In den Jahren 2005 bis 2010 erfolgte im Rahmen der Erarbeitung der vorliegenden Dissertationsschrift eine ökologische Untersuchung der Chironomidenfauna in der Talsperre Saidenbach (Sachsen, Erzgebirge). Drei Arten mit hoher Abundanz konnten bei der umfassenden Artenanalyse im Jahr 2005 ermittelt werden: Procladius crassinervis, P. choreus und Chironomus anthracinus. Zusätzlich wurde die Art C. plumosus aufgrund ihrer engen Verwandtschaft zu C. anthracinus in die Untersuchung einbezogen. Die Arbeit ist auf vier Schwerpunkte fokussiert, wobei die Larven und Puppen der vier Arten analysiert wurden. (1) Die Erarbeitung einer zuverlässigen Methode zur Unterscheidung der Larven der beiden eng verwandten Procladius-Arten basierend auf morphologischen Kriterien (Imaginalscheiden-entwicklung, Kopfkapselgröße und Körperlänge) sowie die Tiefenverteilung der Puppen waren eine Vorbedingung für weiterführende Analysen des Lebenszyklus (LZ) dieser beiden Arten. (2) Die Untersuchung des LZ war der zweite Schwerpunkt. Der LZ wurde stark von abiotischen Faktoren wie Temperatur, Sauerstoff und Biovolumen des Phytoplanktons kontrolliert. (3) Die raum-zeitlichen Verteilungsmuster der vier Arten wurden zunächst bezüglich großräumiger Unterschiede über einen Tiefengradienten innerhalb eines Transektes analysiert. Hierbei zeigte sich bei allen vier Arten eine zeitliche Änderung im jeweiligen Hauptverbreitungsgebiet. Die jungen Larven von C. anthracinus, C. plumosus und P. choreus wanderten im Verlauf ihrer Entwicklung bis zur Verpuppung in flachere Bereiche, P. crassinervis wanderte in tiefere Bereiche. Die Analyse der Verteilungsunterschiede der Larven zwischen zwei verschieden stark eutrophierten Buchten ergab höhere Dichten der beiden Chironomus-Arten in der Bucht mit dem größeren Zulauf und der höheren Phytoplanktonkonzentration im Vergleich mit den anderen Arten. Eine Analyse des kleinräumigen Verteilungsmusters fokussierte auf der Frage, ob die Larven gleichmäßig verteilt oder aggregiert auftraten. Die Untersuchung des vertikalen Verteilungsmusters erforschte das Schwimmverhalten der Larven. (4) Der letzte Aspekt war eine experimentelle Untersuchung, die am Beispiel von C. anthracinus durchgeführt wurde mit dem Ziel, den Proximatfaktor für die beobachtete Wanderung der Larven zu ermitteln, der letztendlich die Temperatur war. Puppen bevorzugten im Experiment wärmere Temperaturen und junge Larven kühlere Temperaturen. Die fünfjährige Untersuchung der Chironomiden in der Talsperre Saidenbach beschreibt insgesamt die komplexe Verhaltensreaktion der Chironomiden, die einen wesentlichen Teil der benthischen Lebensgemeinschaft darstellen, bezüglich der Lebenszyklusmuster (Voltinismus, Verpuppung), der Abundanzänderungen (inner- und zwischenjährlich) sowie der groß- und kleinräumigen Verteilung unter der Einwirkung der wichtigsten Umweltfaktoren.:1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 2. MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF TWO PROCLADIUS AND TWO CHIRONOMUS SPECIES IN THE MESOTROPHIC SAIDENBACH RESERVOIR 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Material and methods 2.2.1 Sampling of larvae 2.2.2 Species identification 2.2.3 Differentiation of the Procladius species by means of head capsule size and depth distribution 2.2.4 Other morphological criteria 2.2.5 Development of imaginal discs 2.3. Results 2.3.1 Procladius crassinervis and P. choreus 2.3.2 Chironomus anthracinus and C. plumosus 2.4. Discussion 2.4.1 Method discussion 2.4.2 Head capsule width 2.4.3 Larval growth 3. FIVE - YEAR LIFE CYCLE PATTERN OF TWO PROCLADIUS AND TWO CHIRONOMUS SPECIES IN THE MESOTROPHIC SAIDENBACH RESERVOIR 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Material and methods 3.2.1 Study area 3.2.2 Sampling of chironomid larvae 3.2.3 Sampling of chironomid pupae 3.2.4 Mortality 3.2.5 Abiotic conditions and phytoplankton 3.3 Results 3.3.1 Abiotic conditions and phytoplankton 3.3.1.1 Temperature 3.3.1.2 Oxygen 3.3.1.3 Phytoplankton 3.3.2 Life cycle analysis 3.3.2.1 Composition of instars 3.3.2.2 Procladius crassinervis 3.3.2.3 Procladius choreus 3.3.2.4 Chironomus anthracinus 3.3.2.5 Chironomus plumosus 3.3.2.6 Tanytarsini 3.3.2.7 Other species 3.3.3 Influence of abiotic conditions on pupation and life cycle 3.3.3.1 Procladius crassinervis 3.3.3.2 Procladius choreus 3.3.3.3 Chironomus anthracinus 3.3.3.4 Chironomus plumosus 3.3.3.5 Tanytarsini 3.3.4 Mortality of larvae during pupation 3.4 Discussion 3.4.1 Method discussion 3.4.2 Life cycle 3.4.3 Influence of controlling factors 3.4.4 Larval mortality and chironomid pupae as prey 4. SMALL AND LARGE SCALE DISTRIBUTION ASPECTS AND MIGRATION OF TWO PROCLADIUS AND TWO CHIRONOMUS SPECIES IN THE MESOTROPHIC SAIDENBACH RESERVOIR 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Study area 4.3 Material and methods 4.3.1 Sampling of chironomid pupae 4.3.2 Sampling of chironomid larvae 4.3.3 Large scale distribution 4.3.3.1 Depth gradient of the larval abundance 4.3.3.2 Distribution between different lake areas 4.3.4 Small scale distribution - patchiness 4.3.5 Vertical distribution 4.3.5.1 Residence depth in the sediment 4.3.5.2 Larvae in the water column 4.4 Results 4.4.1 Large scale distribution 4.4.1.1 Depth gradient of the larval abundance 4.4.1.2 Distribution between different lake areas 4.4.2 Small scale distribution - patchiness 4.4.3 Vertical distribution 4.4.3.1 Residence depth in the sediment 4.4.3.2 Larvae in the water column 4.5 Discussion 4.5.1 Large scale distribution 4.5.1.1 Depth gradient of the larval abundance 4.5.1.2 Distribution between different lake areas 4.5.2 Small scale distribution - patchiness 4.5.3 Vertical distribution 4.5.3.1 Residence depth in the sediment 4.5.3.2 Larvae in the water column 5. INVESTIGATIONS ON THE PREFERENCE TEMPERATURE OF C. ANTHRACINUS FROM THE MESOTROPHIC SAIDENBACH RESERVOIR 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Material and methods 5.2.1 Influence of temperature on the timing of pupation 5.2.2 Preference temperature 5.2.3 Locomotory activity of larvae 5.3 Results 5.3.1 Migratory activity of C. anthracinus in the field 5.3.2 Influence of temperature on the timing of pupation 5.3.3 Preference temperature 5.3.4 Locomotory activity of larvae 5.4 Discussion 5.4.1 Influence of temperature on the timing of pupation 5.4.2 Preference temperature 5.4.3 Agitation activity of larvae 6. OVERALL SUMMARY AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 7. REFERENCES EIDESSTATTLICHE ERKLÄRUNG DANKSAGUNG / In the context of the present dissertation an ecological study was performed about chironomids in Saidenbach Reservoir in the Saxony Ore Mountains, Germany during the five years from 2005 to 2010. A preliminary overall species analysis in 2005 showed that three species were most abundant: Procladius crassinervis, P. choreus and Chironomus anthracinus. Additionally, the species C. plumosus was examined because of its close relationship to C. anthracinus. The study is focussed on four subjects, whereby larvae and pupae of the four species were analysed. (1) The elaboration of a reliable method to distinguish the larvae of the two closely related species P. crassinervis and P. choreus on the basis of morphological criteria (imaginal disc development, larval head capsule size and body length) as well as the depth distribution of their pupae was a precondition to the profound analysis of their life cycles. (2) The investigation of the life cycle pattern of the four species was the second focus. The life cycle of the four species was found to be strongly influenced by abiotic conditions such as temperature, oxygen and biovolume of the phytoplankton. (3) The spatial and temporal distribution pattern of the four species was analysed in view of large scale differences over a depth gradient in one transect. Here, in all four species a shift in the mainly settled lake bottom area occurred. The young larvae of C. anthracinus, C. plumosus and P. choreus migrated during maturing and pupation towards shallower areas; P. crassinervis migrated to deeper areas. The distribution differences between two different bays showed that the two Chironomus species had higher densities in the bay with the higher inflow which resulted in a higher phytoplankton standing stock compared to the other species. A small scale distribution pattern analysis focussed on finding out whether the larvae were aggregated or randomly distributed. The vertical distribution analysis examined the swimming behaviour of the larvae. (4) The last aspect was an experimental setup exemplarily driven with C. anthracinus which showed that the migration was stimulated by the proximate factor temperature as pupae preferred warmer temperatures and young larvae colder temperatures. Altogether, the five year study about chironomids in Saidenbach Reservoir pointed out the complex reaction in the behaviour of an important part of the benthic community concerning the life cycle pattern (voltinism, pupation pattern), the changing in abundances (inter-annual and intra-annual) and the large scale and small scale distribution pattern under the rule of the most important environmental factors.:1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 2. MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF TWO PROCLADIUS AND TWO CHIRONOMUS SPECIES IN THE MESOTROPHIC SAIDENBACH RESERVOIR 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Material and methods 2.2.1 Sampling of larvae 2.2.2 Species identification 2.2.3 Differentiation of the Procladius species by means of head capsule size and depth distribution 2.2.4 Other morphological criteria 2.2.5 Development of imaginal discs 2.3. Results 2.3.1 Procladius crassinervis and P. choreus 2.3.2 Chironomus anthracinus and C. plumosus 2.4. Discussion 2.4.1 Method discussion 2.4.2 Head capsule width 2.4.3 Larval growth 3. FIVE - YEAR LIFE CYCLE PATTERN OF TWO PROCLADIUS AND TWO CHIRONOMUS SPECIES IN THE MESOTROPHIC SAIDENBACH RESERVOIR 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Material and methods 3.2.1 Study area 3.2.2 Sampling of chironomid larvae 3.2.3 Sampling of chironomid pupae 3.2.4 Mortality 3.2.5 Abiotic conditions and phytoplankton 3.3 Results 3.3.1 Abiotic conditions and phytoplankton 3.3.1.1 Temperature 3.3.1.2 Oxygen 3.3.1.3 Phytoplankton 3.3.2 Life cycle analysis 3.3.2.1 Composition of instars 3.3.2.2 Procladius crassinervis 3.3.2.3 Procladius choreus 3.3.2.4 Chironomus anthracinus 3.3.2.5 Chironomus plumosus 3.3.2.6 Tanytarsini 3.3.2.7 Other species 3.3.3 Influence of abiotic conditions on pupation and life cycle 3.3.3.1 Procladius crassinervis 3.3.3.2 Procladius choreus 3.3.3.3 Chironomus anthracinus 3.3.3.4 Chironomus plumosus 3.3.3.5 Tanytarsini 3.3.4 Mortality of larvae during pupation 3.4 Discussion 3.4.1 Method discussion 3.4.2 Life cycle 3.4.3 Influence of controlling factors 3.4.4 Larval mortality and chironomid pupae as prey 4. SMALL AND LARGE SCALE DISTRIBUTION ASPECTS AND MIGRATION OF TWO PROCLADIUS AND TWO CHIRONOMUS SPECIES IN THE MESOTROPHIC SAIDENBACH RESERVOIR 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Study area 4.3 Material and methods 4.3.1 Sampling of chironomid pupae 4.3.2 Sampling of chironomid larvae 4.3.3 Large scale distribution 4.3.3.1 Depth gradient of the larval abundance 4.3.3.2 Distribution between different lake areas 4.3.4 Small scale distribution - patchiness 4.3.5 Vertical distribution 4.3.5.1 Residence depth in the sediment 4.3.5.2 Larvae in the water column 4.4 Results 4.4.1 Large scale distribution 4.4.1.1 Depth gradient of the larval abundance 4.4.1.2 Distribution between different lake areas 4.4.2 Small scale distribution - patchiness 4.4.3 Vertical distribution 4.4.3.1 Residence depth in the sediment 4.4.3.2 Larvae in the water column 4.5 Discussion 4.5.1 Large scale distribution 4.5.1.1 Depth gradient of the larval abundance 4.5.1.2 Distribution between different lake areas 4.5.2 Small scale distribution - patchiness 4.5.3 Vertical distribution 4.5.3.1 Residence depth in the sediment 4.5.3.2 Larvae in the water column 5. INVESTIGATIONS ON THE PREFERENCE TEMPERATURE OF C. ANTHRACINUS FROM THE MESOTROPHIC SAIDENBACH RESERVOIR 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Material and methods 5.2.1 Influence of temperature on the timing of pupation 5.2.2 Preference temperature 5.2.3 Locomotory activity of larvae 5.3 Results 5.3.1 Migratory activity of C. anthracinus in the field 5.3.2 Influence of temperature on the timing of pupation 5.3.3 Preference temperature 5.3.4 Locomotory activity of larvae 5.4 Discussion 5.4.1 Influence of temperature on the timing of pupation 5.4.2 Preference temperature 5.4.3 Agitation activity of larvae 6. OVERALL SUMMARY AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 7. REFERENCES EIDESSTATTLICHE ERKLÄRUNG DANKSAGUNG

The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of working women when they announce their pregnancies, take maternity leave, transition back to work, and utilize flexible work policies. Using a qualitative methodology, transcripts of in-depth interviews were analyzed utilizing a life history approach. Key findings of the study are that women perceive more negative responses to the announcement of their pregnancies than positive ones. In terms of maternity and parental leave policies, all the participants had access to these benefits. Women found issues with financial adequacy, administration, and duration of these policies. Mothers found that financial support from the Canadian government was inadequate to allow them to take the full duration of the 52-week maternity and parental leave for which they were eligible. In addition, employer “top-up” payments were limited and administrative details of maternity leave were often not discussed fully with pregnant workers. When women returned to work, they found that workplaces did not offer resources such as a phased-in return to work or personnel to help them re-engage with their prior work projects. Women discussed the challenges of managing their dual roles of worker and mother and found that managers and coworkers put them in a mommy mould which lessened the quality of their assignments. New mothers found that they had difficultly juggling their work and home responsibilities, finding time for themselves, and receiving increased domestic support from their spouses. While some workplaces offered women flexible workplace policies, not all mothers chose to access them as they found these policies often negatively impacted their career progression. Other issues were a lack of flexible workplace policy transparency, inconsistent manager support, and difficulty maintaining a flexible schedule. Findings have major implications for an improved response from managers upon pregnancy announcement, improved dialogue among employers about increasing “top up” maternity leave pay to new mothers, developing a formal transition plan for new mothers returning to the workplace, and expanding the use of flexible workplace policies.

The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of working women when they announce their pregnancies, take maternity leave, transition back to work, and utilize flexible work policies. Using a qualitative methodology, transcripts of in-depth interviews were analyzed utilizing a life history approach. Key findings of the study are that women perceive more negative responses to the announcement of their pregnancies than positive ones. In terms of maternity and parental leave policies, all the participants had access to these benefits. Women found issues with financial adequacy, administration, and duration of these policies. Mothers found that financial support from the Canadian government was inadequate to allow them to take the full duration of the 52-week maternity and parental leave for which they were eligible. In addition, employer “top-up” payments were limited and administrative details of maternity leave were often not discussed fully with pregnant workers. When women returned to work, they found that workplaces did not offer resources such as a phased-in return to work or personnel to help them re-engage with their prior work projects. Women discussed the challenges of managing their dual roles of worker and mother and found that managers and coworkers put them in a mommy mould which lessened the quality of their assignments. New mothers found that they had difficultly juggling their work and home responsibilities, finding time for themselves, and receiving increased domestic support from their spouses. While some workplaces offered women flexible workplace policies, not all mothers chose to access them as they found these policies often negatively impacted their career progression. Other issues were a lack of flexible workplace policy transparency, inconsistent manager support, and difficulty maintaining a flexible schedule. Findings have major implications for an improved response from managers upon pregnancy announcement, improved dialogue among employers about increasing “top up” maternity leave pay to new mothers, developing a formal transition plan for new mothers returning to the workplace, and expanding the use of flexible workplace policies.

Aiming to make an intervention in both emerging Slow Cinema and classical Trauma Cinema scholarship, this thesis demonstrates the ways in which the post-trauma cinema of Filipino filmmaker Lav Diaz merges aesthetics of cinematic slowness with narratives of post-trauma in his films Melancholia (2008), Death in the Land of Encantos (2007) and Florentina Hubaldo, CTE (2012). Diaz has been repeatedly considered as representative of what Jonathan Romney termed in 2004 “Slow Cinema”. The director uses cinematic slowness for an alternative approach to an on-screen representation of post-trauma. Contrary to popular trauma cinema, Diaz’s portrait of individual and collective trauma focuses not on the instantenaeity but on the duration of trauma. In considering trauma as a condition and not as an event, Diaz challenges the standard aesthetical techniques used in contemporary Trauma Cinema, as highlighted by Janet Walker (2001, 2005), Susannah Radstone (2001), Roger Luckhurst (2008) and others. Diaz’s films focus instead on trauma’s latency period, the depletion of a survivor’s resources, and a character’s slow psychological breakdown. Slow Cinema scholarship has so far focused largely on the films’ aesthetics and their alleged opposition to mainstream cinema. Little work has been done in connecting the films’ form to their content. Furthermore, Trauma Cinema scholarship, as trauma films themselves, has been based on the immediate and most radical signs of post-trauma, which are characterised by instantaneity; flashbacks, sudden fears of death and sensorial overstimulation. Following Lutz Koepnick’s argument that slowness offers “intriguing perspectives” (Koepnick, 2014: 191) on how trauma can be represented in art, this thesis seeks to consider the equally important aspects of trauma duration, trauma’s latency period and the slow development of characteristic symptoms. With the present work, I expand on current notions of Trauma Cinema, which places emphasis on speed and the unpredictability of intrusive memories. Furthermore, I aim to broaden the area of Slow Cinema studies, which has so far been largely focused on the films’ respective aesthetics, by bridging form and content of the films under investigation. Rather than seeing Diaz’s slow films in isolation as a phenomenon of Slow Cinema, I seek to connect them to the existing scholarship of Trauma Cinema studies, thereby opening up a reading of his films.

Fahrerassistenzsysteme werden zunehmend in Fahrzeuge eingebaut mit dem Ziel, den Fahrer beim Fahren zu unterstützen, Fahrfehler zu vermeiden und damit die Fahrsicherheit zu erhöhen. Derzeit sind häufig Systeme im Einsatz, die den Fahrer vor bestimmten Sicherheitsrisiken warnen (z.B. vor einem unbeabsichtigten Verlassen der Fahrspur). Der Trend geht aber hin zu Systemen, die stärker ins Fahrgeschehen eingreifen und somit Teile der Fahraufgabe automatisieren (z.B. selbständig die Spurhaltung des Fahrzeugs übernehmen). Aus der Forschung zur Mensch-Maschine Interaktion ist jedoch bekannt, dass Automatisierung nicht zwangsläufig zur Erhöhung von Sicherheit führt, sondern dass sie vielmehr auch unerwünschte Nebeneffekte für Performanz und Sicherheit mit sich bringen kann in dem Maße, wie Menschen an die veränderten Aufgabenanforderungen adaptieren. Im Straßenverkehr wird insbesondere befürchtet, dass Fahrer sich zu stark auf Fahrerassistenzsysteme verlassen, sich teilweise aus der Fahraufgabe zurückziehen („abschalten“) und ihre Aufmerksamkeit fahrfremden Dingen widmen. Dies kann unter Umständen dazu führen, dass Fahrer im Falle von Systemfehlern oder –ausfällen nicht mehr in der Lage sind rechtzeitig und angemessen einzugreifen bzw. die Kontrolle über das Fahrzeug zu übernehmen. Ziel der Dissertation war es zu untersuchen, inwieweit sich die Involviertheit von Fahrern in die Fahraufgabe verändert je stärker sie durch ein Assistenzsystem unterstützt werden (d.h., je stärker das System Teile der Fahraufgabe automatisiert). Um dies zu untersuchen wurden zwei theoretische Konzepte herangezogen: a) das Verlassen der Fahrer (auf ein System) und b) das Situationsbewusstsein der Fahrer. Basierend auf einer umfassenden Analyse der Forschungsliteratur zum Thema Automatisierung wurde ein theoretisches Rahmenmodell entwickelt, welches Veränderungen in der Involviertheit des Fahrers in die Fahraufgabe auf menschliche Adaptationsprozesse auf verschiedenen Ebenen zurückführt, die sich in Folge der veränderten Aufgaben­anforderungen durch zunehmende Automatisierung ergeben. Dazu zählen Veränderungen in Einstellungen, sowie in kognitiven, energetischen, und motivationalen Prozessen. Um Veränderungen in diesen Prozessen zu untersuchen, wurde eine Vielzahl an objektiven und subjektiven Maßen erhoben. Hauptgegenstand der Dissertation ist eine umfangreiche Fahrsimulatorstudie im Fahrsimulator mit Bewegungsplattform bei VTI (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute) in Linköping, Schweden. Dabei kamen zwei Querführungsassistenzsysteme (ein Heading Control System und ein Lane Departure Warning System) zum Einsatz, die den Fahrer in unterschiedlichem Maße bei der Spurhaltung unterstützten. Im Gegensatz zu einem Großteil der bisherigen Studien wurden prozessorientierte Performanzmaße zur Erfassung des Verlassens der Fahrer auf die Assistenzsysteme und des Situationsbewusstseins der Fahrer verwendet. Das Verlassen der Fahrer auf die Querführungsassistenzsysteme wurde durch Blickverhaltensmaße über die Bereitschaft der Fahrer erfasst, ihre visuelle Aufmerksamkeit von der Straße ab hin zu einer Zweitaufgabe im Fahrzeuginnenraum zu wenden. Zur Messung des Situationsbewusstseins der Fahrer wurden Fahrverhaltensmaße herangezogen welche als Indikator für die Schnelligkeit und Abruptheit der Reaktionen der Fahrer auf unerwartete kritische Fahrsituationen dienten. Ein Hauptbefund der Dissertation war, dass die Fahrer sich signifikant im Ausmaß ihres Verlassens auf einen hohen Grad an Assistenz unterschieden. Diese interindividuelle Varianz im Verlassen der Fahrer auf einen hohen Grad an Assistenz konnte am besten durch das Vertrauen der Fahrer in das Querführungsassistenzsystem und ihr Aktivierungsniveau erklärt werden: Je höher das Vertrauen der Fahrer in das System und je geringer ihr Aktivierungsniveau, desto stärker verließen sie sich auf das System. Individuelle Fahrermerkmale (Fahrstil) erklärten einen signifikanten Anteil der Varianz im Vertrauen der Fahrer in die Spurhalteassistenzsysteme. (ersetzt wegen neuem Herausgeber) / Advanced driver assistance systems are increasingly built in vehicles with the aim to support drivers while driving, to reduce driver errors and thereby to increase traffic safety. At present, these systems are often designed to warn drivers of specific safety risks (e.g., of an imminent departure from the driving lane). However, there is a trend towards systems that more strongly intervene in driving and that hence, automate parts of the driving task (e.g., autonomously keep the vehicle within the driving lane). However, research on human-machine interaction has shown that automation does not necessarily increase safety, but that it may also lead to unanticipated side effects on performance and safety to the extent that humans adapt to the changing task demands. A major concern in road traffic is that drivers rely too heavily on driver assistance systems, become less actively involved in the driving task, and divert their attention to things unrelated to driving. Thus, in the case of system malfunctions or failures, drivers possibly may not be prepared to intervene timely and accordingly and to regain control over the vehicle, respectively. The aim of this dissertation was to investigate changes in drivers’ active engagement in the driving task as a function of the degree to which they are supported by a driver assistance system (i.e., as a function of the degree to which the system automates the driving task). Drivers’ active task engagement was studied by referring to two theoretical concepts: a) drivers’ reliance (on a system) and b) drivers’ situation awareness. Based on an extensive review of previous research on automation, a conceptual theoretical framework was developed that links changes in operators’ active task engagement to human adaptation processes on different levels in response to the changing task demands due to automation. Among them are changes in human attitudes as well as in cognitive, motivational and energetic processes. In order to determine the relative influence of these processes, a range of objective and subjective measures was collected. The essential part of the dissertation is an extensive driving simulator study in an advanced moving-base driving simulator at VTI (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute) in Linköping, Sweden. Two lateral support systems (a Heading Control system and a Lane Departure Warning system) were implemented which assisted drivers to different degrees in lane keeping. Contrary to most previous automation studies, drivers’ reliance on the lane keeping assistance systems and their situation awareness were studied by using process-oriented performance-based measures. Drivers’ reliance on the lane keeping assistance systems was assessed by eye glance behaviour measures indicating drivers’ preparedness to allocate their visual attention away from the road scene to an in-vehicle secondary task. Drivers’ situation awareness was assessed by behavioural measures of the latency and magnitude of drivers’ initial reactions to unexpected critical driving situations. A major finding of the study was that drivers differed significantly in their reliance on a high level of lane keeping assistance. This interindividual variance in drivers’ reliance on higher-level assistance could be best explained by drivers’ trust in the system and their energetic arousal: The greater drivers’ trust in the system and the lower their arousal, the more did they rely on the system. Individual driver variables (driving style) explained a significant proportion of the variance in drivers’ trust in the lane keeping assistance systems. (replaced because a new publisher)

Advanced driver assistance systems are increasingly built in vehicles with the aim to support drivers while driving, to reduce driver errors and thereby to increase traffic safety. At present, these systems are often designed to warn drivers of specific safety risks (e.g., of an imminent departure from the driving lane). However, there is a trend towards systems that more strongly intervene in driving and that hence, automate parts of the driving task (e.g., autonomously keep the vehicle within the driving lane). However, research on human-machine interaction has shown that automation does not necessarily increase safety, but that it may also lead to unanticipated side effects on performance and safety to the extent that humans adapt to the changing task demands. A major concern in road traffic is that drivers rely too heavily on driver assistance systems, become less actively involved in the driving task, and divert their attention to things unrelated to driving. Thus, in the case of system malfunctions or failures, drivers possibly may not be prepared to intervene timely and accordingly and to regain control over the vehicle, respectively. The aim of this dissertation was to investigate changes in drivers’ active engagement in the driving task as a function of the degree to which they are supported by a driver assistance system (i.e., as a function of the degree to which the system automates the driving task). Drivers’ active task engagement was studied by referring to two theoretical concepts: a) drivers’ reliance (on a system) and b) drivers’ situation awareness. Based on an extensive review of previous research on automation, a conceptual theoretical framework was developed that links changes in operators’ active task engagement to human adaptation processes on different levels in response to the changing task demands due to automation. Among them are changes in human attitudes as well as in cognitive, motivational and energetic processes. In order to determine the relative influence of these processes, a range of objective and subjective measures was collected. The essential part of the dissertation is an extensive driving simulator study in an advanced moving-base driving simulator at VTI (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute) in Linköping, Sweden. Two lateral support systems (a Heading Control system and a Lane Departure Warning system) were implemented which assisted drivers to different degrees in lane keeping. Contrary to most previous automation studies, drivers’ reliance on the lane keeping assistance systems and their situation awareness were studied by using process-oriented performance-based measures. Drivers’ reliance on the lane keeping assistance systems was assessed by eye glance behaviour measures indicating drivers’ preparedness to allocate their visual attention away from the road scene to an in-vehicle secondary task. Drivers’ situation awareness was assessed by behavioural measures of the latency and magnitude of drivers’ initial reactions to unexpected critical driving situations. A major finding of the study was that drivers differed significantly in their reliance on a high level of lane keeping assistance. This interindividual variance in drivers’ reliance on higher-level assistance could be best explained by drivers’ trust in the system and their energetic arousal: The greater drivers’ trust in the system and the lower their arousal, the more did they rely on the system. Individual driver variables (driving style) explained a significant proportion of the variance in drivers’ trust in the lane keeping assistance systems. / Fahrerassistenzsysteme werden zunehmend in Fahrzeuge eingebaut mit dem Ziel, den Fahrer beim Fahren zu unterstützen, Fahrfehler zu vermeiden und damit die Fahrsicherheit zu erhöhen. Derzeit sind häufig Systeme im Einsatz, die den Fahrer vor bestimmten Sicherheitsrisiken warnen (z.B. vor einem unbeabsichtigten Verlassen der Fahrspur). Der Trend geht aber hin zu Systemen, die stärker ins Fahrgeschehen eingreifen und somit Teile der Fahraufgabe automatisieren (z.B. selbständig die Spurhaltung des Fahrzeugs übernehmen). Aus der Forschung zur Mensch-Maschine Interaktion ist jedoch bekannt, dass Automatisierung nicht zwangsläufig zur Erhöhung von Sicherheit führt, sondern dass sie vielmehr auch unerwünschte Nebeneffekte für Performanz und Sicherheit mit sich bringen kann in dem Maße, wie Menschen an die veränderten Aufgabenanforderungen adaptieren. Im Straßenverkehr wird insbesondere befürchtet, dass Fahrer sich zu stark auf Fahrerassistenzsysteme verlassen, sich teilweise aus der Fahraufgabe zurückziehen („abschalten“) und ihre Aufmerksamkeit fahrfremden Dingen widmen. Dies kann unter Umständen dazu führen, dass Fahrer im Falle von Systemfehlern oder –ausfällen nicht mehr in der Lage sind rechtzeitig und angemessen einzugreifen bzw. die Kontrolle über das Fahrzeug zu übernehmen. Ziel der Dissertation war es zu untersuchen, inwieweit sich die Involviertheit von Fahrern in die Fahraufgabe verändert je stärker sie durch ein Assistenzsystem unterstützt werden (d.h., je stärker das System Teile der Fahraufgabe automatisiert). Um dies zu untersuchen wurden zwei theoretische Konzepte herangezogen: a) das Verlassen der Fahrer (auf ein System) und b) das Situationsbewusstsein der Fahrer. Basierend auf einer umfassenden Analyse der Forschungsliteratur zum Thema Automatisierung wurde ein theoretisches Rahmenmodell entwickelt, welches Veränderungen in der Involviertheit des Fahrers in die Fahraufgabe auf menschliche Adaptationsprozesse auf verschiedenen Ebenen zurückführt, die sich in Folge der veränderten Aufgaben­anforderungen durch zunehmende Automatisierung ergeben. Dazu zählen Veränderungen in Einstellungen, sowie in kognitiven, energetischen, und motivationalen Prozessen. Um Veränderungen in diesen Prozessen zu untersuchen, wurde eine Vielzahl an objektiven und subjektiven Maßen erhoben. Hauptgegenstand der Dissertation ist eine umfangreiche Fahrsimulatorstudie im Fahrsimulator mit Bewegungsplattform bei VTI (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute) in Linköping, Schweden. Dabei kamen zwei Querführungsassistenzsysteme (ein Heading Control System und ein Lane Departure Warning System) zum Einsatz, die den Fahrer in unterschiedlichem Maße bei der Spurhaltung unterstützten. Im Gegensatz zu einem Großteil der bisherigen Studien wurden prozessorientierte Performanzmaße zur Erfassung des Verlassens der Fahrer auf die Assistenzsysteme und des Situationsbewusstseins der Fahrer verwendet. Das Verlassen der Fahrer auf die Querführungsassistenzsysteme wurde durch Blickverhaltensmaße über die Bereitschaft der Fahrer erfasst, ihre visuelle Aufmerksamkeit von der Straße ab hin zu einer Zweitaufgabe im Fahrzeuginnenraum zu wenden. Zur Messung des Situationsbewusstseins der Fahrer wurden Fahrverhaltensmaße herangezogen welche als Indikator für die Schnelligkeit und Abruptheit der Reaktionen der Fahrer auf unerwartete kritische Fahrsituationen dienten. Ein Hauptbefund der Dissertation war, dass die Fahrer sich signifikant im Ausmaß ihres Verlassens auf einen hohen Grad an Assistenz unterschieden. Diese interindividuelle Varianz im Verlassen der Fahrer auf einen hohen Grad an Assistenz konnte am besten durch das Vertrauen der Fahrer in das Querführungsassistenzsystem und ihr Aktivierungsniveau erklärt werden: Je höher das Vertrauen der Fahrer in das System und je geringer ihr Aktivierungsniveau, desto stärker verließen sie sich auf das System. Individuelle Fahrermerkmale (Fahrstil) erklärten einen signifikanten Anteil der Varianz im Vertrauen der Fahrer in die Spurhalteassistenzsysteme.

Landwirtschaftliche Systeme müssen sich immerfort an Druckfaktoren wie Klimawandel und Bevölkerungswachstum anpassen. Hierbei spielt die genetische Vielfalt von Pflanzen eine wichtige Rolle, da diese für die Sicherung der Ernährung und des Einkommens von entscheidender Bedeutung ist. Dennoch wird der wirtschaftliche Wert pflanzengenetischer Ressourcen selten untersucht. Um diese Forschungslücke zu schließen, werden in dieser Arbeit drei Bewertungen vorgestellt, welche die wirtschaftlichen Werte pflanzengenetischer Ressourcen untersuchen. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation werden zwei verschiedene Agrarsystemen analysiert. Diese unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich des Klimas, der agrarökologischen Bedingungen, der landwirtschaftlichen Praxis, der politischen und ökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen sowie der soziokulturellen Verankerung der Kulturart. Die ersten beiden Analysen befassen sich mit der Züchtung und Produktion von Winterweizen in Deutschland. Charakterisiert sind diese durch ein gemäßigtes Klima und intensive Anbaubedingungen. In diesem System überwiegen moderne Sorten, die in einem formalisierten Züchtungsprozess entstanden sind. Es werden die folgenden Forschungsfragen beantwortet: 1) Was ist der ökonomische Wert, der durch den Austausch von Zuchtmaterial entsteht? und 2) Wie hoch ist der mikroökonomische Wert von Resistenzzüchtung? In der dritten Analyse wird ein weiteres Agrarsystem vorgestellt: Die Andenlandwirtschaft, wo im Hochland unter extensiven Bedingungen eine Vielzahl von Kartoffellandrassen angebaut wird. Dort wird folgende Frage analysiert: 3) Welche Mehrwerte wurden durch die Repatriierung oder Neuverteilung von Kartoffellandrassen erzielt? Diese Analysen zeigen, dass die Verfügbarkeit, der Austausch und die Nutzung von pflanzengenetischen Ressourcen die Agrarproduktion verbessern; es entstehen sowohl sektorale, mikroökonomische als auch ernährungsbezogene und kulturelle Mehrwerte. / Agricultural systems must constantly adapt to pressuring events such as climate change and population growth to maintain and improve production processes in a sustainable manner. Thereby the genetic diversity of plants used in agriculture constitute a strategic asset. Nevertheless, their economic value is often overlooked. To fill this research gap, this thesis presents three assessments that produce more evidence on the economic value of plant genetic resources. Two very distinct agricultural systems are discussed. These differ greatly in terms of climate, agroecological conditions, farming practices, seed systems, political and economic frameworks, and the socio-cultural embeddedness of the crop in question. The first two assessments are concerned with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) breeding and production in the temperate climate and intensive growing conditions in Germany. Modern cultivars created in a formalized breeding process prevail in this system. The following two research questions are elaborated: 1) What is the economic value of exchanging breeding material? and 2) What is the microeconomic value of resistance breeding? The third assessment presents a different agricultural system: Andean agriculture, where a wide variety of potato landraces (Solanum spp.) are grown extensively in the Peruvian highlands. In this case, the research question I investigated is: 3) What are the benefits of repatriating (i.e., redistributing) potato landraces to Andean farmers? These studies demonstrate that the availability, exchange, and adoption of plant genetic resources, which are well adapted to and culturally embedded in specific agricultural systems, improve the overall quantity and sustainability of agricultural production. These improvements can be translated into sectoral, microeconomic as well as nutritional and cultural benefits.

2008年次貸風暴橫掃全球金融市場，Basel II制度歷經多年的實施，卻無法有效防阻金融風暴的發生。觀察2008已採用內部模型法之主要國際金融機構之年報，亦發現採用蒙地卡羅模擬法之代表銀行『德意志銀行』於該年度竟發生了35次穿透，市場風險管理到底出了什麼問題？這是被極度關心的現象，產官學界也對此現象提出了許多議題。2012年的現在，次貸的風暴尚未遠去，新的歐債危機也正在蔓延，若金融風暴再次來臨，市場風險管理是否能克服次貸風暴後所凸顯的缺失，市場風險管理的價值除被動管理外，是否還可以進階到主動預警，以作為經營決策的重要參考資訊？這些都是國內金融機構需積極面對的急迫的市場風險管理議題。 個案金控的市場風險管理機制致力於解決次貸以來所凸顯的市場風險管理議題、提升市場風險衡量的精準度、擴大市場風險管理之應用範圍，並將市場風險管理的價值由被動管理角色進階到主動預警角色，以期作為經營決策的重要參考。經過多年的淬煉，其發展理念與經驗應具相當參考價值，故本論文以個案金融控股公司(以下簡稱個案金控)之實務經驗進行個案研究，除分析個案金控市場風險管理機制的基礎架構外，也將研究重心放在個案金控如何在此基礎架構下，開發多種進階市場風險量化管理功能。 本論文除研究個案金控如何完善市場風險值量化機制外，也對各量化功能的實施結果進行分析，以期研究成果可更客觀的作為其他金融控股公司未來發展進階市場風險衡量機制之參考。

Most transportation problems arise from individual travel decisions. In response, transportation researchers had been studying individual travel behavior – a growing trend that requires activity data at individual level. Global positioning systems (GPS) and geographical information systems (GIS) have been used to capture and process individual activity data, from determining activity locations to mapping routes to these locations. Potential applications of GPS data seem limitless but our tools and methods to make these data usable lags behind. In response to this need, this dissertation presents a GIS-based toolkit to automatically extract activity episodes from GPS data and derive information related to these episodes from additional data (e.g., road network, land use). The major emphasis of this dissertation is the development of a toolkit for extracting information associated with movements of individuals from GPS data. To be effective, the toolkit has been developed around three design principles: transferability, modularity, and scalability. Two substantive chapters focus on selected components of the toolkit (map-matching, mode detection); another for the entire toolkit. Final substantive chapter demonstrates the toolkit’s potential by comparing route choice models of work and shop trips using inputs generated by the toolkit. There are several tools and methods that capitalize on GPS data, developed within different problem domains. This dissertation contributes to that repository of tools and methods by presenting a suite of tools that can extract all possible information that can be derived from GPS data. Unlike existing tools cited in the transportation literature, the toolkit has been designed to be complete (covers preprocessing up to extracting route attributes), and can work with GPS data alone or in combination with additional data. Moreover, this dissertation contributes to our understanding of route choice decisions for work and shop trips by looking into the combined effects of route attributes and individual characteristics. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)