Commercial fuels are mixtures with large numbers of components. Continuous thermodynamics is a technique for modelling fuel mixtures using a probability density function rather than dealing with each discreet component. The mean and standard deviation of the distribution are then used to model the chemical reactions of the mixture. This thesis develops the necessary theory to apply the technique of continuous thermodynamics to the oxidation reactions of hydrocarbon fuels. The theory is applied to three simplified models of hydrocarbon oxidation: a global one-step reaction, a two-step reaction with CO as the intermediate product, and the four-step reaction of Müller et al. (1992), which contains a high- and a low-temperature branch. These are all greatly simplified models of the complex reaction kinetics of hydrocarbons, and in this thesis they are applied specifically to n-paraffin hydrocarbons in the range from n-heptane to n-hexadecane. The model is tested numerically using a simple constant pressure homogeneous ignition problem using Cantera and compared to simplified and detailed mechanisms for n-heptane. The continuous thermodynamics models are able not only to predict ignition delay times and the development of temperature and species concentrations with time, but also changes in the mixture composition as reaction proceeds as represented by the mean and standard deviation of the distribution function. Continuous thermodynamics is therefore shown to be a useful tool for reactions of multicomponent mixtures, and an alternative to the "surrogate fuel" approach often used at present.

Purpose: In Sweden, a municipal plan monopoly is used to regulate what, how and where you can or cannot build. How the plans, in the shape of comprehensive and detailed development plans, are formed is in turn regulated by the Planning and Building Act (PBL). Throughout history, Swedish building regulations have gone through many more or less extensive changes with the overall goal to improve our built environment and simplify or streamline the planning and building processes. From this comes the term small deviation, which in PBL is used to allow building permits that deviate from the detailed development plan, provided that the deviation is small. There is, however, no explanation in the law as to what this might mean in practice, and so there are large differences in terms of interpretation and application. The goal of this study is to analyse how the term small deviation according to PBL, chapter 9 § 31b is interpreted and applicated in building permit trials. Method: The methods used in this study are interviews (with building permit officers) and document analysis (of building permit decisions from quarter two, 2016, and court cases from the Land and Environment Court of Appeal). Findings: How deviations are interpreted does indeed vastly differ, and while the municipalities do work in a similar manner to determine whether a deviation could be considered small, there are significant differences. Only in the matter of built area on a property, the three studied municipalities all have different practices in what size of violation may be considered small, and the building permit officers in one of these municipalities still deviate from this. In eight out of 13 court cases, the Land and Environment Court of Appeal judged differently from the previous authorities. Only in one did all authorities agree. Implications: The findings implicate the following: There are remarkable differences in how small deviation is assessed. De biggest differences are between the local building permit officers and the Land and Environment Court of Appeal. The factors that affect the assessment on a municipal level the most are experience, precedent cases and discussion with colleagues. Limitations: A wider study containing more information from several municipalities and an analysis of the material accessible to the municipalities for guidance to assess deviations would provide a clearer answer as to what affects the interpretation. Keywords: PBL, Planning and Building Act, building permits, law interpretation, interpretation, deviation, small deviation, deviation from detailed development plan, sensemaking, the Land and Environment Court of Appeal / Syfte: I Sverige används ett kommunalt planmonopol som regleras av Plan- och bygglagen (PBL) 2010:900. Planerna i form av översikts- och detaljplaner reglerar vad, hur och var man får eller inte får bygga. Genom åren har PBL många gånger genomgått mer eller mindre omfattande förändringar med det övergripande syftet att förbättra svensk byggd miljö och förenkla eller effektivisera plan- och byggprocessen, därför har begreppet liten avvikelse tillkommit i PBL. I författningen framgår att det trots avvikelser från planbestämmelser är möjligt att bevilja bygglov, förutsatt att avvikelsen är liten. Det saknas dock förklaringar i PBL kring vad detta kan innebära, och stora skillnader i bedömningen kring vad som kan anses vara en liten avvikelse finns. Målet med arbetet är att analysera hur begreppet liten avvikelse enligt PBL, kap 9 § 31b tolkas och appliceras vid bygglovshandläggning. Metod: De metoder som använts i undersökningen är intervjuer (med bygglovshandläggare) och dokumentanalys (av bygglovsbeslut kvartal två, 2016, och rättsfall i Mark- och miljööverdomstolen från 2016). Resultat: Resultatet visar att det finns stora skillnader i hur liten avvikelse tolkas och appliceras, både mellan olika instanser och på kommunal nivå. Medan kommunerna använder dylika metoder för att avgöra om en avvikelse kan anses vara liten, finns det även avsevärda skillnader i bedömningen. Bara när det gäller byggrätt har kommunerna i undersökningen riktvärden det är stor skillnad på. I åtta av 13 fall bedömde Mark- och miljööverdomstolen olika från samtliga tidigare instanser, och bara i ett fall var samtliga överens om graden av avvikelse. Konsekvenser: De slutsatser som kan dras från resultatet är att: Det finns anmärkningsvärda skillnader i hur liten avvikelse bedöms. De största skillnaderna är mellan den lokala nämnden och Mark- och miljööverdomstolen. Det som främst påverkar bedömningen på kommunal nivå är erfarenhet, prejudicerande rättsfall och diskussion med kollegor. Begränsningar: En bredare undersökning med fler kommuner och bygglovsbeslut från en längre tidsperiod i kombination med en analys av det material som finns för att hjälpa bygglovshandläggare bedöma avvikelser hade kunnat ge ett tydligare svar på vad som påverkar tolkningen. Det hade också gett ett tydligare svar på hur skillnaderna huvudsakligen ser ut, vilket i sin tur gjort det möjligt att ta fram förslag till lösningar. Nyckelord: PBL, Plan- och bygglagen, bygglov, lagtolkning, tolkning, avvikelse, liten avvikelse, avvikelse från detaljplan, meningsskapande, MÖD, Mark- och miljööverdomstolen

The master’s thesis deals with a detailed design documentation of a newly-built kindergarten. The building will be composed of two double-storey objects with a mono-pitched roof and of one single-storey object with a flat green roof. Rooms in the double-storey objects will serve as classes. The kindergarten will contain 4 classes for 100 kids in total. In the single-storey object will be situated rooms meant for operational purposes. All objects will be realised as masonry buildings without a cellar. The design documentation does include hard stadning and hard landscaping.

The diploma thesis is engaged of selected parts of the construction-technology project of a factory building with an administration building in Hustopeče. The construction-technology project contains technical account construction of technological solutions, project of temporary works designed to perform construction, time and financial plan and detailed time plan for rough construction, includes inspection and test plan and technological standard for solution of lower structures of solutions object. In another input is made technological study of the chief technological stage and budget for rough lower structures. As specialization is solution fire safety of buildings.

Master thesis is focused on design of steel roofing structure of sports hall. Construction is located in town of Jihlava. Proportions and disposition are in accordance of assignment of master thesis. The proportions are 40m x 60m, the height of structure is approximately 15m. Two versions of roof structure were designed – truss beam with shape of lentil and double reverse truss girders (girland truss). These versions were tentatively analyzed and designed for the main bearing members. Afterwards both of the versions were appraised and one of the versions was chosen for detailed treatment. It means there was attention focused on design of important details, creating of drawing documentation and technical report, all in the range of thesis supervisor. The valid Eurocodes were used.

The main construction work is subject to technological reconstruction project Pavilion "A" hospital Havlickuv Brod. On this subject will be processed the necessary documents for construction preparation of the construction. For the reconstruction of this object will be processed: Time and financial plan of the building, building a detailed schedule SO01 (technological normals), the balance of the major sources for the construction, inspection and test plan for the reconstruction ceilings, technological prescription for reconstruction ceilings, reconstruction basement, thermal technical assessment of perimeter constructions

Multi-story wood frame construction is a highly relevant topic today because of the need to continue to develop the relatively new building technique to create a sustainable way to keep constructing new buildings. Because the use of wood as a frame material in multi-story buildings is still new, there are still issues that come with the choice to use it. One of these issues is in the detailed technical solutions that are constructed, they often have faults that may lead to problems with moisture. The purpose of this degree project is to investigate these problems and more importantly the process behind constructing them. This work is also examining what can be done to counteract or minimize the issues in the planning phases of the construction as well as look at why it is important to continue developing wood construction. There are two parts of the method used in this degree project. The first part is a literature study which brings up the attributes of wood, factors for using and not using wood, the techniques used to build multi-story buildings in wood, as well as a look into the detailed technical solutions that are used and the planning process behind them. The second part is the interview study where experts in the field are interviewed to get answers about the issues that this work brings up. The interviews provided a lot of information that is relevant for this work and the result consists of the most important answers from them. The biggest factor for continuing to develop the use of wood as a frame material, from the interviews, was about the eco-friendliness of the material. The attitude to use wood in multi-story buildings varies quite a bit depending on which part of the construction sector is asked. The developers are curious but still a bit worried, because of this they have not yet taken the next step in using it more. The entrepreneurs are still sceptical about the use in multi-story constructions and there is not enough knowledge about it for them to earn the same amounts of money as if they were to use concrete or steel. Because of that they are also worried about taking the next step towards using wood more. The consultants, like the architects and construction engineers, are more positive to the use of wood and are inclined to use it more and more. The issues that come up the most are different types of attachments of balconies and exterior corridors, parts that are installed too close to the ground and solutions where the end grain of the wood is in water. There were three main problems that came up repeatedly. The biggest one was the lack of knowledge in the planning and the production phases. The second one was about how there is often no one who looks at the bigger picture in the projects which entails mistakes that could be caught. The last issue was in the installation where the construction workers might not do it according to the construction drawings or a lack of drawings which leads to improvisation at the construction site. Recommended improvements could be a standardisation of the solutions that are proven to work for everyone to use. There is also a need for better communication which provides feedback to the designers of the solutions, that way they will know what to do better in the future. More relevant education within the topic and better coordination will also prove vital in the continued development of multistory wooden constructions.

The project has been implemented as teacher driven action research, where subject-specific reading was studied in classroom practitioners and analyzed by using Legitimation Code Theory (LCT). The purpose was, partly to research which linguistic domains the teachers used in the part detailed reading in Reading to Learn (R2L) and how the discursive movement looked, and partly if progression could be seen during a school year and in that case, how it affected the educators’ teaching.    Participating in the study were four teachers working in a Swedish gymnasium: a chemistry teacher and a teacher of social studies, who were working in academic preparatory programs and a teacher in Swedish as a second language and a teacher in history in one of the introductory programs. The leader of the project and author of this study is also a teacher and colleague to the participants. Totally, twelve observations of detailed reading were implemented: three observations each teacher during one academic year.    The most prominent characteristic of the project was how the teachers, by becoming aware of the linguistic domains, changed their way of using detailed reading and by using the discursive movement, they were able to make semantic waves. The experience of the teachers was that through the action research they received new tools to develop their subject-specific reading and therefore the students’ language and knowledge increased which contributed to a higher object achievement. Notable was that all students seemed to benefit from detailed reading, even the high performing and/or the students with Swedish as their native language.    The result of this study may be relevant to studies on how to augment classroom practices to better implement the subject-specific reading which may lead to change for both teachers and students, regardless of students’ language and knowledge level, stage, or subject.

The population in Sweden has increased for a long time, despite this, many small municipalities have a negative population development, which also applies to Gullspång. In order to get people to stay in the municipality, it is important to create attractive housing. The municipality of Gullspång sees an increased demand for housing in attractive locations, which has led to a new detailed development plan for the area close to the lake.The purpose of the study is to find out what attractiveness is and what attractive housing looks like, and based on this make a suggestion on how the Sjögläntan area can be designed with reference to the visions of the municipality. It is important considering the immeasurable values of housing to create attractive housing that people want to live in. Greenery is important for people's health and wellbeing. The design work shows a suggestion how an attractive residential area can look like with four different building types. They have been drawn based on various housing surveys and immeasurable values such as generality, flexibility, axiality, sunlight and movement. In the common environment, places have been created that support socializing and activities. The conclusion shows that it is important to plan both the environment and housing in order to create an attractive housing. / Befolkningen i Sverige har under långt tid ökat, trots den ökande befolkningen har många kommuner en negativ befolkningsutveckling. Det är främst de små kommunerna som minskar, vilket även gäller för Gullspångs kommun, medan de stora kommunerna blir ännu större. Det är viktigt att få människor att stanna kvar eller att bosätta sig i en liten kommun med minskande invånarantal för att kommunen ska kunna säkerställa bland annat arbetstillfällen och service. För att få människor att stanna kvar i kommunen är det viktigt att skapa attraktiva boenden. Gullspångs kommun ser en ökad efterfrågan på bostäder i attraktiva lägen, vilket har lett till att kommunen har tagit fram en ny detaljplan för sjönära tomter i Otterbäcken som fått namnet Sjögläntan. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vad attraktivitet är och hur ett attraktivt boende ser ut, samt utifrån studien göra ett förslag över hur området Sjögläntan kan utformas med koppling till kommunens visioner och detaljplan. Målet är att utforma attraktiva boenden i form av bygglovshandlingar för några olika typer av hus som lockar boende till orten. Attraktivitet eftersträvas genom att blanda hustyper och planlösningar för olika behov samt genom att skapa ett förslag för den offentliga miljön i området. Attraktivitet kan delas in i tre olika kategorier; boendeattraktivitet, näringslivsattraktivitet och besöksattraktivitet. De är beroende av varandra för att skapa ett attraktivt samhälle. Boendeattraktivitet handlar om att det finns boende på orten. Näringslivsattraktivitet innebär att det finns tillgång till arbete och besöksattraktivitet betyder att människor vill besöka orten. Det är viktigt att ta hänsyn till bostäders omätbara värden för att skapa attraktiva bostäder som människor vill bo och leva i. För att uppnå attraktiva bostäder krävs det att boendet uppfyller de tre kvalitéerna hållbarhet, bekvämlighet och skönhet och att dessa samverkar. Grönska är viktigt för människors hälsa och välbefinnande. Det är av betydelse att grönområden och naturen är inom räckhåll för att de ska utnyttjas för att kunna uppnå de goda effekterna för hälsan. Det är angeläget att planera miljön runt bostäderna för att området ska vara hälsofrämjande. Gestaltningsarbetet visar ett förslag på hur ett attraktivt bostadsområde kan se ut. Fyra olika byggnadstyper, flerfamiljshus, 1-planshus, 1,5-planshus och kedjehus har ritats i Revit utifrån olika bostadsundersökningar och omätbara värden så som generalitet, flexibilitet, axialitet, solljus och rörelse. Det har lagts stor vikt vid miljön i området. I den gemensamma miljön har det skapats platser som lockar till socialt umgänge och aktiviteter så som fotboll, lekplats och utegym utifrån olika upplevelsevärden så som rofylldhet, artrikedom, samvaro och kultur. Slutsatsen visar att det är viktigt att planera både miljö och bostäder för att det ska bli ett attraktivt boende.

Increasing urbanization is pressing and degrading our ecosystems and compromising future generations. This scenario is expected to worsen unless significant action is scaled up. At the same time, the urban areas have the opportunity to be part of the solution, leading to a more resilient and sustainable future. Bringing nature back to cities is a powerful instrument that provides the opportunity to address sustainability challenges and benefit people and the environment. Hence, the aim of this study, framed on the REPLAN project, was to explore the integration of greening practices in the planning process in Upplands Väsby municipality during the last decade. Through a systematic literature mapping, this study investigated the integration of greening concepts in the municipality’s Detailed Development Plans. Furthermore, in-depth analysis and interpretation of the relevant Detailed Development Plans were conducted to explore which green and blue elements and structures were integrated, the drivers and instruments that foster its implementation and the actors involved in their planning process. The results show that the integration of greening concepts in the Detailed Development Plans presents a turning point in 2016, coincident with the introduction of Upplands Väsby’s Development plan for Ecosystem Services, revealing that political support at the municipal level enables the integration of greening concepts. Likewise, ecosystem services was the most integrated greening concept, pointing out a strong focus of the planning practice on ecosystem services. The most planned green and blue elements and structures are yards, courtyards and street trees and plants, whilst parks are generally integrated from the nearby environment. Moreover, the most protected green and blue elements and structures are street trees and plants. Water management, public health and well-being and biodiversity conservation are the main drivers for planning and protecting green and blue elements and structures, being also addressed by both the highest quantity and diversity of green and blue elements and structures. However, climate change mitigation and adaptation is barely the driver for planning green and blue elements and structures. Thus, this calls for the inclusion of a climate perspective in the planning processes. The key actors in planning green and blue elements and structures are the municipality, the developers and consulting companies. Besides, an innovative planning process that includes neighbours and other stakeholders in the early stages and financial incentives for implementing green and blue elements and structures was studied. The findings indicate that regulatory frameworks and binding instruments foster the integration of green and blue elements and structures in the planning practice. The outcomes also suggest that collaborative planning processes and hybrid market-driven approaches may contribute positively to integrating green and blue elements and structures.