter av att vårda patienter som inkommit till akutmottagningar till följd av självskadebeteenden och suicidförsök, samt beskriva akutsjuksköterskors attityder gentemot dessa patienter. Metod: En systematisk litteraturöversikt med integrativ design. Systematiska artikelsökningar har utförts i tre medicinska databaser med hjälp av PEO-modellen. Tio inkluderade vetenskapliga artiklar av kvalitativ, kvantitativ och mixad metod har granskats och analyserats. Resultat: I resultatet framkom följande fem teman: I. Sjuksköterskors attityder; II. Sjuksköterskors prioritering av fysisk framför psykisk hälsa; III. Arbetslivserfarenhet på akutmottagningen; IV. Barriärer inom akutmottagningens kontext; och V. Sjuksköterskors upplevda kompetenser &amp; färdigheter. Slutsats: Då resultatet visar att många akutsjuksköterskor uppger osäkerhet och otrygghet vid vården av patienter med självskadebeteende och patienter som begått suicidförsök, bör mer utbildning erbjudas på akutmottagningar kring just dessa tillstånd. För att kunna bedriva en mer hållbar och patientsäker vård bör även akutmottagningar försöka behålla och rekrytera kompetenta och erfarna sjuksköterskor. / Background: Each year, more than 700 000 people around the world die because of suicide, and the biggest risk factor for committing suicide is previous suicide attempts. Research shows that people who commit suicide often visit the emergency department one, up to several times before taking their own lives. Emergency departments are therefore an important place for preventing suicide. Research shows that suicide attempts and self-harming behavior are becoming more common, and that selfharming behavior is an important risk factor for suicide. In emergency departments, nurses often meet patients with self-harming behaviors, patients who have attempted suicide and patients with suicidal ideation. Aim: The aim was to describe the emergency nurses’ experiences of caring for patients who have been admitted to emergency rooms because of self-harming behaviors and suicide attempts, and to describe emergency nurses' attitudes towards these patients Method: A systematic literature review with integrative design. Systematic searches have been conducted in three medical databases using the PEO model. Ten included scientific articles of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method designs have been reviewed and analyzed. Results: The results highlight five main themes: I. Nurses’ attitudes; II. Nurses’ treatment of physical over mental health; III. Work experience in the emergency department; IV. Barriers in the context of the emergency department; and V. Nurses’ perceived competencies and skills. Conclusions: As the result show that many emergency nurses' report insecurity in the care of patients with self-harming behavior and patients who have attempted suicide, more training should be offered in emergency departments around these conditions. Emergency departments should also try to retain and recruit competent and experienced nurses, to provide more sustainable and patient-safe care.

Studien syftade till att undersöka tidig specialisering (TS) inom estetiska idrotter. Inom denna ram utforskades motivationsaspekter utifrån de tre grundläggande behoven inom self determination theory: autonomi, kompetens och tillhörighet, samt om graden av TS var direkt relaterat till specifika orsaker till avhopp. Syftet delades in och besvarades utifrån följande frågeställningar: (1) Är graden av tidig specialisering relaterad till specifika skäl för avhopp? (2) Hur ser före detta aktiva på sina erfarenheter inom idrotten i relation till motivationsaspekter? (3) Vad anser idrottarna vara den huvudsakliga orsaken/orsakerna till avhopp? Metod: Studien baserades på erfarenheter från före detta estetiska idrottare som under minst tre år deltagit i träning på intensiv/hög nivå, minst tre dagar i veckan och var i åldrarna 15 till 20. Enkäten som besvarades var indelad i tre delar: (1) tidig specialisering (2) motivationsaspekter och (3) avhopp. Majoriteten av deltagarna, med undantag för fem män, var kvinnliga idrottare och före detta aktiva inom truppgymnastik (n=61), cheerleading (n=11), artistisk gymnastik (n=6), simhopp (n=3), rytmisk gymnastik (n=2), konståkning (n=2), konstsim (n=1) och trampolin (n=1). Ett index användes för att beräkna graden av TS. Datan behandlades sedan i Excel och SPSS samt redovisades i deskriptiv data samt genom korrelationer via Pearson korrelationskoefficient. Resultat: Signifikanta samband påvisades mellan samtliga kategorier av TS-relaterade orsaker och lägre tillfredsställelse av samtliga behov. Resultaten visade vidare att grad av TS var relaterat till högre tillfredsställelse av behovet kompetens. Slutligen rapporterade flertalet deltagare att det var tränaren och mental ohälsa som var de huvudsakliga orsakerna till deras avhopp. Slutsats: Estetiska idrottare som rapporterade en generellt låg behovstillfredsställelse av autonomi och kompetens, samtidigt som lågt behovsstöd från tränaren, visade på högre sannolikhet att hoppa av på grund av TS-relaterade orsaker. Grad av TS hörde däremot samman med en högre upplevelse av kompetens. Därmed konstaterades att avhoppen var mer relaterade till motivationsaspekter än grad av TS, vilket för oss till slutsatsen att ytterligare empirisk forskning kring TS bör utgå ifrån ett motivationsperspektiv. Utöver detta har tränaren visat sig spela en betydande roll för idrottarens fortsatta deltagande och motivation inom idrotten samt en eventuell del av förklaringen till den rådande negativa synen av TS. Ett större fokus bör läggas på att utbilda tränare i syfte att bedriva träning som främjar de grundläggande psykologiska behoven. / <p>Pernilla Sörensen är student på Ämneslärarprogrammet, Specialidrott.</p><p>Emelie Johansson är student på Tränarprogrammet.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p>

Thèse de doctorat présenté en vue de l'obtention du doctorat en psychologie - recherche intervention, option neuropsychologie clinique (Ph.D) / Les prodiges musicaux sont des musiciens qui ont atteint un niveau de performance exceptionnel, et ce avant l’adolescence. Les premières études à leur sujet ont été écrites il y a plus de 100 ans. Malgré tout, les données psychologiques sur les prodiges musicaux sont rares. Une des théories influentes concernant l’acquisition de l’expertise est celle de la pratique délibérée, selon laquelle le développement du talent se fait essentiellement avec la pratique. La précocité du talent des prodiges paraît défier cette notion et suggère la présence de prédispositions biologiques. D’autres modèles théoriques proposent une vision davantage multifactorielle du développement de l’expertise. La présente thèse vise à révéler les caractéristiques psychologiques des prodiges en utilisant une méthodologie empirique. L'objectif général est de déterminer en quoi ces musiciens exceptionnels se démarquent des autres. En premier lieu, une étude transversale avait comme objectif de déterminer si la pratique, l’intelligence et la personnalité font des prodiges des musiciens à part. Pour ce faire, nous avons recruté 19 prodiges musicaux et les avons comparés à 35 musiciens qui ont soit débuté leur pratique musicale tôt (vers 6 ans) ou plus tard (vers 10 ans), mais qui ont une quantité similaire d’année d’expérience musicale au moment de l’évaluation, ainsi qu’à 16 non-musiciens. Les participants ont tous complété une échelle d’intelligence de Wechsler, l’inventaire de personnalité du Big Five, le quotient du spectre de l’autisme, le Barcelona Music Reward Questionnaire, le Dispositional Flow Scale, et un historique détaillé de leur pratique musicale. Nos résultats indiquent qu’aucun des traits psychologiques ne distingue les prodiges des autres, hormis la propension à être dans un état de flow lors de la pratique musicale. D’autres aspects différenciant les prodiges étaient l’intensité de leur pratique avant l’adolescence, ainsi que la source de leur motivation lorsqu’ils ont commencé à jouer de leur instrument. En second lieu, nous avons étudié un virtuose de la guitare atteint du syndrome de Gilles de la Tourette, qui apprend très rapidement de nouvelles pièces. Pour ce faire, nous avons comparé sa vitesse d'apprentissage d'une nouvelle pièce à 3 autres guitaristes expérimentés et nous l'avons également comparé à un échantillon contrôle de musiciens (N = 15) sur une variété de tâches; apprentissage musical et verbal, perception musicale, mémoire de travail, QI et propension au flow. La structure et le fonctionnement de son cerveau ont également été analysés à l’aide de l’imagerie par résonance magnétique. Les résultats indiquent que le prodige peut apprendre davantage de notes que ses pairs en un temps donné, tout en étant plus musical. Celui-ci était également un des meilleurs pour percevoir et apprendre de nouvelles mélodies. Son QI était comparable à ses pairs, mais sa mémoire de travail auditivo-verbale et visuo-spatiale était supérieure à celle de ses pairs et de la population générale. Mis ensemble, nos résultats indiquent que les prodiges musicaux sont caractérisés par une diversité de trajectoires développementales, et que la pratique seule ne fait pas le prodige. Nos résultats sont compatibles avec les modèles multifactoriels de l’expertise. Plusieurs facteurs sont à l’œuvre ; la pratique intensive précoce, le flow, la motivation, et parfois la présence de conditions neurodéveloppementales et d’habiletés musicales et mnésiques supérieures. Les données suggèrent aussi que la douance musicale est un phénomène distinct de la douance intellectuelle. / Musical prodigies attained an exceptionally high level of performance before adolescence. The first studies on musical prodigies were published more than a hundred years ago. Nevertheless, empirical data on musical prodigies is scarce. An influent theory of expertise development is the deliberate practice view, which stipulates that talent is essentially developed through deliberate practice. Prodigies’ talent precocity apparently defies this assumption and suggests biological predispositions. Other theoretical models offer instead a multifactorial viewpoint of expertise development. This thesis aims to reveal musical prodigies’ psychological characteristics using empirical methods. The general goal is to determine on which levels do these extraordinary musicians stand out from their peers. First, a cross-sectional study aimed to determine if practice, intelligence and personality make prodigies stand out from their musician peers. To do so, we recruited 19 musical prodigies and compared them to 35 musicians who began their musical practice early on (around 6 years old) or later (around 10 years old), but who accumulated similar amounts of years of practice at the moment of testing, as well as 16 nonmusicians. Participants were administered a Wechsler intelligence scale, the Big Five personality inventory, the autism spectrum quotient, the Barcelona Music Reward Questionnaire, the Dispositional Flow Scale and the history of their lifetime practice. Results indicate that no psychological traits distinguish prodigies, except propension to experience flow during music practice. The other aspects differentiating prodigies were intense and precocious practice as well as the source of their motivation when they began to play. Second, we studied a guitar virtuoso with a Tourette syndrome who can allegedly learn new pieces very fast. To do so, we compared his learning speed of a new guitar piece to that of 3 other experienced guitarists. We also compared him to a sample of 15 control musicians on a variety of tasks; musical and verbal learning, musical perception, working memory, IQ and propension to experience flow. Brain structure and function was also analysed through magnetic resonance imaging. Results indicate that the prodigy can learn more notes than his peers in a given time, whilst being more musical. He was also better to perceive and learn new melodies. His IQ was comparable to his peers, but his working auditory and visual-spatial working memory were superior to his peers as well as the general population. Together, our results suggest that musical prodigies are characterized by a diversity of developmental trajectory. They also suggest that practice alone does not make a prodigy. Our results support multifactorial models of expertise. Multiple factors are at play ; intensive and precocious practice, flow, motivation, and sometimes neurodevelopmental conditions or particular musical or memory abilities. Data also suggest that musical giftedness and intellectual giftedness are two separate phenomena.