Att uppleva distraktioner under studerandet är ett hinder mot både koncentrationen och inlärningsprocessen. Med insikt från målgruppen (Med hjälp av intervjuer och en observation) har projektets problemställning riktat sig till att fokusera på distraktioner som orsakas av andra människor vilket kan ske både visuellt och auditivt. Genom ett användarcentrerat designperspektiv har frågeställningen ‘’Hur kan man genom design underlätta fokus genom att hindra distraktioner för universitetsstudenter under generella egenstudier?’’ undersökts. I designprocessen har även målgruppens åsikter och medverkan utformat slutkonceptet och resultatet av studien är designförslaget ‘’Studietältet’’. Studiens kunskapsbidrag ligger i arbetsprocessen: hur man hanterar olika åsikter och preferenser inom användarcentrerade metoder. / Experiencing distractions while studying is an obstacle to the concentration and the learning process. With insight from the target group (students) through interviews and observation, the project’s aim has been focusing primarily on distractions caused by other people, which can occur both visually and auditorily. Through an user-centered design perspective, the research question “How can design facilitate focus by preventing distractions for university students during general self-study?” Has been investigated. In the design process, the target group’s opinions and participation have also been shaping the final concept and the result of the study is a design proposal “The study tent”. The study’s knowledge contribution lies in the work process: how to handle different opinions and preferences within the field of user-centered design methods.

In open office settings, auditory distractions coming from surrounding work environment are shown to be a considerable source of indirect costs to an organization, such as performance costs, behavioral costs, and healthcare costs, to name a few. These costs are substantial to affect the net productivity of an organization, where productivity is equal to revenue minus the costs. This research argues that the costs of auditory distractions should be estimated when evaluating the value of a workspace for an organization. However, since organizational decisions are generally guided by cost-benefit analysis and a precise dollar figure cannot be attached to the stated indirect costs because these are subjective in nature; therefore, these are generally ignored. Costs that are critical to sustainability and development of a business and the fact that cost-benefit approach is no longer appropriate for these decisions, a more robust decision-based approach to workspace selection is proposed. Decision-based approach is seen as an organized approach to select between workspace options under uncertainty and risk wherein the selected workspace is maximized in terms of some expected utility. Here utility is defined as the measurement of strength or intensity of a person's preferences. Decision-based approach include consideration of a multitude of environmental decision variables, objective or subjective, in a single equation and processing of the same in a limited amount of time with rationality and consistency. A multi-attribute workspace choice utility decision model is developed with the intent to facilitate systematic understanding and analysis of workspace alternatives for an organization. This research shows how the decision-making approach to workspace selection simplifies the problem by providing a structure that is easily comprehensible, and allows simultaneous processing of both, qualitative and quantitative conflicting objectives, through a single decision-making model. In doing so, this research firmly establishes the importance of workspace's adaptability to auditory distractions for office workers, particularly knowledge workers, who are constantly undertaking a range of complex tasks. The study holistically and systematically addresses the fundamental issue prevalent in state-of-the-art North American open plan office settings of substantiality of two extremely contrasting requirements, concentration and collaboration, in the same workspace and work environment at a given time.

Mobile polling is a widely used classroom response system at the university level. The current study examines the predictors and outcomes of mobile polling including self-regulation and academic achievement. Furthermore, this study explores whether or not mobile polling benefits some students more than others, specifically those with higher levels of self-regulation. The data was collected from two separate University classrooms taught by the same teacher (n = 66). The first section of students were to use mobile polling software after taking their midterm exam and use the software for the remainder of the semester. The other section of students served as the control group and received the same instruction, Powerpoints, and assignments minus the usage of mobile polling. All students from both classes were given an 89 question survey known as the Barkley Deficits in Executive Function Scale (BDEFS) which measured their ability to self-regulate their behavior. A hierarchical regression model was used to find that mobile polling had no statistical significance on academic achievement at the end of the semester. The only significant predictor throughout the entire study was the initial achievement variable, which was the scores from the midterm exam. Another hierarchical regression model found that self-regulation, measured with the use of the BDEFS system, was not a significant predictor of academic achievement. When initial achievement was controlled for, the Overall EF score from the BDEFS system revealed that self-regulation had zero effect on the variance as denoted by R Square and the R Square change in the regression model. Supplemental analysis revealed that Overall EF is a significant predictor of academic achievement when a Repeated Measures ANOVA was used, though the R Square change was still low. Factor analysis was used to find which questions loaded together under five subscales, truncating the BDEFS system and revealing that Self-Restraint/Inhibition traits were a better predictor than the overall score from the BDEFS questionnaire yet was not a significant predictor of achievement. Finally, a 2 x 2 ANCOVA that investigated the interaction between high/low levels of Self-Regulation and usage of Mobile Polling and found that it did not significantly affect academic achievement. In fact, the highest mean came from the completely opposite group as expected, which was students in the control group with lower levels of self-regulation. / Educational Psychology

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Este trabalho apresenta um sistema que se utiliza de características extraídas de dados provenientes de um sensor Kinect v2 para monitorar o motorista, dados de sensores inerciais, da telemetria do veículo e dados sobre a estrada/faixa de rodagem para reconhecer o estilo de direção, permitindo ao sistema detectar o uso do celular no trânsito, um motorista embriagado e a direção sonolenta, evitando assim, riscos relacionados com a direção. De fato, quando veículos são conduzidos por pessoas em ligações telefônicas, o risco de acidente aumenta de 4 a 6 vezes. Motoristas embriagados causaram 10:497 mortes nas rodovias dos Estados Unidos da América em 2016, segundo o órgão local responsável pela segurança no trânsito (NHTSA). Um Conjunto de Dados Naturalista do Comportamento do Motorista (NDBD) foi criado especificamente para este trabalho e utilizado para o teste e validação do sistema proposto. A solução proposta emprega duas análises dos dados do motorista, os subsistemas de reconhecimento de padrões de Curto e Longo prazos. Assim, pode-se detectar situações de risco na direção. O sistema possui 3 níveis de alerta: sem alerta, alerta baixo e alerta alto. O subsistema de Curto Prazo detecta situações de sem alerta e de algum nível de alerta. Já o subsistema de Longo Prazo é responsável por determinar o nível de alerta: baixo ou alto. Classificadores baseados em Aprendizado de Máquina e Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNA) foram utilizados. Um Algoritmo Genético foi empregado para otimizar e selecionar um conjunto de valores que ajustam a entrada de características, função de ativação dos neurônios e topologia/treino da rede neural. O sistema proposto alcançou 79;5% de acurácia nos frames do NDBD (conjunto de treinamento e validação obtidos utilizando um simulador veicular próprio), para a detecção conjunta de risco em situações de uso de celular, embriaguez ou condução normal. Para o classificador de Curto Prazo, utilizou-se períodos de 5 frames e uma janela de 140 frames para o Longo Prazo. Considerando a detecção individualizada dos problemas de condução, no caso específico da embriaguez (usados dados de embriaguez e direção normal) o sistema obteve 98% de acurácia, e especificamente para o uso de celular obteve 95% de acurácia. Na classificação de sem alerta (situações sem risco), o sistema obteve apenas 1;5% de predições erradas (falsos positivos), contribuindo assim para o conforto do motorista ao utilizar o sistema. / In this work, a system has been developed using features from a frontal Kinect v2 sensor to monitor the driver, from inertial sensors, car telemetry, and road lane data to recognize the driving style, enabling to recognize the use of a cell phone while driving, a drunk driver, and drowsy driving, avoiding driving risks. In fact, cars driven by people on phone calls, increases the risk of crash between 4 and 6 times. Drunk drivers caused 10;497 deaths on USA roads in 2016 according to NHTSA. The Naturalistic Driver Behavior Dataset (NDBD) was created specifically for this work and it was used to test the proposed system. The proposed solution uses two analysis of the drivers data, the Short-Term and Long-Term pattern recognition subsystems, thus it could detect the risk situations while driving. The system has 3 levels of alarm: no alarm, lowest alarm, and highest alarm. Short-Term detects between no alarm or some level alarm. Long-Term is responsible for determining the risk alarm level, low or high. The classifiers are based on Machine Learning and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), furthermore, the values set to adjust input features, neuron activation functions, and network topology/training parameters were optimized and selected using a Genetic Algorithm. The proposed system achieved 79:5% of accuracy in NDBD frames (training and validation sets obtained using a driving simulator), for joint detection of risk in situations of cellphone usage, drunkenness, or normal driving. For the Short-Term classifier, it was used length periods of 5 frames and a window of 140 frames for Long-Term. Considering the individualized detection of driving problems, in the specific case of drunkenness (using data of drunkenness and normal driving), the system achieved 98% of accuracy, and specifically for cell phone usage 95% of accuracy. The best results achieved obtained only 1:5% of no risk situation having a wrong prediction (false positives with alarm activation), contributing to the driver comfort when he/she is using the system.

Syftet med denna studie är att genom en kvalitativ metod belysa om och hur rörelsepauser har någon påverkan för elevers koncentrationsförmåga. Utöver detta undersöks hur elever och lärare upplever rörelsepauser och huruvida koncentrationsförmågan påverkas av rörelser samt hur elever tar sig an den text de ska läsa. För att kunna belysa detta syfte har observationer och individuella intervjuer används. Bearbetning av det empiriska materialet har skett genom den tematiska analysen för att kunna kategorisera det som uppvisats vid observationer och utifrån informanternas upplevelser. Studiens resultat har diskuterats utifrån den tidigare forskningen samt det kognitiva perspektivet eftersom koncentrationsförmågan är en kognitiv förmåga. Vidare belyses den yttre distraktionens påverkan på elevernas koncentrationsförmåga samt hur informanterna kan reducera denna påverkan. Resultatet i studien synliggör att eleverna uppvisar en positiv förändrad koncentrationsförmåga efter att rörelser har implementerats. Utöver detta visades att det är olika påverkansfaktorer på koncentrationsförmågan beroende på vilken rörelse som implementeras. Ytterligare resultat visar att arbetssätt och arbetsform är av vikt för elevers koncentrationsförmåga, dessutom hur yttre distraktioner påverkar eleverna i olika nivåer, vilket har betydelse för deras läsinlärning. / The purpose of this study is to, through a qualitative method, highlight if and how movement breaks influences the pupil’s ability to concentrate. Beyond this, the pupils and teachers experience with movement breaks have been examined, and whether the ability to concentrate is affected by movements, and how students approach the text they are to read. To illustrate this purpose, observations and individual interviews were used. Processing of the collected data was done through the thematic analysis to categorize what was shown in the observations and based on the informants’ experiences. The result of the study has been discussed based on the previous research as well as the cognitive perspective, as the ability to concentrate is a cognitive ability. Furthermore, the effect of the external distraction is highlighted on the pupil’s ability to concentrate, and how informants can reduce this impact. The result of the study show that the students show a positive change in their ability to concentrate after movements have been implemented. In addition, it was shown that there are various influencing factors on the ability to concentrate, depending on the movement implemented. Additional results show that working methods and working form are important for the pupil’s ability to concentrate, also how external distractions affect pupils at different levels, which is important to improve their literacy.

Using a modified still-face procedure the present study explores 3-6-month-old infants' behavioral and physiological responses to mothers' screen distractions during mother-infant interactions. In the modified phone still-face procedure the neutral face of the traditional still face procedure was replaced with mothers' texting on their mobile phones. Infants' cortisol stress responses to mothers' device use were assessed through the collection of 3 infant saliva samples. Infants' behavioral responses including facial expressions, vocalizations, gaze and self-comforting behaviors were also explored. All mother-infant interactions were videoed recorded and coded for analysis. Thirty-four mother-infant dyads participated, average ages for mothers was 29 years and 4.4 months for infants. As predicted, infants demonstrated the changes in affect associated with the still-face effect, with significant differences in positive and negative affect during the play phases and the phone still face phase. As a whole, infants did not respond with increased cortisol responses, however, when individual differences were explored 47% responded with increased stress during mothers' phone distractions. Mother's frequency and attitudes towards device use were also assessed but were unrelated to infant responses. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Under senare år har smartphones växt till att bli det mest populära sättet att besöka internet. I takt med detta har även väntande online blivit mer påverkat av externa faktorer kopplat till användarkontexten, exempelvis visuella och auditiva distraktioner. I studien utforskar vi nödvändiga designval vars syfte är att anpassa designen efter en allt mer varierande omgivning och påverkande distraktioner med avseende i en minskad upplevd väntetid för användaren. Vi utforskar och utvärderar olika sätt att designa med syftet att minska användarens upplevda väntetid och därmed bidra till en mer positiv helhetsupplevelse under smartphoneanvändandet. Studiens bidrag landar i tre designförslag till hur laddare kan designas för en bättre upplevd väntetid i en mobil användarkontext med externa distraktioner i åtanke. / The recent years have seen smartphone use grow to become the most popular way to access the web. With this, waiting online has also become increasingly affected by surrounding factors connected to context, for example through visual and auditory distractions. In the study, we explore necessary design-choices in order to adapt the design to the increasingly varied surroundings and distractions in a smartphone environment and to reduce the user(s) perceived waiting time. We explore and evaluate ways to design with the purpose to shorten the user(s) perceived waiting time and therefore lead to a more positive user experience during smartphone use. The study’s contribution results in three design suggestions for how loaders can be designed for a better perceived waiting time within a mobile user context with external distractions in mind. / <p>Tilldelad pris för bästa kandidatuppsats inom informatik vid Högskolan i Halmstad år 2020.</p>

Syftet med studien är att undersöka lärare samt studenters distanserade gruppdiskussioner inuti Zoom’s funktion breakout-rooms, samt hur studenternas engagemang följaktligen har påverkats. Studien är grundad i tre semistrukturerade fokusgrupper gjorda med studenter samt lärare med erfarenhet av distanserade gruppdiskussioner inuti breakout-rooms. Utifrån det empiriska materialet från fokusgrupperna framgår det tydligt att respondenterna till en stor del fokuserar på funktionalitet, flexibilitet samt sociala relationer och kameraanvändlighet. Utifrån det empiriska materialet framgår det att det funnits förmåner i form av en enkelhet och smidighet för lärarrespondenterna att utforma gruppdiskussioner, samt flexibiliteten som gett studenterna en ökad frihet. Emellertid framgår det utifrån studentrespondenterna att uppfattningen av distanseringen grundar sig i försämrad kommunikation med lärare och studenter, svårigheter i form av distraktioner samt en försämrad relation till sina klasskamrater, vilket följaktnings har påverkat studenternas engagemang negativt. / The purpose of the study is to examine teachers' and students' distant group discussions within Zoom's function breakout rooms, and how the students' involvement has consequently been affected. The study is based on three semi-structured focus groups made with students and teachers with experience of distant group discussions inside breakout rooms. Based on the empirical material from the focus groups, it is clear that the respondents largely focus on functionality, flexibility as well as social relations and camera usability. Based on the empirical material, it appears that there have been benefits in the form of a simplicity and flexibility for the teacher respondents to design group discussions, as well as the flexibility that has given the students increased freedom. However, it appears from the student respondents that the perception of distancing is based on impaired communication with teachers and students, difficulties in the form of distractions and a deteriorating relationship with their classmates, which consequently has affected students' commitment negatively.

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